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women jobs were created they ended up getting the right to vote. They filled in for males at the time. Women gained reputation as it was a big step forward for them

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Soldiers boots rotted in the mud and their uniforms disintegrated.

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Women were given the right to vote in 1916 in the three prairie provinces, and other regions soon followed suite. Except Quebec which took another 25 years before women got the right.

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sargent William Alexander failed to present himself at 0 hrs when told to lead a platoon and so he was court martialed and killed by his own battalion.

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Woman were actually allowed to do something that was really helpful in the war. Because of the decline in male workers in ammunition production factories and hospitals, woman had to take over those types of jobs. Woman gained a lot of respect during the war because of their efforts, so much so that they earned the right to vote (which was a huge deal at the time)

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Even though liquor was banned in 1918,  men were still buying it. This was happening because selling liquor was permissible for scientific,medical or religious reasons. So most men would show up around the holidays with prescriptions for brandy (which were fake).

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In 1918 women not only won the right to vote but also got the distribution of liquor banned along side with saloons. This excludes quebec (until 25 yrs later).

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She packed her bags, and moved from New York to Toronto. She wanted to help the community and joined The Red Cross. She would roll bandages and knit socks.

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leads soldiers who are injured and can still walk to medical care

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This letter was sent from the chaplain of the 44th battalion to the lieutenants mother regarding her son's death and where he was buried.

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Children from Bradford, Ontario gave tin chocolate boxes to soldiers and sailors.

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doot

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Uniforms and Personal Gear - Nursing Uniform | Canada and the First World War

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Canada's contribution to the First World War led to growing autonomy and international recognition, but at great cost.

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ten year-old Aileen Rogers gave his father, Lieutenant Lawrence Browning, a teddy bear as a charm of good luck before he left to go to war. Rogers was then killed by enemy fire in Passchendaele in 1917. The bear was found in Roger's pocket. This shows that even though soldiers are meant to leave their families and homes, they will always have a piece of them with them.

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"This sign warned soldiers that lingering or being exposed in a trench could attract snipers and shellfire. Even though trenches were below the ground and soldiers were usually out of sight, movement could be tracked by their noise, the stirring of flies, or even the jutting of shovels or rifles above the trench parapet."

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How women had to dress for Nursing duty in WWI

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How women had to dress for Nursing duty in WWI

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this was a news letter asking you to send your husbands name in to them to pressure them into enlisting or shaming them

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This toy was made for children so they could play with it. This was one of the ways the war was incorporated into a child's life. I wonder if the children felt like they were army generals when they were playing with the tank toy.

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Families were told to eat less food so they could send more food to soldiers.

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Gordon Thompson wrote this song and I think its pretty Important and how its affecting the children's when their dad is away.

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Children are proud of their dad's accomplishments. I'm wondering if kids wearing this were treated better at school?

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Children on the home front experienced the loss of male (and some female) family members to the war effort, and struggled with their families, friends, and communities to cope with everyday challenges imposed by the war. Thousands of adolescent males served overseas illegally as underage soldiers, but hundreds of thousands more experienced the conflict in less dramatic ways, in school, at home, or at play.

Doing Their Bit

The war affected all children, but older children participated directly in a wide variety of ways, often through recreational clubs, community groups, or service organizations. Boy Scouts and Girl Guides collected money for the Canadian Patriotic Fund and other social support agencies. Young girls made bandages for the medical corps, and knit or sewed articles of clothing for care packages. Children assumed greater responsibilities in homes where fathers or older brothers were at war and mothers were in the labour force, and many worked on farms or in businesses at an early age.

Learning about the War

Few Canadians had appreciated the risk of world war prior to its outbreak, and international affairs - aside from imperial history - played no role in school curricula. This changed almost immediately as newspapers, churches, and social groups immersed themselves in discussions of the war and its effects, and family conversations turned on all aspects of the war's progress, often centering on men known to be serving overseas or friends whose lives had been affected by injury or death.

Children daily encountered the war in their homes and in their classrooms. The war and its causes appeared in some provincial curricula as early as 1914. Military readers like The Children's Story of the War or Canada in Flanders apprised young Canadians of the fighting overseas, but gave little sense of the horrific nature of the fighting or the magnitude of the war's human cost. Patriotic teachers sometimes encouraged their students to help convince adult males or older brothers to enlist.

