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Drug Classification for the Parasympathetic NS 

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Drug Classification for the Parasympathetic NS 

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Parasympathomimetics - drugs that mimics the parasympathetic NS (agonists)
Ex. Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists - directly stimulates/bind to the muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic division - mimics ACH
Drug: pilocarpine (Pilocar - pupil constriction - decrease amount of fluid in eye - decreases intraocular pressure
Ex. Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists - inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme that destroys ACH in the synapse, increase ACH
Drug: neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

Parasympatholytics- drugs that work against the parasympathetic system (antagonists)
Ex. Anticholinergic - binds to a cholinergic receptor and acts as a blocking drug - competitive antagonism
Drug:dicyclomine (Bentyl®) - decreases GI secretions and motility

Source: ANS Part 2 Lecture Slides

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Decreased HR, conduction, and contractility
Bronchoconstriction
Constriction of the pupil of the eye (miosis)
Increased digestion
Urinary bladder contraction
Urinary sphincter relaxation
Increased urination and defecation
(Most arteries are not supplied by the parasympathetic nerves)

Source: ANS Part 2 Lecture Slides

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Drug Classification for the Sympathetic NS

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Drug Classification for the Sympathetic NS

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Sympathomimetics - drugs that mimic the sympathetic system (agonists)
Ex. Alpha-1 Receptor Agonists - contraction of smooth muscle, blood vessels constrict, increase in BP, vasocontriction of nasal passageway - decongestant effect.
Drug: phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
Ex. Beta-1 Agonist - vasodilation and increased renal blood flow in kidneys (low dose), increases force of contraction and cardiac output (moderate dose), vasoconstriction -increase in BP (high dose)
Drug: dobutamine
Ex. Beta-2 Agonists - relaxation of smooth muscle of the lungs and of the uterus
Drug: terbutaline (Brethine®)-bronchodilator, uterine relaxant

Sympatholytics - drugs that work against the sympathetic system (antagonists)
Ex. Alpha-1 Adrengic Blocking Drugs - binds to alpha-1 receptors and blocks them which causes relaxation of smooth muscle, vasodilation of blood vessels, decreases BP, and relaxes smooth muscle of ureters and increase urine flow.
Drug: prazosin (Minipress®)
Ex. Beta-1 Blocker - decreases force of contraction, HR, conduction and cardiac output
Drug: atenolol (Tenormin®)
Ex. Beta-2 Blocker-decreases force of contraction, CO, HR, conduction, and causes bronchoconstriction
Drug: propanolol(Inderal®)

Source: ANS Part 1 Lecture Slides

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Adrenal Medulla - release of epinephrine
Arteries - vasoconstriction
Heart - increases contractibility
Intestines, GI motility and secretion - decreased
Pupil of the eye - dilation (mydriasis)
Respiratory passeges - bronchodilation
Urinary Bladder - Relaxation
Urinary Sphincter - contraction

Source: ANS Part 1 Lecture Powerpoint slide.

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Nicotinic Receptors:
Nicotinic 1 - at ganglia of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves
Nicotinic 2 - somatic, neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle
Effects: if stimulation, muscle contracts

Muscarinic Receptor: located on cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands
Effects: decrease HR, bronchoconstriction, increase digestion and GI secretions, increased urination, and pupillary constriction

Source: ANS Part 2 Lecture Slides

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Alpha 1: found in gland, smooth muscle (contraction and vasoconstriction, which increases BP), eyes(dilation of the pupil), most arteries and veins - stimulated by NE and EPI
effects: excitation/contraction/vasoconstriction/dilation of pupil and closing of sphincters
Alpha 2: relaxation/inhibition, decreases contraction of smooth muscle (vasodilation - lowers BP), decreases release of NE (regulates the release)
Beta 1 - found in cardiac muscle fibers - effect is excitation - increase force of contraction, heart rate, and conduction
Beta 2 - located on smooth muscle (relaxation), lungs(bronchodilation), uterus(relaxation), skeletal muscle arteries(vasodilation), coronary arteries(vasodilation)

Source: ANS Part 1 Lecture powerpoint slides.

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Parasympathetic Nervous System (Rest and Digest)

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Parasympathetic Nervous System (Rest and Digest)

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Preganglionic neuron (long) - releases Ach (acetylcholine) to a nicotinic receptor in the postganglionic neuron (short),which releases Ach to cholinergic (muscarinic/nicotonic) receptors in the target cell (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)

Source - ANS Part 2 Powerpoint Slide

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Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight, Fright, Flight)

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Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight, Fright, Flight)

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Short preganglionic neuron that releases Ach (acetylcholnie) to postganglionic neuron (long) to Nicotinic receptors - which then releases NE (norepinephrine) to the adrenergic receptors at target cell (smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, glands, sweat glands)

Source: ANS Part 1 Powerpoint Slide

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)- Visceral 

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)- Visceral 

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innervates cardiac and smooth muscle of internal organs and glands
Involuntary control
Preganglionic nerve - emerges from spinal cord
Postganglionic nerve - travels from ganglion to internal organ or gland

Source: ANS Part 1 Powerpoint

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Innervates the skeletal muscle and it is considered the voluntary control

Source - ANS Part 1 Powerpoint

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Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves along with 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Divided into the somatic and visceral (two divisions)

Source: ANS Part 1 Powerpoint slide

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                      Central Nervous System (CNS)

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                      Central Nervous System (CNS)

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Consists of the brain and spinal cord
Receives sensory information and initiates motor output

Source: ANS Part 1 Powerpoint Slide

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                               Nervous System 

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                               Nervous System 