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The Open Door policy was a statement of principles set by the United States that called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China. The creation of the Open Door policy increased foreign influence in China, which led to a rise in anti-foreign and anti-colonial sentiment in the country. The foreigners started getting backlash; therefore, there were mass killings of missionaries working in China and a new nationalist feeling among the Chinese.

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Genghis Khan was a Mongolian warrior-ruler and was known for being one of the most famous conquerors within history. He consolidated tribes into a unified Mongolia and extended his empire from Asia to the Adriatic Sea. Genghis Khan also brought a writing system to Mongolia, the Mongol empire spared teachers of taxation, led the spread of printing over East Asia, and helped in the rise of an educated class in Korea. When Genghis Khan took over civilizations, he didn't enforce a religion and allowed many religions to spread.

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The Opium Wars were two armed conflicts that took place in the mid-19th century in China between Western countries and the Qing dynasty. The first Opium War was between China and Britain, and the second Opium War was between Britain and France against China. After each war, the western powers won and gained commercial privileges and legal and territorial concessions in China. These conflicts marked the start of the unequal treaties and the pathway of Qing sovereignty that helped weaken and demolish the dynasty.

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Extraterritoriality is foreign states being immune from the jurisdiction of the area in which they live in. It exempts the foreign states from a local judicial process, police interference, and constraint. Foreign countries and many other "western" countries controlled extraterritorial areas in China, eventually the foreign countries gave up their zones to China. China stated that these zones had the right to follow their own set of rules. Many extraterritorial zones in China were opened for foreign trade.

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The Yuan Dynasty was when China was under the rule of the Mongol Empire. The Yuan Dynasty reigned from 1279 to 1368 and was in between the Chinese Song and the Ming dynasties. The Yuan rulers had advancements in technology and transportation during their reign. They also encouraged arts like ceramics, painting, and drama.

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The Taiping Rebellion was a revolt in China against the Qing dynasty. It was motivated through religion and economic conditions. The Taiping forces acted like a cult and were called the God Worshipping Society by Hong Xiuquan. The Taiping Rebellion ended up failing, but it took the lives of around 20 million people.

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The Boxer Rebellion supported a peasant uprising that was targeted towards foreigners from China. The group did boxing and calisthenic rituals in the hopes of becoming invulnerable. Their goal was to destroy the dynasty and the Westerners who had involvement with China. A consequence of the Boxer Rebellion was that Western Powers did not want to colonize China anymore. Another consequence was creating new reforms.

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The sphere of influence is a region within a country that is controlled by a foreign country. The spheres of influence were used as a source of great power and imperial control. Where it could bring order and contribute to conflicts when rival powers wanted to "influence" other territories.