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Please watch and write one comment about something that surprised you.

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0:00 / 4:02•Watch full video

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How Loving v. Virginia Led to Legalized Interracial Marriage | History

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Please read the following article. Write down at least two interesting points from the article that you would like to discuss during class.

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A recent NPR article entitled " Same-Sex-Marriage Flashpoint: Alabama Considers Quitting The Marriage Business " ⁠included a photo of two African American women with wide smiles and joy evident in their posture. In the image's foreground, one woman holds up a piece of paper in her left hand with her wedding ring and engagement ring clearly visible in the margins of the image. The paper, with an official seal just visible at the bottom, has neat script and calligraphy at the top that reads, "The State of Alabama, Jefferson County, Marriage License." These women, Olanda Smith and Dinah McCaryer, married on February 9, 2015, the day that their marriage became possible in the state of Alabama. Their rush to the courthouse was savvy. As the story notes, in counties all over Alabama, February 9, 2015, was the last day that many municipalities issued marriage licenses to anyone at all. The article describes legislation passed by Alabama's Senate that would end marriage licenses in the state. Instead, the law would require heterosexual and homosexual couples to record marriage contracts at probate offices. As one official supportive of this legislation put it, "Basically we're getting Alabama out of the marriage business." Why would Alabama do this? The short answer is that changing the law would excuse officials from issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples.

Historian Tera Hunter describes similarly-disposed officials in her new book Bound in Wedlock: Slave and Free Black Marriage in the Nineteenth Century. At issue in the years following the Civil War in the former Confederate States of America were the marriages of former slaves, unions that some whites did not want the law to legitimate. She writes, "Many local jurisdictions throughout the South demanded high fees to discourage ex-slaves from marrying or simply refused to give them access to courts or licenses"(241). The federal government opened up legal marriage, a legal institution that many nineteenth century Americans valued as the bedrock of society, a requirement of manhood and womanhood, and the only appropriate foundation of a family unit, to include former slaves during and after the war. Those chafing at social change in the post-emancipation South saw Black marriages as a challenge to social order and racial hierarchy.

Bound in Wedlock provides a timely reminder that the right to marry and marriage law has long been a battleground for social justice and equality. It has only been fifty-one years since Loving v. Virginia made anti-miscegenation laws, statues that prevented interracial marriages, illegal. Local legislatures denied enslaved people the right to marry in the United States beginning in the nation's colonial history. Slaveholders regularly split up couples, overrode the parenting decisions of enslaved mothers and fathers, and sexually abused their human property with no fear of punishment. Slaveholders went as far as espousing the idea that African Americans were unable to make family attachments, that Black parents had little regard for their children, and that white slaveholders acted in a parental role in the lives of their slaves. This paternalistic myth of kind slaveholders and childlike slaves remained embedded in early representations and histories of American Slavery into the early twentieth century.

Bound in Wedlock interrogates both the family-making practices of Black people in the nineteenth century and the evolution of marriage as an institution in the same period. Kinship was essential to Black people and many free and enslaved people valued marriage as a way to signify commitment and love. Marriage was a way to codify intimate relationships. However, it was also an expression of humanity. It was a right that could confer other rights, and it was an instrument of social control. Marriage was not a failsafe institution with the ability to right racism's wrongs. The couples who jumped brooms, rushed to Union camps, or searched for each other in the chaos of the postbellum South thought marriage was important, not perfect.

Hunter juxtaposes the ways that African Americans practiced family formation, kinship making, and marriage with how the state, officials, and African Americans shaped marriage as a legal and civil institution. The first three chapters of the book consider marriage during slavery. In chapter one, "'Until Distance Do You Part,'" Hunter discusses how enslaved people negotiated intimate relationships and built families knowing that their owners were not bound to respect them. Hunter challenges readers to acknowledge the multiple family formations and couplings that enslaved people chose and maintained. In chapter two, "'God Made Marriage, but the White Man Made the Law,'" she further establishes marriage's civil and legal implications by asking why whites made marriage illegal for enslaved people. Hunter looks at the important role that marriage as a civil institution played in the Dred Scott decision-the 1857 Supreme Court case that denied Scott, and African Americans at large, the right to buy their own and their family's freedom- to demonstrate the legal and social stakes embedded in marriage. Chapter three, "More than Manumission," wraps up the antebellum section of the text with a close look at marriage law and the lives of free people of color including mixed status unions, marriages between free and enslaved Blacks. In all three chapters Hunter centers Black family formations. African Americans formed families and adopted people into their kinship networks despite white disregard. Also, they affirmed their humanity among each other in spite of the violence, rape, abuse, and looming specter of separation through the internal slave trade.

