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Islam began to emerge in India around 1000 CE. As Islam started to spread into India, Muslim invaders smashed Hindu and Buddhist temples and Hinduism was less integrated with culture

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Traders carried Islam across the Sahara into Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Cities became centers of Islamic religious and intellectual life but Islam did not spread to rural areas which clung to the ancient African religions and traditions

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The Abbasid Caliphate fell in the tenth century due to the loss of their central authority. During the caliphate, built a strong government bureaucracy to rule their empire, over the span of the Abbasid caliphate, social discrimination against non-Arab converts faded, Muslim merchants expanded wealth by trading across Africa, Indian Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea, and wealth from trade led to a golden age, a time of great Muslim achievements in science, math, medicine, & architecture

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Islam spread to Spain under the Umayyad Caliphate.
By 1,000 Spain was 75% Islamic but by late 10th century, toleration began to fade because of conquests of Christians.

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The Umayyad Caliphate fell in 750 due to growing unrest and was replaced by the Abbasid caliphate. During the reign, they extended Arab rule from Spain and Morocco to the Indus River Valley through conquest and non-muslims paid a tax to worship their own gods, which led to an increase in the conversion to Islam.

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After several caliphs ruled, Ali (Muhammad’s cousin) became caliph in 656 CE but was assassinated five years later. After Ali’s death, a powerful Meccan clan set up the Umayyad caliphate which during this dynasty of Sunni caliphs ruled the Muslim Empire until 750 CE

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Men have authority over women, good women are considered obedient because they guarded their unseen parts, and those  who disobeyed were sent to bed apart and beat them. Those who surrender themselves to Allah and accept the true faith; Allah will bestow forgiveness and rich reward to both men and women.

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After Muhammad died in 632 C.E. Abu Bakr; father of Muhammad’s favorite wife became the first caliph and ordered one of the Muhammad’s companions to collect both oral and written sources of all of Muhammad’s inspired speeches. The original sources were all destroyed and converted into the Qu'ran; it is one of the most sacred texts which Muslims believe contain word for word, absolutely everything that God revealed to Muhammad and nothing else.

The Qu'ran denounced social practices of hoarding of wealth, exploitation of the poor, charging of high interest rates on loans, corrupt business deals, and abuse of women.

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Muhammad was born in Mecca and became a successful trader, had powerful religious experience that left him convinced that he was Allah’s messenger to the Arabs. He rejected the many gods housed in the Kaaba and rejected Christian notion of the Trinity and considered himself the “seal of the prophets. Muhammad was the start of how Islam had spread.