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The types of contraceptions that are mostly used are male condoms and

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Global Socioeconomic Views on Contraceptive Usage -SA

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Global Socioeconomic Views on Contraceptive Usage -SA

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In places such as the United States where there is more economic resources better birth control options are available

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Read "The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families" at NAP.edu

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Read chapter Socioeconomic and Cultural Influences on Contraceptive Use: Experts estimate that nearly 60 percent of all U.S. pregnancies--and 81 percent o...

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Due to the One Child policy established in 1979, China's usage of various contraception is the highest in the world. To keep the already high population at a steady number, about 84.6 % of women are in current use, most commonly with the IUD and sterilization.

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"Carry out birth planning for the revolution."

The standard issue propaganda poster, along with its countless similar replications, was a patriotic call for birth control in the name of productivity and health. China was already short on food and resources, and with the country's population exploding, the future looked positively slim. The government's earliest efforts to control the burgeoning populace came in the form of these slogans and national dictums, which later expanded to include contraceptive use.

"20 years ago if you went to the rural villages, you could see the slogans on the wall that read, 'if you have one child, IUD please, if you have two children, sterilization please,'" describes Kaining Zhang, a research physician at the Yunnan Health and Development Research Association. "There is still a very strong influence [from that] policy."

Today, attitudes towards sexuality and reproductive health have dramatically shifted in China. The once taboo topics have been the subjects of national campaigns to increase sexual health awareness, and a survey by Renmin University shows that more than half of all respondents think premarital sex is acceptable.

Government policy and more traditional viewpoints remain deeply influential on Chinese attitudes toward contraception and birth control. Yet with rapidly changing world views and sexual habits among China's younger generations, outdated policies have created a shortage of free state health services for millions.
Methods and trends
China has one of the highest rates of contraceptive use in the world with 84.6% prevalence among women who are currently married or in union. In comparison, the United States has a 78.6% prevalence, and China's next largest neighbor, Japan, reports 54.3% prevalence. The high figures owe much to China's vast network of family planning centers and other government initiatives in local communities that followed the implementation of the One-Child policy in 1979.

China's family planning policies target married women, emphasizing permanent means of birth control, though a multitude of birth control options are available through retails stores. Individuals can visit family planning service stations in both urban and rural areas to access free birth control methods.

Sterilization has a 28.7% usage rate and is typically recommended to women following the birth of a second child. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) have a 40.6% usage rate, and though not permanent, are often promoted by state health services over temporary methods.

"There is a heavy emphasis on IUDs and sterilization, this may be a barrier [to contraceptive use] and people perhaps not wanting to use either of these two methods and finding themselves pregnant," says Amy Tsui, Director of The Bill & Melinda Gates Institute of Population & Reproductive Health.

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The preference toward long-term methods of birth control is one that has contributed to gaps in sexual health awareness in younger generations of Chinese. The National Population and Family Planning Commission oversees China's population development and has made improvements in the access to birth control and sexual health education such as increased school initiatives and national campaigns about sexuality. However, the majority of these services are intended for married couples, leaving young, single individuals without free state coverage.

"For young people, they are not covered by the family planning program because they are not married, so they fall through the cracks in terms of sex education and contraceptive access," says Joan Kaufman, Distinguished Scientist at the Schneider Institutes for Health Policy at Brandeis University. "They can certainly purchase birth control at drug stores, but it is harder for them access services from China's free family planning program."

Temporary means of contraception such as condoms or hormonal contraception are used in low frequency in China. Among married couples, only 1.2% use pills and 8.5% use condoms. For adolescents who are likely to choose non-permanent contraceptive methods, the lack of usage could indicate a lack of knowledge of these methods or simple inaccessibility. According to Euromonitor, however, sales of emergency contraception grew by 8% in 2011 to reach almost RMB1.3 billion, a method that has seen a steady growth within the last decade.
Gaps in education and its effect

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The inaccessibility of state services parallels a rapid rise in premarital sex rates among China's young people. A 2003 report by the China Family Planning Association showed that in most provinces, 60-70% of respondents engaged in premarital sex.

