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Olfactory
-receptory cells sends info to olfactory bulb to limbic system
amygdala then to hippocampus

-not to thalamus like other senses

If cold?
problems with snes eof smell due to clogged receptor cells

Why olfactory sense strongly correlated w memory
- due to direct connection with limbic system

Taste
-Gustation
-Different from flavor= sensory interaction
-smell +taste / texture

taste buds
-papillae
-receptor cells for taste
-characteristic pattern to taste       sensation

5 tastes: salty, sour, bitter , sweet, and umami

Skin
Skin sense
-cutaneous sensations
-pressure, temperature and pain
-some spots are especially sensitive to certain stimuli
-pressure only receptors
brain is most sensitive to unexpected stimulation
-certain areas of body have more concentrated tactile nerve endings than others (ex. fingertips and lips)
-Kinesthesis
-sense of body parts and positions

vestibular sense
-monitors head piositipon and movement
-semicurciluar canals
-vestibular sacs
-connects canals w cochlea

Pain
-no one specific receptor or stimulus
-individual differences
-atheletes have stronger tolerance for pain
-mindset can affect reactions
-cultures
-do people from the same culture react the same to pain
-Gate Control Theory
-pain is all experienced through the spine and then it goes to the brain
-Neurological Gate in the spinal cord controls the transmission fo pain to the brain
-Endorphins are the neurotransmitter associated with pain
-morphine is the drug associated with relieving pain
-Phantom Limb- misinterpretation

Touch
-when you touch warm and cold water, the temperature you feel is hot
-skin sensations
-pressure
-only skin sensation with identifiable receptors
-warmth
-cold
-pain

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10/18- Definitions of the parts of the ear

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10/18- Definitions of the parts of the ear

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Hearing theories

Place theory- Suggested by Helmholtz, discovered by George von Bekesy, ability to hear different pitches of sound due to location f neuron activity in Basilar membrane in cochlea caused by frequency of sound wave

Frequency theory- Vibration triggers nerural impulses to brain at same rate as sound wave (brain reads pitch from frequency)

What about pitches above 1000 Hertz

Volley Principle- Neural cells can alternate firing and thereby achieve combined frequency for very average pitch

r
Hearing Problems
Conductive deafness-

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10/17- I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues

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10/17- I can differentiate between binocular and monocular cues

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Perception
Gestalt- whole or form
sometimes we see what isnt there

Rules of perception (Gestalt)
1. Figure-Ground
-Organizing information into a figure seen against a ground
2. Proximity
-Grouping nearby figures together
3. Similarity
-Grouping similar figures together
(Muller-Lyer Illusion)
4. Continuity
-See smooth, continuous patteerns
5. Connectedness
-When linked, we see spots, lines or areas as a single unit

Perception
Depth perception
-2 dimensions fall on retina; perceive as 3D; we estimate distance
Visual cliff- Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk- test of depth perception, infants and toddlers by crawling age (6 months), we can see depth

Visual constancy-
percieiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal images
5 types- color, shape, size, location, and brightness

Color Constancy- tendency to perceive objects as having a consistent color

Size Constancy-- despite distance, objects don't change size (general idea of size)

Shape constancy- see same shape despite angle it is viewed at

MONOCULAR CUES- use one eye
Interposition-  1 object blocks biew of another

Relative size- assumption that 2 objects are similar size, 1 closer has larger retinal image

Relative clarity- perception that hazy objects are farther away than sharp objects (a.k.a. aerial perspective)

Texture Gradient- coarse, distinct texture is closer than finer, indistinct texture

Relative height- objects higher in field of vision appear farther away (vertical dimensions appear longer than horizontal dimensions

Relative motion- movement of self causes stable items to appear to move, nearest objects appears to move faster (a.k.a motion parralex)

BINOCULAR CUES- uses both eyes
Linear perspective- parallel lines appear to converge in distance (Ponzo Illusion)

Light and Shadow a.k.a. Shadowing- Nearby objects reflect more light into eyes (dimmer objects appear farther away)

Convergence- cue for perceiving depth; eyes converge inward towards object

Retinal disparity- difference between sight/views of 2 eyes

Stereoscopic Vision- combine 2 retinal images to get 3D perception

Stroboscopic Movement- motion pictures

Motion perception- assumption: closer objects get larger

Phi Phenomenon- Illusion of Lights (blinking on and off)

Autokinetic Illusion- perceived motion created by single stationary object (slight movement of eye muscles make object move)

Sound Localizations
Monaural Cue- louder sound means closer sound
Binaural cue- stereophonic- stereo: multi directional audio perspective

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10/14- I can learn color theories and visual cues

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10/14- I can learn color theories and visual cues

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Transduction- signals are formed into neural impulses as light passes through retina

Parallel Processing- processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously (color, form, and motion happen at the same time)

Electromagnetic spectrum
Wavelength
Bluish- High frequency short wavelength, high-pitched sounds
Reddish- Long wavelength, low frequency, low-pitched sounds

Large amplitutde- tall wavelength, bright colors, loud sounds
Small amplitude- short wavelength, dull colors, soft sounds

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory- each cone is maximally sensitive to R,G, or B. Combined stimulation of these cones cause other colors by mixing light waves (R+G=Y)

Afterimage- after staring at 1 or 2 colors, cones become saturated, then when you look at a white piece of paper you see the opposite colors due to saturation of cones
Young-Helmhotz theory can't explain afterimages

Monochromats- black and white
Dichromats- pairs of colors
Trichromats- normal color vision
Color blindness- involves 2 colors pairs not 1 single cones. According to Young Helmoltz color blindness should be you can't see red, green or blue ONLY

Opponent-Process Theory- Three kinds of cones that all work in pairs (R/G) (B/Y) (B/W). Paired with opposites; if one is stimulated the other is inhibited.

Surrounding Context- if an item is viewed with other colors then the color of the object changes

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10/13- I can understand the parts and the path of vision

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10/13- I can understand the parts and the path of vision

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10/12- I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal, and difference thresholds

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10/12- I can understand the difference between absolute, subliminal, and difference thresholds

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-JND
-constant fraction or proportion of original stimulus
-Bright color needs to have even brighter difference to be able to notice a difference

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1. Perception comes from the top down
2. Sensation comes from the bottom up
3. Top down processing can change how features are perceived if one is expecting something, or if it is ambiguous or you are primed.

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10/11- I can understand the difference between top down and bottom up processes of sensation and perception

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10/11- I can understand the difference between top down and bottom up processes of sensation and perception

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Sensation is the bottom up process and perception is the top down process