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branch of geography dealing with how human activity affects or is influenced by the earth's surface.
Includes cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment

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type of geographical analysis which seeks to explain patterns of human behavior

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relationships with certain objects such as streets, restaurants, and locations that we are familiar and comfortable with

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The condition of an environment lacking significant places

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geographic coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0 degrees

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geographic coordinates that specify the north - south position of a point on the Earth's surface

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the parallel at which latitude is defined to be 0 degrees

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geographic coordinates that specify the east - west position of a point on the Earth's surface

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Flattening a globe's surface in order to make a map

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A way to show the distance in the map and in real life. Can be a ratio written scale, graphic scale, meridian, and parallel.

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a type of map projection where the map is shaped like a cone

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a pseudo-cylindrical, equal-area, composite map projection used for world maps

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a cylindrical map projection and used to find distances and and angles between places.

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a rectangular map projection that maps all areas such that they have the correct sizes relative to each other

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a map projection of a world map which shows the entire world at once

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a projection where all points on the map are at proportionally correct distances from the center point, and that all points on the map are at the azimuth from the center point

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a description of the exact site on an objective coordinate system, such as a grid.

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this is the position of something relative to another landmark

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the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale

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the set of processes that cause the relative distances between places to contact, effectively making such places grow closer.

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the effect of distance on cultural or special interactions

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the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level

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the belief that the environment most notable its physical factors such as landforms and climate, determines the patterns of human culture and societal development

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the theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions

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a scale that determines what is being studied based on the size of the area being examined

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A functional region, also known as a nodal region. It is a region organized around a node or focal point

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An area with a high level of consistency in a certain cultural or physical attribute

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A vernacular region, also known as a perceptual region, is a place that people express as part of their cultural identity. They are from a person's informal sense of place.

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Term used by geographers to mean inhabited land. It generally refers to land where people have made their permanent home, and to all work areas that are considered occupied and used for agricultural or any other economic purpose.

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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, most of the time to humans.

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Arithmetic density, also known as real density, is very simply the total number of people divided by the total land area.

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The physiological density or real population density is the number of people per unit area of arable land.

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CBR - The crude birth rate in a period is the total number of live births per 1,000 population divided by the length of the period in years.
CDR - The crude death rate is the number of deaths occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of the given geographical area during the same year.

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The rate of natural increase is a statistic calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate of a given region. This rate gives demographers an idea of how a certain country's population is growing.

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Infant mortality is the death of young children under the age of 1. This death toll is measured by the infant mortality rate (IMR), which is the number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births.

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Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time a person is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age, and other demographic factors including gender.

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A mathematical determination of the changes in a population.
Consists of a formula taking the increase or decrease in the population (births minus deaths) plus or minus the amount of migration to the demographic area.

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Doubling time is the amount of time it takes for a given quantity to double in size or value at a constant growth rate.

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condition of demographic balance where the number of people in a specified population neither grows nor declines.

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The J Curve is an economic theory which states that, under certain assumptions, a country's trade deficit will initially worsen after the depreciation of its currency—mainly because higher prices on imports will be greater than the reduced volume of imports.

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The S shape represents growth over time—starting out slowly, picking up speed during rapid growth, then tapering off as growth slows.

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a sudden, large, explosive increase in the size of a population.

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a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population, which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.

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The sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. In most sexually reproducing species, the ratio tends to be approximately 1 : 1.

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a group of people banded together or treated as a group.

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The dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force and those typically in the labor force. It is used to measure the pressure on the productive population.

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Baby boomers are the demographic cohort following the Silent Generation and preceding Generation X. The generation is generally defined as people born from 1946 to 1964, during the post–World War II.

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a temporary marked decrease in the birth rate.

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The carrying capacity of an environment is the maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained in that specific environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available.

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Human overpopulation (or population overshoot) is a state in which there are too many people for the environment to sustain (with food, drinkable water, breathable air, etc).

Underpopulation is a situation in which there are too few people to realize the economic potential of an area or support its population's standard of living.

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Made the idea of Malthusianism, which is the idea that population growth is potentially exponential while the growth of the food supply or other resources is linear.

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They believe that the advocacy of human population planning to ensure resources and environmental integrities for current and future human populations as well as for other species.

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This plan reflects the sense of urgency born of a knowledge that the resources of the world are already being strained by human demands.

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Population is all the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country. Sustainability is the use of the earths renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that ensure resource availability in the future.

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Demographic Transition Model Strengths and Weaknesses

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Demographic Transition Model Strengths and Weaknesses

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Advantages:

It can be applied to all countries.

It provides a starting point to demographic change over time.

The timescales are flexible.

Disadvantages:
Birth rates in several MEDCs have fallen below death rates. This has caused the population to decline which suggests that the model should have a fifth stage.