While abortion and its connection to China's family planning laws have long been a highly contentious issue, the high abortion rate among China's youth is thought to be a direct result of inadequate services and education. In 2009, Chinese health officials reported that 13 million abortions are performed in China annually. Of the total, 62% were among women between 20 and 29 years old, while most were single.

"Many young people don't use contraception at all and that is reflected in high abortion rates for youth," Dr. Kaufman says.

China's health care industry has taken note of the trend. The Beijing Modern Women's Hospital offers a government-subsidized "Safe & Easy A+" discount abortion package at RMB 880 or US$130, seemingly targeting Chinese students and young people.

While there have been increases in sex education, these improvements have been slow and targeted toward abstinence education. Chinese adolescents are hungry for information on sexual health and many turn to anonymous social media websites such as RenRen and Weibo for information on preventing unwanted pregnancy. Mary Stopes International, a UK based non-governmental organization providing sexual and reproductive healthcare services, even created a Chinese online resource called You and Me in order to create open dialogue on sexual health.

"Two decades ago it was so strange for parents and schools that there should be some marriage sex education," Zhang says. "Now we see more and more publications from the [Western] countries saying that we have to give children more information and choice before marriage."

Within the adolescent group, migrant youth in particular are excluded from the current system. Under the current residency registration system, or "hukou" system, an individual may only access state services in their home province or district, leaving most migrants with few options. For many young Chinese seeking work in urban areas, this creates a problem for free contraceptive access and sexual health education.

In a study published in the Journal of Adolescent Health, 63.6% of urban non-migrants reported unprotectedintercourse compared to 83.1% of rural-to-urban migrants in Shanghai. Though lack of access to free contraceptives is high for both groups, urban migrants face significantly higher barriers.
Changes in Family Planning Oversight
One facet of China's family planning measures does seem to be relaxing.

"The vigilance and implementation of the One-Child policy, while it is centrally decided, is less stringent in the rural areas instead of the cities," Dr. Tsui says. "The implementation is not [as] coercive as the Western media makes it out to be."

While urban families with additional children will easily draw unwanted attention, rural areas have seen a easing of enforcement in recent years. Nationwide, individuals who have no siblings, and marry another single child, may have two children under the current policy. Members of China's 55 ethnic minority groups are also exempt from the One-Child policy.

The policy shift is partially fueled by increased abortions for couples unwilling to pay second child fines or participating in selective sex abortions, hoping to conceive a male child. Further, reports of forced abortion for women with multiple children add gravity to the situation.

"When you read their laws, definitely they do talk about issues of quality of care and access to resources," says Sai Sulo, of the Asian-Pacific Research and Resource Centre for Women. "But in terms of what we've observed, we are not exactly sure of how that whole policy is translated."

China has made strides in recent years to creating a more open dialogue and adhering to the prevailing rhetoric of the international health community regarding contraceptive use. The nation still can improve in terms of providing universal state coverage and increasing sexual health education initiatives.

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united states ãƒâ¢ã¢â€šâ¬ã¢â‚¬å" china relations

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united states of america ãƒâ¢ã¢â€šâ¬ã¢â‚¬å" peopleãƒâ¢ã¢â€šâ¬ã¢â€žâ¢s republic of china relations

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president jimmy carter diplomatic relations

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chairman mao zedong president richard nixon

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US-China Today is a student-driven publication of the USC U.S.-China Institute. The magazine focuses on the multidimensional and evolving U.S.-China relationship and on significant trends in contemporary China. The magazine offers coverage of and commentary on a wide range of political, economic, social, and cultural issues.

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The purpose of contraception is to prevent pregnancy from happening.There are many types of birth control methods which happen at different stages and have different side effects and risks.

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Contraception - meaning, Definition, Purpose, Description, Risks

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Every month a woman's body begins the process that can potentially lead to pregnancy. An egg (ovum) matures, the mucus that is secreted by the cervix (a cylindrical-shaped organ at the lower end of the uterus) changes to be more inviting to sperm, and the lining of the uterus grows in preparation for receiving a fertilized egg.

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Birth control dates back to around 3000 B.C. back when condoms were made from animals and linens. In 1873, the Comstock Act passed in the United States that prohibited advertisements, information, and distribution of birth control. Eventually, the Supreme Court legalized the use of birth control in 1972 for the whole country. Today, there are over a dozen methods for preventing birth.