Hunter then moves on to the Civil War years, examining the War's impact on Black family life. In chapter four, "Marriage Under the Flag," Hunter discusses the flurry of marriages in contraband camps during the war. While missionaries, the US government, and freedmen seemed to agree upon the importance of marriage as an institution, these marriages also exposed deep cultural and social fissures between all three groups. Significantly, legal marriage came with a legally enforced patriarchal family structure under which some former slaves did not wish to live. Legal marriage did not protect every type of family formation, and it limited women's ability to play the economic and social roles they played in enslaved families. In chapter five, "A Civil War Over Marriage," Hunter explores the political and legal arguments among federal authorities and between leaders in the Confederate States of America regarding Black marriages. On both sides of the battle lines, Black marriage caused friction between legal and religious authorities because married independent freedmen with families did not readily serve white supremacy in theory or practice. Instead, marriage conferred manhood on freedmen and slaves in ways that made many whites uncomfortable. Marriage and family structure, therefore, in the eyes of many, needed to be shaped and policed to benefit existing power structures based on racial hierarchy.

The final section of the book looks at Black marriages in the post-war period. In chapter seven, "The Most Cruel Wrongs," Hunter again juxtaposes Black family formation and white prerogatives for legal marriage. While African Americans worked and hoped to reunite their families, whites in both the North and South wanted their support for heterosexual marriage and cohabiting nuclear families to help them control Black labor in the South. In a region decimated by the Civil War, Black labor remained essential to white wealth accumulation and survival. White landowners, in particular, hoped that statutes like vagrancy laws, punishments like convict leasing, and debt peonage in the form of sharecropping would discipline a newly-free Black labor force. Hunter covers how each of these post-war institutions policed family formation, focusing on the ways in which whites frequently used violence to threaten family life. In Chapter eight, "Hopes and Travails at Century's End," set in the early days of Jim Crow, Hunter looks at how African Americans defined and characterized marriage. Hunter looks at data about marriages among Black people in the period and surveys how family formations changed post-emancipation. She notes first how much value elite Blacks placed on the institution and how racism, sexism, and classism helped elites to define marriage narrowly at the same time that racist institutions devalued Black life. This narrow definition, Hunter makes clear, was born of post-slavery realities, politics, and repression, not in slave quarters or the extended kinship networks of the early nineteenth century.

Taken together, with Bound in Wedlock Tera Hunter makes a significant contribution to the historiography of American slavery and emancipation, a field in which the Black family, narrowly defined, has featured as a significant category of analysis. As Hunter writes, "African Americans were not attached to a family structure, they were attached to a family sensibility"(206). Before and after slavery, African Americans fought hard to preserve their families, build lasting kinship networks, and survive cruelty and hardship. While Hunter is clear that her study looks at heterosexual relationships, her engagement with non-monogamous relationships and kinship structure leaves room for queering where past studies have not. Hunter pushes readers to move beyond stagnant definitions of marriage and family and instead to listen to the Black sources she engages opening up room for a multiplicity of intimacies.

Marriage remains contested ground. In Alabama, the legislation needed to "get out of the marriage business" still needs to pass in Alabama's House, where it currently awaits a second reading. Meanwhile, legislators have proposed similar bills in Oklahoma, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, and Montana. Marriage equality remains far from secure. Which families, which marriages, and which lives matter remain salient questions. Enslaved people, freedmen and women, and those who came of age at the dawn of Jim Crow endured, remained savvy about legal structures, and agitated for their rights. Their stories hold lessons for us all.

Copyright © AAIHS. May not be reprinted without permission.

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Slave and Free Black Marriage in the Nineteenth Century

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A recent NPR article entitled "Same-Sex-Marriage Flashpoint: Alabama Considers Quitting The Marriage Business" ⁠included a photo of two African American women with wide smiles and joy evident in their posture. In the image's foreground, one woman holds up a piece of paper in her left hand with her w

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Please answer the following two questions In the comments below. Then write at least three replies to any other posts.
1# In your family of origin, what were the messages you received about interracial dating/relationships?

