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 Incas are the ruling clan of the Quechua people, who lived in modern Peru and created a large centralized empire with its capital in the city of Cuzco in the Andes. Historically, the Incas called only the male part of the clan of rulers (women from the clan were called piles or news, and the ruling pile - koya). However, now in everyday life the word Incas call all the subjects of the sons of the Sun. The Inca Empire existed for a relatively short time - from 1438 to 1533. In 1533, the last Inca ruler, Atahualpa, was suppressed by the Spaniards.

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The first European image of the Incas. Pedro Ciesa de Leon. Chronicle of Peru, 1553

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The Incas did not have a writing system, but they used a bale to convey information, a complex system of colored laces braided into knots. Figures and statistics were clearly conveyed in such messages. Conquering new tribes, the Incas adopted their inventions. There is information that the people who understood, created and deciphered the kip were a separate ethnic group, ie one of the tribes conquered by the Incas. In addition to this pile necessarily studied the representatives of the top of the Incas.
Inca pottery.
It is known that the Incas were excellent weavers. From an early age, the girls learned to weave woolen clothes and collect plants that were used as dyes.

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The Incas built majestic buildings of hewn stone without using cement. Their buildings withstood strong earthquakes typical of South America. Later Spanish buildings collapsed to the ground from such cataclysms.

How the Incas managed to cut and process stones without knowing iron and steel is not known for sure. Probably for this they also used stones and partly soft metal tools. Some walls use blocks of giant size. So in the walls of the fortress Saksayuaman, near Cusco you can find stones weighing more than 100 tons. Most Inca stone monuments exist in Cusco, Machu Picchu and Ollantaytambo.

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An impressively developed road system helped the Incas maintain the integrity of such a large empire. They built about 22,530 kilometers of roads, which are well preserved to this day. One of the roads stretches along almost the entire Pacific coast of South America. Some roads pass at an altitude of 5 km. The highlands of the Inca road were paved with flat stones and stone walls were built to prevent falling from the cliffs.
In the highlands, the Incas used walls to create mountain terraces to increase agricultural productivity. Interestingly, the Incas were so adept at turning steep mountain slopes into terraces that in 1500 more land was used in agriculture in the Andes than it is today. They grew about 20 species of corn and 240 species of potatoes. Corn was grown at altitudes up to 4100 meters.

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Before the appearance of the Incas in the historical arena in South America, there were a number of civilizations: Moche (or Mochik culture, known for its colored pottery and irrigation systems), Wari (or Vari, their state was a prototype of the Inca Empire), Chan Chan, center - the city of Chimor, characteristic ceramics and architecture), Nazca (known for creating the so-called Nazca lines, as well as their underground water supply systems, ceramics), Tiahuanaco (civilization of the city of Tiahuanaco with a population of about 40,000, located on the eastern shore of Lake Titicaca), Chachapoyas Warriors of the Clouds, known for their formidable fortress of Kelap, also known as "Machu Picchu of the North").

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Quechua was the official language of the Incas, although there were still about 700 languages ​​in the empire. Quechua has a distant affinity with the Aymara language spoken by the Indians who lived near Lake Titicaca. It is not known in what language the Incas spoke before Pachakutek made Quechua the state language in 1438. It is possible that the Incas were not originally Quechua. Conquering new tribes, the Incas forced them to study Quechua. A possible pre-Columbian Inca name was the word "kapak-kun" (majestic, glorified). It is believed that the Incas were a guerrilla group that eventually became a stratum of the nobility associated with the ruling dynasty (or were all descendants of the rulers of the city-state of Cuzco).