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Precipitation in the form of rain can be created in a number of different ways. First, two types of processes cause minute droplets to form rain drops. Collision coalescence is a process where tiny droplets gradually grow in size by bumping into each other and growing. This is mostly a warm cloud process where temperatures are above freezing. The second process is a cold cloud process where super cooled water droplets freeze on ice nuclei. These ice nuclei grow into ice crystals. The snowflakes fall and turn into rain drops as the temperatures rise above freezing closer to the ground. This is the primary process that produces rainfall.

Picture Source: http://efdreams.com/data_images/dreams/rain/rain-02.jpg

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Tornadoes are usually the extreme result of a very large thunderstorm called a supercell. During the storm cold air and warm air combine. The cold air goes drops as the warm air rises. The warm air eventually twists into a spiral and forms a funnel cloud.

Picture Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/F5_tornado_Elie_Manitoba_2007.jpg

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Snow is formed when temperatures are low and there is moisture - in the form of tiny ice crystals - in the atmosphere. When these tiny ice crystals collide they stick together in clouds to become snowflakes.

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Sleet or ice pellets are created when snow falls into air above freezing and melts into rain drops. If another below freezing layer below the warm air is of sufficient depth, the rain drops freeze into balls of ice or ice pellets.

Picture Source:  https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/67/123867-004-B8C2F31F.jpg

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Lots of small bits of ice in a cloud bump into each other as they move around. All these collisions cause a build up of electrical charge.

Positive charge builds up on the ground beneath the cloud and negative charge builds up at the bottom of the cloud.The positive charge from the ground connects with the negative charge from the clouds and a spark of lightning strikes.

Picture Source: http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/lightning/img/Lightning_hits_tree.jpg

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The warm, moist air over the ocean rises upward from near the surface causing an area of lower air pressure below. Air from surrounding areas with higher air pressure push in to the low pressure area. Then that "new" air becomes warm and moist and rises, too. As the warm air continues to rise, the surrounding air swirls in to take its place. As the warmed, moist air rises and cools off, the water in the air forms clouds. The whole system of clouds and wind spins and grows, fed by the ocean's heat and water evaporating from the surface.

Picture Source: https://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/topic_hurricane_top_415359.jpg

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Super cooled water droplets are carried aloft by strong updrafts in thunderstorms. A small ice particle forms and grows as "waves" of supercooled water droplets continue to bump into the ice particle. A new coat of ice grows with each cycle. The hailstone is kept aloft by the strong updraft. The stronger the updraft the greater the force to keep the heavier hailstones aloft. The hailstone eventually falls to the grown when the the weight is too great for it to remain aloft or when it gets pushed out of the updraft.

Picture Source: http://hometownrestoration.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/HAIL-330x220.jpg

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Freezing rain - known as "ice" occurs when a thin layer of freezing or below freezing air exists near the earth's surface. Typically this occurs when snow falls into warmer air changing the precipitation into rain. If a very thin layer of freezing air is present near the ground the rain will freeze on objects such as power lines, trees, and cars.

Picture Source: https://vmcdn.ca/f/files/shared/stock-images/weather_freezing_rain_notext.jpg;w=630

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Fog is a stratus cloud on the ground. Advection fog is produced by a hortizontal motion of warm moist air over colder ground. An example of this would be a warm front moving across land with a recent snow or cold weather.

Picture Source: http://kingofwallpapers.com/fog/fog-006.jpg

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Dust storms are created by winds moving across an arid region. Many times a strong dry cold front is the mechanism that creates the dust or sand storm. As strong winds move across an arid landscape, sand or dirt is picked up from the ground.

Picture Source: http://pixdaus.com/files/items/pics/6/77/34677_ab939b8ee8f540671ed93b82229a1444_large.jpg