•How did that affect your dating/relationship life as an adult?

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The following differences can potentially affect dating, relationships, and/or marriage:
1. Social Class/Socioeconomic Status

2. Religion

3. Ethnicity
Write in the comments below In what ways do you think this would be exemplified?

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Watch this short video. In a short essay in the comments, please address the following:

Your initial reactions to the video

How does this video relate to you personally (perhaps with different aspects of diversity)?

Do you think that society views different types of diverse couples differently? Please give a few examples.

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Black Women Discuss Interracial Dating | Black Women OWN the Conversation | Oprah Winfrey Network

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Read Chapter four in Looking for Love.
In the comments below, write one possible t/f or multiple choice question from this chapter for the exam on the 14th.

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Please write at least one t/f or multiple choice question below on anything we have covered (student presentations included), since the last exam. Do not use Chapter 4 in your book for this- that goes in Assignment #6.

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1). Growing up, society has had multiple messages with regards to interracial couples in America.  In my household, my family never really talked about the idea of interracial couples nor did they express their views.  It was always viewed as a normal thing in my family because it was not something that bothered any of us.  As a matter of fact, my Uncle (who is white) married a black woman in which they had two kids together and are happily married to this day.  I have back cousins so interracial relationships were something that were looked as not out of the ordinary in my family.
2). Being an adult and open to finding a relationship, I am open to dating multiple races. In my opinion, as long as the person I find of interest has a great personality and we connect, I do not think skin color is something that is always on my mind when I am looking for someone. Also, I am attracted to different races and I would not limit myself to just dating people of my own race. It is fair to say that my dating preference is very diverse and I am willing to be involved with pretty much any race.

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Reading this article provided me with no shocks as African Americans were mistreated during the times of slavery. History came a long way and now we are seeing everyone in society gaining rights and freedoms. A fact that I found interesting in this document was that slaveholders were able to making parental decisions for their slaves. This unfair practice put a huge burden on the rights of an African American parent to make decisions over their OWN child. Another fact that I found interesting was that how there was such a heavy reliant on African American labor in terms of production. It is fair to say that white wealth was mainly the direct result of African American labor which is a sad and realistic truth.

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My initial reaction when watching this video was that I knew that people were going to have different opinions when talking about interracial dating.  I know that some people (black or white) have "race" as a criteria when choosing a partner.  This video relates to me personally.  For example, we are living in such a politically divided society right now and many people of different races have different opinions about different communities.  In college, I see how people identify with certain organizations or communities where they share their personal experiences and opinions.  Personally, I do not think that race should be a factor when choosing a partner as I would date outside of my race.  However, I do agree with the fact that people should be educated on racial oppression throughout history and not be ignorant to the trauma that certain people of certain races face.  By educating oneself would help create a sense of understanding between the two partners.
Society views different types of diverse couples differently. Each race has a social stigma or stereotype that was implemented in society due to either some event or series of actions. To some, a white woman dating a black man is something that is frowned upon in families because some people believe that people should only reproduce or romantically be involved with someone in their own community. Another instance where people would have different views of couples dating would be if an Asian woman dated a black man. Many people have trouble comprehending that people can be with other people outside of their race. As long as the two lovers are happy and support each other emotionally, I really do not see the harm in dating someone other than your own race.

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All of these elements above can have an impact on dating. For example, in some families, there are rooted traditions in which parents want their children to date either within their race, religion, or social class. People have a notion that their kids choosing their partners of similar backgrounds would carry on traditions and create generational continuity. Also, some parents want their children to date someone of wealth so they do not feel that their child is carrying all of the financial weight. It is unfortunate that all families do not seek cultural mixing in their families. Different families put heavy value on tradition and their hopes to envision their child with someone that is perfect for their them. We cannot control who we fall in love with. While it may be easier to seek partners within one's own community, a person cannot help if he/she falls in love outside of their social, religious, or ethnic backgrounds. Society is stepping away from the notion that people should only date within their communities as gen z is becoming a more diverse pool of people.

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While it has never really affected me. Sadly my family was pretty racist towards people who were not white. I come from a German/Norwegian back ground. Honestly it never really affected me because I knew better than to judge others solely on skin color. I find it extremely ignorant and arrogant. Regardless of what my family may think if I were to date someone who was not of my race it is genuinely non of their business and if they has a problem with it that sure seems like a them problem more than a me problem.