Remembering the War

Children shared in the excitement and the uncertainty of the era. Many would remember the war as a period of great excitement and high adventure, capped by the return of fathers or brothers from exotic places and distant wars. Many others, especially those whose loved ones never came home, would remember it as a time of economic hardship, grinding tragedy, or unbearable grief.

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The Home Front - The Children's War | Canada and the First World War

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Children on the home front experienced the loss of male (and some female) family members to the war effort, and struggled with their families, friends, and communities to cope with everyday challenges imposed by the war.

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Families had to rely on mail to get messages from husbands, fathers, brothers. Sometimes those letters were censored.

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The war expanded the range and complexity of government activity and increased governmental involvement in many aspects of Canadian life.

From Voluntarism to Intervention

Canada entered the war with a small public service, no income tax, and few forms of direct government involvement in the economy. The federal government had no experience in running a large war and assumed, as did most Canadians, that a "business as usual" attitude would suffice in organizing the country for the struggles ahead.

But the war cost vast amounts of money, demanded enormous supplies of people, goods, and services, and placed great stress on wages, prices, and many areas of home front activity. In mobilizing support for the war abroad while attempting to ease or manage its effects at home, the federal government became increasingly involved in the lives of Canadians, usually with great reluctance and not always with success.

The spirit of voluntarism and patriotic fervor that marked the war's outbreak diminished only gradually, and contemporaries considered many later government initiatives, including personal income tax, temporary wartime measures that would be abolished when the war was over. Conscription in 1917, or compulsory military service, was the government's most dramatic temporary wartime intervention, but there were many others, including corporate and personal taxation, the prohibition of alcohol, censorship, and propaganda.

Censorship and Propaganda

The control of sensitive military information was a wartime necessity, but the government's role in information management extended far beyond the surveillance and editing of soldiers' letters from the front. An official censor in Canada monitored newspapers and other publications for material that might harm the war effort, while federal officials threatened editors and publishers with jail time if they failed to comply with warning notices.

Large-scale propaganda campaigns became a part of everyday life. Posters urged enlistment and other forms of war support, and asked citizens to contribute to charitable campaigns, buy Victory Bonds, or ration scarce items such as meat or fuel. Their imagery relied on patriotic symbols, recognizable icons, and historical figures to identify the war with popular and worthy causes. Public parades, rallies, and charitable events encouraged voluntary contributions and the shaming or embarrassment of those who were not "doing their bit."

Legacy and Lessons Learned

The unprecedented levels of government activity during the war had long-lasting effects. Some initiatives, including the nationalization of railways, completed in 1919, would shape Canadian business activity for decades to come. Others, including corporate and personal income taxes, have never been repealed. The lessons learned from managing, and not managing, the Canadian economy in 1914-1918 would have profound effects on government operations during the Second World War.

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Life at Home During the War - The Home Front | Canada and the First World War

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The war expanded the range and complexity of government activity and increased governmental involvement in many aspects of Canadian life. Canada entered the war with a small public service, no income tax, and few forms of direct government involvement in the economy.

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War fever created widespread hostility towards German Canadians and German-Canadian culture.

Rejection of All Things German

The early part of the war witnessed a substantial backlash against many elements of the German presence in Canada. Public schools removed German language instruction from their curricula. Some orchestras refused to play German music. Winnipeg residents changed hamburgers to "nips" in order to sever the association with an enemy language. The sinking of the civilian liner Lusitania in 1915 with hundreds of civilian deaths seemed to confirm the popular view that Canada fought in a singularly noble cause against a nation of barbarians. Ugly riots in Victoria, Winnipeg, and Montreal targeted German-owned businesses and shops.

Measures against "Enemies" in Canada

Anti-German propaganda, stories of German atrocities abroad, and fear of saboteurs drove many Canadians to demand protection from their government. Some 8,579 "enemy aliens" were interned behind barbed wire to remove the supposed threat, while tens of thousands more were forced to register with authorities and abide by stringent rules of conduct for the duration of the war. Sir William Otter, the distinguished Canadian soldier who oversaw the internment operation, stated that 8,579 "enemy aliens" were incarcerated in camps across the country. Otter classified 3,138 as "prisoners of war," while the others were civilians. The majority of internees were of Ukrainian origin.

