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Hue: Psychological counterpart of wavelength; color
Blind Spot: Point at which the optic nerve leaves the back of the eye
Iris: Small muscle that relaxes or contracts in response to the amount of light passing through the cornea
Hyperopia: Farsightedness
Dark Adaptation: Process our eyes go through adapting to decreased levels of illumination
Lens: Transparent structure within the eye that changes shape, depending on whether we are looking at objects far away or nearby
Astigmatism: Visual disorder caused by a misshapen cornea
Wavelength: In a beam of light, distance between two crests
Rods: Light-sensitive receptors found in retina, but not in fovea
Opponent-Process Theory: Hering's theory that there are 3 sets of color receptors in the visual system. Stimulation of one member of a set produces the sensation of the corresponding color
Acuity: Keenness of vision
Retina: Thin layer of receptors, rods/cones, that lines interior of the back of the eye
Purity: Number of wavelengths found in a beam of light
Fovea: Small area forming the center of the retina
Accommodation: Process by which the lens focuses light on the retina
Brightness-Contrast: Phenomenon in which a color looks brighter as the background becomes darker
Pupil: Opening of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye
Saturation: Psychological counterpart of purity
Optic Nerve: Main neural pathway that carries visual information from the eye to the brain
Light Adaptation: Process by which our eyes adapt to increasing levels of illumination
Brightness: Psychological counterpart to amplitude
Myopia: Nearsightedness
Trichromatic Theory: Young & Helmholtz's theory that the human eye has receptors sensitive to red, green, and blue
Cornea: Transparent fluid-filled cover at the front of the eye through which light passes
Amplitude: Height of a wave of light
Cones: Color sensitive receptors found primarily in the fovea

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Retinal Disparity: Used for perceiving depth; difference between the two images the retina receives of an object, the closer the object is to the viewer.

Interposition: 1 object blocks the view of another.

Texture Gradient: Coarse, distinct texture is closer than the fine indistinct texture.

Relative Size: Assumption that 2 objects are of similar size 1 closer has larger retinal image.

Relative Height: Objects higher in field of vision appear farther away; vertical dimensions appear longer than horizontal dimensions.

Relative Clarity: Perception that hazy objects are farther away than sharp objects.

Linear Perspective: Parallel lines appear to converge in distance.

Light & Shadow: Nearby objects reflect more light into eyes; Dimmer objects appear farther away.

Figure Ground: Organize information into a figure seen against a ground.

Continuity: See smooth continuous patterns.

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What are arguments for and against receiving a cochlear implant?

After receiving cochlear implants what are some of the benefits and struggles that are experienced?

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brain is most sensitive to unexpected stimulation

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Skin senses:
cutaneous sensations pressure, temperature, and pain,

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Receptor cells sends info to olfactory bulb to limbic system (amygdala then to hippocampus)

Not to thalamus like other senses
if you get cold? problems wth sense of smell due to clogged receptor cells

why is olfactory sense strongly correlated with memory?

due to direct connection with limbic system

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The chemical sense Olfactory
Extrememly sensitive (5 million receptors)
Airborne chemicals soluble in the Nasal Muscosa
Receptors recognize odors over 10,000

Receptor Cells: olfactory/mucous membrane

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I can understand other senses

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I can differentiate between binocular & monocular cues

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Monaural cue: louder sound means closer sound
binaural cues: sterophonic:; multi directional audio perspective

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Assumption: closer objects get larger
Stroboscopic movement: motion pictures
Phi Phenomenon: illusion of lights
Autokinetic illusion: perceived motion created by single stationary object (slight movement of eye muscles make object move)

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Monocular:
interposition (1 object blocks view of another; also known as super postion)
Relative size (assumption that 2 objects are similar size
Relative clarity (aerial perspective, perception that hazy objects are farther away than sharp objects)
Texture gradient: (coarse, distinct texture is closer than finer, indistinct texture)
Relative height: Objects higher in field of vision appear farther away
Relative motion: (motion parallex) movement of self causes stable items to appear to move, nearest object appears to move faster
Linear perspective: parallel lines appear to converge in distance (ponzo illusion)
Light & shadow: (shadowing) nearby objects reflect more light into eyes; dimmer objects appear farther away
Binocular: cues that require both eyes
Retinal disparity: difference between sight/ views of 2 eyes
Convergence: cue for perceiving depth; eyes converge inward towards object
Stereoscopic vision: combine 2 retinal images to get 3D perception