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Honestly the fact that people genuinely care so much about others peoples lives is really shocking to me. I do not see the problem with interracial dating and the fact that it was against the law is extremely stupid to think about. People really do be arrogant and ignorant.

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Honestly maybe I read it wrong but the bottom paragraph really got me. It seems like there is still a problem with marriage in Alabama. Does that mean there is still a stigma of interracial marriage or is it still illegal? Also the way they forced African American to become like the nuclear family is pretty upsetting. It seemed like they werent forced into families for love but for a more easier way to control them. Really disgusting stuff

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After watching the video my initial reaction is I mean I do not see any problem in not being attracted to certain people. If its racially motivated that's when the problem starts. I also find it extremely weird how certain races of people are fetishized. I find it extremely gross when lets just say people fetishize people of Asian descent. I feel like that happens way to often. Sorry for the tangent when I watched the video that is what I thought of.

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The thing that surprised me about this video was the fact that there was such a law put in place with regards to interracial marriage in the first place. It just shocks me that people even care about what others do when it does not affect them. The thing that shocked me the most was that even after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, interracial marriage was still illegal. I always had the notion that after 1964, all African Americans had their rights.

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In my family unfortunately interracial dating has been looked down upon on. More so my dad then my mom but I can still tell it is something that bothers her even if she doesn't admit it. I actually currently date someone who is mixed, their mom is black and their dad is white. It is something that I have never thought down on we are all the same no matter our skin color. They treat me just like family which is how it should be no matter someones skin color. I don't let my parents get in between my relationship because as long as my person treats me good it shouldn't matter what color their skin is.

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Something that shocked me was the way that people are so involved with other people's lives when it comes to relationships. Why does it matter to someone else if you are in an interracial relationship. It is no ones decision or business than yours.

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I found this article very interesting but their were two things that really popped out to me. One being that I didn't know that same-sex marriage was only allowed 57 years after interracial marriages in Alabama. Another thing that I found interesting and like to know more about is the fact that slaves were aloud to make parental decisions for their slaves. That is a really crazy thought to me.

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Growing up the topic of interracial dating was never really talked about. My whole life my parents have always supported every decision that I have ever made. In my family though, we do have an interracial couple. My cousin married a black women and we accepted her right into our family. We saw how happy she made my cousin and as soon as we got to know her my whole family loved her. My family is very accepting and supportive so I feel  that we have never had to have a talk about interracial dating. Since this has never been a topic my family has talked about this has not affected my dating life as I have gotten older.

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In this video something that surprised me most was the fact that every was so noisy. I am a very easy going kind of person so when people try to get all up in my business and want to know everything about my life I find that very annoying. I feel that it should not matter what others are doing as long as they are happy.

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In my family interracial relationships were never looked down on however they were joked about unfortunately. Being Dominican and Puerto Rican, I have family members with blond hair and green eyes and also family members who are really really dark and pass as African American. Growing up our family has been so diverse that we already appear to be a huge mix of so many different things which is why I don't think anyone really had a problem with it. So when it came to me dating, my parents would joke about the race and the differences in culture and them not knowing how to dance to Spanish music but I knew that no matter who I brought back home they would accept.

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What shocked me the most what the couples story in general. The fact that they were actually arrested multiple times shocked me because honestly I feel like there should have been bigger problems that the police officers could have been focusing on. Also the fact that other people cared so much about a simple decision other people made and affected no one else aggravated me.

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One thing that stood out to me was the fact that slave owners made parental decisions for their slaves. This angered me and confused me in a way because If the slave owners making parental decisions then technically they are parenting the slave which should have been a problem racially if they were so against everything else. To me It was a little hypocritical. The second thing that stood out to me was the fact that Alabama still seems to be so behind and against so much. Its kinda sad to see and read about. I believe that as a Country we need to be more accepting because we have seen in the past hatred leads to nothing but horrible events.

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1. Social Class/Social Economic Class- This can be shown when it comes to raising children I feel like the most. Sometimes those of an upperclass are more wasteful and free with their money because they have enough to spare. They may buy their children things more often and spoil them while someone from a lower class knows what its like to struggle financially and may be more cautious about what they spend. This could cause tension when parents due to that creating a huge difference in their upbringing.
2. Religion- This can have a huge impact on a relationship because I feel like religion could be a sensitive thing to talk about. Religion to a lot of people is serious and they make their every day decisions based on what is right by what they believe. If two people of difference religions are together there religions can conflict with each other and one might be doing something that is deems wrong in one religion but right in another.
3. Ethnicity- This is one that I feel like should have the least impact on a relationship. However if people aren't open minded to each others cultures and customs them there might be tension.