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model which shows the process by which the pattern of mortality and disease in a population is transformed from one of high mortality among infants and children and episodic famine and epidemics affecting all age groups to one of degenerative and human-made diseases.

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Human migration involves the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location.

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A pattern of regular seasonal movement by human groups. A form of migration.

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Voluntary Migration & Push and Pull Factors

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Voluntary Migration & Push and Pull Factors

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Voluntary migration is migration based on one's free will and initiative. People move for a variety of reasons, and it involves weighing options and choices. Individuals who are interested in moving often analyze the push and pull factors of two locations before making their decision.

Push factors are harsh conditions within a region that convinces people to migrate from that region. Examples include ware and lack of resources. Pull factors are the opposite, occur when the desired location of migrating has convincing factors, such as job opportunity and freedom.

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Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside to the city.

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Interregional migration is the movement from one region of a country to another. The movement within the same region of the country is called intraregional migration.

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Rust belt is when people left the north that was previously heartland of industry and sunbelt is movement of people from northern states to the south and southwest region.

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Population Centroid of the United States

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Population Centroid of the United States

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The center of America is based on population, Plato, Missouri. The center is determined as the place where an imaginary, flat, weightless and rigid map of the United States would balance perfectly if all residents were of identical weight.

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Legal immigrants with work visa, usually only short term.

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1. Every migration flow generates counter migration
2. Majority of migrants move a short distance
3. Migrants who move longer distances usually choose big-city destinations

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Pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links; when one migrant settles in a place and communicates with family and friends back home who then migrate there as well.

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The tendency for migration flow between areas that are socially and economically allied by past migration, economic and trade connections, or some affinity.

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Migration to a distant destination that occurs in steps; from a farm, to a nearby village, and later to a town and city.

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Human migration flows which movers have no choice but to relocate.

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The migration of people across national borders in a way that is illegal according to immigration laws.

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People who fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country.

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Post 9/11 caused many core countries to crack down in security for refugees seeking asylum.

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the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group.

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Material culture refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture. Non‐material culture refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have about their culture, including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions.

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A cultural trait is a characteristic of human action that's acquired by people socially and transmitted via various modes of communication.

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Acculturation is the process of the minority culture adopting some of the values, customs, or behaviors of the host culture.

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Cultural assimilation is the process in which a minority group or culture comes to resemble a society's majority group or assume the values, behaviors, and beliefs of another group.

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Habit is a personal phenomenon while custom is a social phenomenon. A custom is formed on the basis of habit gaining the sanction and the influence and, therefore, the social significance which is peculiar to it. Customs are social habits which through repetition become the basis of an order of social behavior.

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Ideas, like architecture, are changed from region to region due to differing building materials, to save money, and method of import.

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Folk Culture – traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation.
Pop Culture – found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in personal characteristics.

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Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of another.

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the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.

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a characteristic that some geographic places have and some do not, while to others it is a feeling or perception held by people.

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when people move from their original location to another and bring their innovations with them. Immigration from country to country, city to city, etc. As they relocate to a new location, they bring their ideas, cultural tradition such as food, music, and more.

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Contagious Diffusion is defined as distance-controlled spreading of an idea through a local population by contact from person to person. Similarly to a disease, it spreads rapidly from one source to others from person to person.

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Occurs when the diffusion innovation or concept spreads from a place or person of power or high susceptibility to another in a leveled pattern.

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Occurs when the innovative idea diffuses from its hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters.

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Reverse hierarchical diffusion is when culture spreads from the bottom of a hierarchy to the top, instead of in the normal direction from the top to the bottom.

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Cultural convergence is the theory that two cultures will be more and more like each other as their interactions increase. Basically, the more that cultures interact, the more that their values, ideologies, behaviors, arts, and customs will start to reflect each other.

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The blending traits from two different cultures to form a new trait.

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when a culture separates or goes in a different direction.

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a hypothetical undocumented parent language from which actual languages are derived.

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a line on a dialect map marking the boundary between linguistic features.

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A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language.

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A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past.

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a regional variety of language distinguished by features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation from other regional varieties and constituting together with them a single language.

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Slang is language of an informal register that members of particular in-groups favor over the common vocabulary of a standard language in order to establish group identity, exclude outsiders, or both.

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is the phenomenon of speaking and understanding two or more languages. The term can refer to individuals (individual bilingualism) as well as to an entire society (social bilingualism).

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polyglot is one who masters, notably speaks, several languages while monoglot is a person capable of speaking only a single language.

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A creole is a pidgin with native speakers, or one that's been passed down to a second generation of speakers who will formalize it and fortify the bridge into a robust structure with a fully developed grammar and syntax. Pidgins often borrow words from their source languages and feature a simplified grammar.