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Perceptual Constancies: tendency to perceive objects as realtively stable and unchanging
Size constancy: despite distance, objects don't change size (general idea of size

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Perception of familiar objects as having consistent colors, even if changing illumination

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Perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images
5 types: Color, shape, size, location, and brightness

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2 dimensions fall on retina; perceive as 3D
we estimate distance
Visual Cliff: Eleanor gibson & Richard walk

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1. Continuity: see smooth, continuous patterns
2. Connectedness: when linked we see spots, lines, or areas as a single unit

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1. Figure Ground: we organize
2. Proximity: group nearby figures together
3. Similarity: group similar figures together

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Gestalt= "whole" or "form"
We see things as a "whole"
Sometimes what we is see is not what is there

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Partial or total inability to perceive hues
Monochromats (black & white)
Dichromats (r/g y/b)
Trichromats (normal color vision)
Color Blindness involves 2 colors pairs not 1 single color

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When you stare at 1 or 2 colors, cones become saturated, then when you look at a white piece of paper you see the opposite colors due to saturation of cones
Young- Helmhotz theory can't explain afterimage

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Young-Helmoltz Trichromatic Theory: Each cone is maximally sensitive to 1 of 3 colors

Opponent- Process Theory (Hering)
three kinds of cones that all work in pairs
(red & green, blue & yellow, black & white)
Paired with opposites, if one is stimulated the other in inhibited
Individual cones: trichromatic theory
Opponent process: other layers of the retina

Surrounding context: if an item is viewed with other colors then the color of the object changes

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Height of the wavelength
Large amplitude: tall wavelength, bright colors, loud sounds
Small amplitude: short wavelength, dull colors, soft sounds

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wavelength: the distance from one wave peak to another (Light/sound)
High Frequency: short wavelength; bluish colors; high pitched sounds
Low Frequency: long wavelength; reddish colors; low pitched sounds

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Hubel & Weisel
Neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features- responsible for motion and brain

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Transduction: Signals are formed into neural impulses as light passes through retina
Parallel Processing: Processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously (color, form, motion happen at the same time)

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I can learn color theories & visual cues

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Magnocellur Cells (M Cells)
Detect Motion
Parvocellur Cells
Acuity: Ability to distinguish fine details. sharpness

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Rods: Black & White
Cones: Color
Receptor cells responsible for vision; 20:1 Rods outnumber; peripheral vision relies on rods
Bipolar Cells: specialized neurons connect to rods & cones (1 axon & 1 dendrite)
Ganglion Cells: Axons of these cells made of Optic Nerve sends info to thalamus to the LGN

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I can understand the parts & path of vision

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Cornea: Transparent protector; Place where light enters the eye
Pupil: Adjustable opening in the center of the iris where light continues to enter; Contracts in bright light & relaxes in dim light  (reflexive response
Iris: Colored part of the eye protection from damage
Lens: Transparent part of the eye inside the pupil that focuses light onto the retina (upside down) by changing its curvature
Accommodation- Lens shape changes according to distance (round= close; flat= far)
Retina: Inner lining on the back of the eyeball that contains receptor cells sensitive to light
Blind Spot- Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye; no vision receptors here
Fovea- Line of central focus, holds only cones
Optic Nerve: Carries visual info to the Thalamus, then to Occipital Lobe
Optic Chiasm: Spot where nerves cross each other (left to right/ right to left)
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN): Area in Thalamus that interprets images that goes to the Occipital Lobe

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Predicts when & how we detect the presence of a faint simulus
Looks at the effects of distractions & interference in perception
What is seen amongst other stimuli/background
Based on motivation....biases

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the minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli (grey-blue) 50% of the time
Known as Weber's Law (Ernst Weber)

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Absolute threshold: the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
(the smallest amount of stimuli we can detect [a smell, a touch, etc.] 50% of the time

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Interpret what we sense. How?
Background Knowledge
Schemas
What we are told

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The process of creating meaningful pattern from raw sensory information

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I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal, & difference thresholds

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Prosopagnosia- "face blindness"
1: Top down
2: Bottom up
3: Top down is when you interpret what you have down then see.

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Basic experience of stimulation of the body's senses: Vision, auditory, etc.

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Use features to form a perception

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endency to perceive or notice some aspects of the available sensory data and ignore others

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I can understand the difference between top down & bottom-up processes of sensation & perception