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T/F- Slave owners had the power to make parental decisions for their slaves children.

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I agreed a lot more with the first women than I did with the other two but I definitely did understand their point and where they were coming from. I feel like this is 100% more situational and depending on who the individual is going into the relationship but I don't think it is fair to say that a certain race needs to stay in their race to heal themselves. I feel like it depends on who the person themselves is and how they feel about not only accepting other cultures but also how they feel about the history of their own. I feel like if a black person feels more comfortable only dating a black person because of the history that Is 100% understandable but by saying all black people need to date each other because they can understand each others pain, I feel like that is basically saying any other race is not capable of meeting the standards and isn't right. Overall again I feel like when it comes to who someone else chooses to love, it should be no one else opinion or choice especially when it comes to ethnicity or race. That is something that people can not control nor does the color of someones skin affect anyone else.

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I though the video brought up some very important points when it comes to interracial relationships and that is being educated and understanding towards the experiences your partner might have been through or are experiencing due to their race. I can understand that some people might prefer to date within their race, especially when they are part of a marginalized group because they will be able to empathize with one another, and help. That being said, I do not think that race is a factor in how I choose a partner, and I know as a white woman that if I were to date outside my race that I would have to be mindful that I come from a place of privilege. I also feel that interracial couples are seen as a "betrayal" to their race, or they are fetishizing-which is sometimes the case. That being said interracial couples often face stigma in society.

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What group is most vulnerable to intimate partner violence?

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True or False- "hooking up" is done mostly by white ,middle class college students.

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1) This is exemplified with how a couple might choose to spend their money and time. If someone does not have a lot of money they might not be able to go out for dates. It also effect how much time they spend with someone if they have to work or worry about bills.
2) Religion might dictate what some one is able to do in a relationship or if they can pursue one. Someone for  a more conservative religion might not choose to take part in casual relationships or not do things until after marriage.
3) Ethnicity might effect how a person is treated in society, and therefore some people might connect if they have shared experiences.

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1.) I grew up in a very interracial school system but my parents on the other hand used to be very stereotypical towards African Americans and had views that had influenced my decisions for a short period. Most of my life though, was spent judging people through their personality rather than what their physical appearance. I learned as i grew older and seeing my aunt have a many relations with people of other racial backgrounds, to be less judgmental based on color and I look more at one's personality.

2.) I have always had a stereotype of Asian men to be less understanding of a woman's needs and they have always seemed very cold to me so i have always been more comfortable thinking about being in a relationship with anyone of any other race than my own, Asian. These were childish bases but I still know regardless of gender, i have always preferred other races. Therefore, I am currently dating a Mexican and my mom is currently married to Mexican as well.

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I am the product of an interracial marriage (hispanic and white), so interracial relationships are an integral part of my life. Growing up, I received implicit messages that it was okay to date whomever I wanted regardless of skin tone. My parents instilled in me an appreciation for all cultures and took pride in teaching me to be anti-racist. I also received subtle messages like watching my older brother enter many interracial relationships and having other family members in interracial marriages.
2) Sadly, I somehow still date the dustiest white men. This is a habit that needs to stop. Please God, stop sending me cisgender white men who gaslight and torment me. My eyes are always open for any person, any skin tone, any gender, and I hope that I find someone nice soon.

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A fact that really surprised me was that the Loving's case was used as precedence for the 2015 Supreme Court legalization of gay marriage.

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What I found most surprising in this video was the fact that interracial marriages weren't legal until quite recently.

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The first fact that really surprised me was that the state of Alabama could muster up enough brain power to change their laws to keep up with their intolerance. It's very bad what they did, don't get me wrong, but their homophobia was savvy.
I was also surprised to learn that post-war institutions like convict leasing and vagrancy laws threatened marriage and family life for Black people.