Erasing Culture: From Berlin to Kitchener

Berlin, a moderate sized town in southwestern Ontario, was home to a large population of German Canadians and many Mennonites, a peace church that opposed military service. It became a focus of public unrest because of its name and the assumed disloyalty of many of its German or pacifist residents. Zealous patriots removed from its pedestal a bust of Kaiser Wilhelm I located in the city's Victoria Park and threw it into adjacent Victoria Lake. Soldiers of the local 118th Battalion ransacked and vandalized German businesses.

In early 1916, the local Board of Trade recommended that the city change its name as a symbol of patriotic commitment and in the hope that another name would be better for business. A municipal committee listed dozens of possibilities, including 'Amity', 'Imperial City', and 'Hydropolis', but overseas events provided another option. Great Britain's minister of war, Lord Kitchener, was killed in early June en route to Russia when his warship struck a German mine. Only a few hundred local residents voted in the ensuing referendum, but those who did chose Kitchener. Berlin, which was not on the ballot, disappeared from the map on 1 September 1916. Periodic attempts during and after the war to revise the original name failed.

German Atrocities, Real and Imagined

From the start of the war, most Canadians demonized the enemy. They believed the stories and rumours from overseas concerning German war crimes, and accepted without question what would mainly prove to be fabricated reports of German atrocities in Belgium, especially those involving women and children. News of heavy casualties and the use of a heinous new weapon, poison gas, at the Battle of Second Ypres in April 1915, galvanized public opinion against Germany and further convinced Canadians of the enemy's fundamental barbarity. War propaganda reinforced enemy stereotypes and intentionally blurred the line between actual news and useful innuendo.

Lusitania and Edith Cavell

Not all reports of German atrocities were fake or exaggerated. In May 1915, a month after the shock of Ypres, a German submarine sank the civilian luxury liner Lusitania off the coast of Ireland. Nearly 1,200 civilians died, including hundreds of Canadians and more than 90 children. The Germans' execution of British nurse Edith Cavell in October 1915 for helping Allied soldiers escape occupied Belgium further outraged Canadians and gave the war effort a convincing martyr. Cavell became the war's most famous female casualty. In Canada alone, she had a mountain, several schools, a nursing institute, streets, and several hospital wings named after her.

Branding German Kultur

Wartime propaganda soon referred to German Kultur (culture) as a damning insult, a predisposition for war, cruelty, and destructiveness that placed Germany outside the community of civilized nations. A total effort against such an enemy was more than justified, the imagery screamed: it was expected.

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Life at Home During the War - "Enemy Aliens" | Canada and the First World War

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War fever created widespread hostility towards German Canadians and German-Canadian culture. The early part of the war witnessed a substantial backlash against many elements of the German presence in Canada. Public schools removed German language instruction from their curricula. Some orchestras refused to play German music.

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Like most other combatants in 1914, Canadians expected the war to be short, victorious, and relatively inexpensive. They were wrong.

Traditional Finance, Untraditional War

Far from ending the pre-war economic recession, the war's outbreak at first worsened it, with layoffs, contract cancellations, and severe cutbacks in the already-troubled railway industry.

Ottawa sought money to pay the war's modest early expenses by borrowing in traditional capital markets - first Britain and then, as British loans dried up in response to domestic needs, the United States. Few observers believed that Canadian financial sources would need to be tapped before the war ended; fewer still supported using taxes to raise money to finance war expenditures, instead of borrowing it by raising war loans.

But the war did not end quickly. The effort required to sustain massive armies in the field rescued the Canadian economy from recession. It also required huge amounts of capital. A pre-war federal budget of $185 million had quadrupled by its wartime peak to more than $740 million. Debt quadrupled to $1.2 billion as well. Prior to the war, customs duties, postal rates, and tariffs on imported goods had accounted for more than 85 percent of government revenue. Higher duties and new tariffs alone could not hope to cover vastly higher wartime expenditures. Ottawa borrowed to finance the shortfall from an unexpected source: ordinary Canadians.