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Women and men have long tried many methods to prevent pregnancy. Prior to modern methods of birth control, women relied on withdrawal or periodic abstinence. These methods often failed.

Around 3000 B.C. Condoms made from such materials as fish bladders, linen sheaths, and animal intestines.

Around 1500 First spermicides introduced which used condoms made from linen cloth sheaths and soaked in a chemical solution and dried before using.

1838 Condoms and diaphragms made from vulcanized rubber.

1873 The Comstock Act passed in the United States prohibiting advertisements, information, and distribution of birth control and allowing the postal service to confiscate birth control sold through the mail.

1916 Margaret Sanger opens first birth control clinic in the United States. The next year she was deemed guilty of maintaining a public nuisance and sentenced to jail for 30 days. Once released, she re-opened her clinic and continued to persevere through more arrests and prosecutions.

1938 In a case involving Margaret Sanger, a judge lifted the federal ban on birth control, ending the Comstock era. Diaphragms, also known as womb veils, became a popular method of birth control.

1950 While in her 80s, Sanger underwrote the research necessary to create the first human birth control pill. She raised $150,000 for the project.

1960 The first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as contraception.

1965 The Supreme Court (in Griswold v. Connecticut) gave married couples the right to use birth control, ruling that it was protected in the Constitution as a right to privacy. However, millions of unmarried women in 26 states were still denied birth control.

1968 FDA approved intrauterine devices (IUDs), bringing early versions like the Lippes Loop and Copper 7 to market.

1970 Feminists challenged the safety of oral contraceptives (the Pill) at well-publicized Congressional hearings. As a result, the formulation of the Pill was changed, and the package insert for prescription drugs came into being.

1972 The Supreme Court (in Baird v. Eisenstadt) legalized birth control for all citizens of this country, irrespective of marital status.

1974 The FDA suspended sale of the Dalkon Shield IUD due to infections and seven documented deaths among users. Although other IUD designs were not implicated, most IUDs were slowly taken off the US market due to the escalating costs of lawsuits in subsequent years.

1980s Pills with low doses of hormones were introduced, along with a new copper IUD, ParaGard (1998). (CuT380a). Growing awareness of the Yuzpe regimen for emergency contraception.

1990s Introduction of Norplant, the first contraceptive implant (1990),DepoProvera, an injectable method (1992), FC1/Reality, a female condom (1993) and Plan B, and a dedicated emergency contraceptive product (1999).

2000s Rapid expansion in method availability and improvements in safety and effectiveness, including introduction of Mirena, a new levonorgestrel-releasing IUD (2000), Ortho Evra, a hormonal patch (2001), Nuvaring, a vaginal ring (2001), Essure, a method of transcervical female sterilization (2002), Implanon, a single-rod implant (2006), and FC2, an improved female condom (2009).

2002 The first implant, Norplant, is taken off the US market.

2010s Ella, a new emergency contraceptive pill (2010) and Skyla, a new levonorgestrel-releasing IUD (2013) are introduced. Growing use of the copper IUD for emergency contraception.

2013 After protracted regulatory and legal battles, one brand of emergency contraceptive pill (Plan B One-Step) becomes available without a prescription on drug store shelves.

Today More research is needed on woman-controlled methods that protect against STIs and birth control for men. Barriers to accessing reliable contraception remain for women worldwide.

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A Brief History of Birth Control in the U.S. - Our Bodies Ourselves

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Women and men have long tried many methods to prevent pregnancy. Prior to modern methods of birth control, women relied on withdrawal or periodic abstinence. These methods often failed. Around 3000 B.C. Condoms made from such materials as fish bladders, linen sheaths, and animal intestines.

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As we advance medically, many women are relieved to have access to many forms of contraception. It has been estimated that 99% of women have used birth control at least once, according to Cecile Richards. However, we are currently fighting with insurance companies as they do not want to cover it. Statistics have shown many women pay around $600 yearly for birth control, yet over one third struggle paying for it.

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The Only Controversy About Birth Control Is That We're Still Fighting for It

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Decisions about women's health are being made, yet again, by judges and politicians who will never need to use birth control.