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As a white-passing woman, I should keep my opinion out of this. I am not a Black woman and I do not have these shared experiences, so I will not speak on their opinions involving race. I will not be sharing my initial reaction respectfully. It is just not my place.
As for the second question, society as a whole focuses on skin tone and uses that as a basis for their intolerance. For example, I am half hispanic and half white, but my skin tone is white. I have privilege in that I experience no racism based on my appearance. However, I have noticed in the media that there is a fetishization of half-Black, half-white children. These children do not have the same privilege that I do in that they still experience racism and intolerance based on their skin. It's all just terrible, absolutely terrible.

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The first thing that I found interesting in the article was the fact that many African Americans tried their very best to preserve the family they had, but the persistence of white people kept families apart causing African American families today to be seemingly dysfunctional because they are so used to having broken families despite fighting so hard to preserve their family culture in the past. Another thing that I found interesting was the fact that marriage was only allowed as a form of social control from the whites. I had always thought that it had already meant they had free will.

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1. Social Class/Socioeconomic Status- Some people find being in the same social class to be very important. Many people from lower classes though claim that they want to marry a rich person. This is because society teaches people to climb the social ladder in any way they can. Already wealthy people usually marry within their own socioeconomic class because they want to maintain their status. People either want to stay in what they know or move up. No one seems to want to marry "down".

2. Religion- Religion is also tied to social class as many denominations seem to attract people from a certain class. Race is also a factor in this as many religions are popular in different regions and among different races. Marrying outside of a religion could challenge the social and racial standards that people uphold.

3. Ethnicity- If you're racist, having a relationship outside of your ethnicity matters to you. There are cultural differences for sure, but these need to be met with critical understanding in order for a successful relationship. People also must be knowledgeable about the trauma different ethnicities have faced in order to uphold a relationship. If met with ignorance, these relationships can and will become toxic.

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An example of social class affecting relationships would be the fact that society has ingrained in us to look for a form of validity and "happiness" that they believe to be found in higher class/richer families. They believe that money buys happiness and that marrying a poorer person would lead them to be unhappy.

An example of religion playing a role would be that it can be restricting and uncomfortable towards those of either category to be in a relationship because of their different priorities and outlooks on life.

Ethnicity is affected because  of cultural differences and this could lead to conflict or misunderstandings.

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Growing up in a time where interracial marriage is legal, it shocked me the most that this was not always so. It's crazy to think that within the last century this was legalized in all states. It was also shocking that Virginia offered them a year in jail or move out of the state for 25 years. It was as if Virginia just wanted nothing to do with it. I can't believe this was even a debate at one point in time.

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I never really experienced anything related to interracial dating growing up. My parents were just accepting of anything that made us happy and it never really made a difference. However, my relatives who were before my parent's generation were somewhat prejudice. My first boyfriend was hispanic and I feel as though this might have been a shock for them. In college, I also dated a Latin guy and I feel like they had little stereotypical questions about him that surprised me. Also, whenever I had a white boyfriend-those same elders would praise him even if he wasn't the best boyfriend. I could never see any wrong in dating someone who wasn't white. My parents had nothing to say about it growing up and now.

Now, I just date whoever I want to because that's how I was raised and I don't see any wrong in it-at all!

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My initial reaction was definitely agreeing and really empathsizing with what each woman said. I understand each perspective and it think that comes with each individual's experiences.

Personally, I find myself with whoever makes me happy. With that being said, I have date outside of my race and I found that I could not relate to that person as well as my white boyfriends. I found a very divided cultural difference between us both and our families. It definitely had somewhat to do with us as different people but I also feel like that is what divided us-how we were raised. He was hispanic and raised in a household where they were very close and they shared everything. I was raised in a white, American family where we were very independent from our parent's and family. (Not saying every American, white family is like this-but when comparing the two it kind of can be.) He was raised in a very loud, outspoken, family and my family didn't fight or yell to communicate. So these differences with relation to the culture definitely influenced more than just us as people.

I think society may view a white woman dating a black man differently than a black woman dating a white man. I think the stereotypes that come with this are unfortunate and it raises the questions of double standards. I think if a hispanic and black person were to date it wouldn't be looked at that much of a difference. I think that, like in the video, it's more of cultural differences which come with race.

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Social Class/Socioeconomic status:
I find this to be more so relative to the individual. I think it's more like lifestyle differences. I would say like we hang around people who are similar to us in this aspect. I did date a guy who's parents made off very well for themselves-but not always. This made no difference in us dating. However, I have also dated a guy who knew nothing but money and luxury-he never worked a day in his life. I think how he was raised under those values and standards of his family made a difference for how the relationship (did not) work.