Borrowing from Canadians

Canadians' willingness to loan money to their own government by buying war bonds exceeded all expectations. No bond issue in Canadian history had raised more than $5 million, but Ottawa's first "victory bond" drive brought in $100 million, twice the initial estimate. Subsequent drives proved just as successful. Publicity campaigns, including tens of thousands of posters, linked buying bonds to the direct support and welfare of soldiers overseas and used a variety of messages to encourage contributions, from well-known poems to emotional imagery. Long-term interest rates of up to 5.5 percent for terms of up to 20 years were also a powerful inducement.

Total domestic bond purchases during the war exceeded $2 billion, ten times the amount of money raised abroad. Canada had financed the war by incurring more than $2 billion in debt, thereby passing the war's costs to future generations, but it owed most of this money to Canadian citizens, not foreign lenders. The success of the "victory bond" campaign would be repeated during the Second World War. Today's Canada Savings Bonds are the direct descendents of these wartime efforts.

Taxing Income and Profits

Wartime costs were not the only factors influencing the government's financial policies. As the war continued, political pressure grew on Ottawa to ensure that businesses and the wealthy paid their fair share of the financial burden. Labour organizations, farmers, churches, and other groups called for the "conscription of wealth." Periodic charges of war profiteering by corrupt officials or unscrupulous entrepreneurs made for sensational headlines and undermined the government's propaganda message that all Canadians should "do their bit."

New federal taxes on business profits in 1916 and personal incomes in 1917 - the latter a 'temporary' wartime measure - set important precedents, but the war ended before either had produced substantial results. In 1919, personal and corporate taxes combined accounted for only 3.4 percent of total federal revenues. Most Canadians paid no tax at all, and those who did pay, paid very little.

Evolution of a War Economy

The outbreak of war threatened Canada with economic crisis. Existing manufacturing orders were cancelled, some factories shut down, and construction halted on many pre-war civilian projects. Some feared that war would cause the collapse of Canada's already fragile economy. But the demand for war supplies, equipment, and shells soon provided economic stimulus and employment. Output grew and fears of collapse were replaced by the challenges of rapid expansion. Due to the combined demands of military service, industry, and agriculture, unemployment had virtually ceased in Canada by 1916.

Organizing Wartime Production

One of the greatest economic surprises of the war was the military's near-insatiable demand for vast quantities of artillery shells. Armies expended them by the millions in the great barrages and siege-like battles on the Western Front, and no Allied economy was organized to produce shells in anything near the quantities required.

Canada's Minister of Militia and Defence, Sam Hughes, initially established a Shell Committee to coordinate production, but its failure to deliver on contracts led to angry recriminations between Canada and Britain and widespread rumours of corruption.

Imperial Munitions Board

In late 1915, Prime Minister Borden replaced the Shell Committee with the Imperial Munitions Board (IMB), which answered solely to Britain but was run by a Canadian. Under well-known Toronto businessman Joseph Flavelle, the Board was organized according to sound business practices and hired professional managers to oversee its operations. It eased the problem of scarce labour by hiring 30,000 women to work in its factories and offices.

Impressive Expansion of Scope and Production

Under Flavelle's supervision, the Board oversaw an impressive expansion in wartime production, from only a few companies having the capacity to produce shells to, in 1917, dozens of companies, including crown corporations, that collectively produced some $2 million worth of goods per day.

The IMB's mandate later expanded to include propellants, brass casings, and complicated fuses. By 1917, almost one-third of all British shells were being manufactured in Canada. The IMB constructed ships and aircraft and developed airfields for a large pilot training program. By war's end, its 600 factories had completed some 103 naval vessels, 2,600 training aircraft, and 30 flying boats. When the IMB ceased operations in 1919, it was Canada's largest civilian employer, with over 289,000 employees.

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Life at Home During the War - The War Economy | Canada and the First World War

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Like most other combatants in 1914, Canadians expected the war to be short, victorious, and relatively inexpensive. They were wrong. Far from ending the pre-war economic recession, the war's outbreak at first worsened it, with layoffs, contract cancellations, and severe cutbacks in the already-troubled railway industry.

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This label represents as when the original farmers  had to go to war 20000+ underage boys served as children of the soil worked on a farm for the high demand of food materials. This label was handed out after one term

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Materials for the War Effort - Recognizing Service | Canada and the First World War

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Canada's contribution to the First World War led to growing autonomy and international recognition, but at great cost.