Religion:
I think this can definitely play a bigger role in dating. I had friends in college who their parents only wanted them to date within the religion. This made it hard and put more pressure on my friend's to find someone because of their parents. I was not raised to have a set religion so this did not affect me when it came to dating. I kind of just would accept someone if they practiced a certain religion but me not participating would probably affect them. I think that this is definitely important to a lot of people and may stress their dating life to find someone who is apart of their religion.

Ethnicity:
I think this relates back to the video in assignment #4 where culture plays apart. It's easier to connect with someone where you share a similar identity/background. However, it does not have to be the end all or the foundation for relationship/marriage. I think it can play a part for some people.

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1# In your family of origin, what were the messages you received about interracial dating/relationships?

My family is Vietnamese and in Vietnam, interracial relationships are quite rare. When my parents came to America, seeing interracial relationships were a cultural shock. Now they are much more normalized for them.

•How did that affect your dating/relationship life as an adult?

I had a small identity crisis feeling the need to date within my community. However, having an older sister who went against that, helped me understand myself a lot more.

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One thing that shocked me was how intense and invasive they were. It's hypocritical wanting to separate church and state but now going back on that ideal.

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Like many of my classmates, reading this article was not as shocking yet still depressing. Since the beginning of time European Americans have taken over so many cultures. I would like to discuss the impacts of colonization, industrialization and the stigma of dating within minorities, specifically African Americans.

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Watching this video was comforting. I enjoy their conversations, their chemistry and flow. It was unfortunate hearing their experiences yet I agree. Again it was comforting to hear them having similar experiences. When dating, since I am a woman of color, I always get comments about 'yellow fever' and the fetishization of Asian women. It affected my identity issues immensely feeling the need to either conform to those norms or against them.

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1. Social Class/Socioeconomic Status
- Classism is a very real thing that impacts intersectionality like all of the following. Social class determines a lot in relationship, especially insecurities and having hard discussions about finances.

2. Religion
- There are many aspects within religion that are difficult to talk about. If there is a commonality, it would be a lot easier to navigate dating. However, the opposite is very difficult. Discussions such as sex, marriage, and children rise.

3. Ethnicity

- Like the race talk, intersectionality is deeply rooted in dating. Race is difficult to talk about if interracial couple are in the picture.

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True or False - Interracial dating is a lot more common now than before.

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True or false - the developmental stages were correctly sampled for the population.

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T/F - The Vietnam war was the main event responsible for Counter Culture

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I found it interesting that slaveowners tried to say that African Americans were unable to make family attachments. They also tried to say that Black parents had little regard for their children. In fact, they felt that the white slaveowners were the parental role in the slave's lives.

The fact that they used marriage as a way to control and dehumanize people.

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T/F: Rent Parties became popular in neighborhoods with white supremacy.

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1. Classism has always been a big problem in dating/relationships. Usually the families want their offspring to date/marry someone of the same social class.

2. Religion is a tricky one because I know someone dating someone of a different religious background. My friend told me the father of his girlfriend wants him to change his religious beliefs if he wants to marry his daughter. So I feel like religion plays a big part.

3. I personally feel like this one doesn't really affect much these days. It played a sadly huge part in past relationships , these days dating different races of people has become more acceptable and I believe it always should have been acceptable.

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T/F - There are 8 stages in Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development

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T/F - Dating outside of your race has had a dramatic decrease in the recent years

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T/F - The term "petting" is referred to as the act of touching a person in a sexual way.

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T/F - The Loving Vs. Virginia was the case that involved the college campus scandal

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Growing up in my household, my parents had very subtle feelings about interracial relationships. They are not and have never been racist at all. However, I know if I ever came back home with a black boyfriend, they would be a little surprised, but I do know for a fact that they would keep their opinions to themselves and welcome my boyfriend into their home with open arms. My parents are extremely accepting and have been my entire life which is why I would never dwell on it too much because they aren't racist whatsoever. I think they would just be surprised because they have never seen me with a colored man and would assume they're "not my type."
This has never affected my thoughts and feelings on interracial relationships and relationships in general because I have had numerous crushes on other colored people. I focus on people's personality more so than their looks and figure. I am heterosexual but I am open to all types of men. I don't restrict myself to a specific skin color. Never have and never will.

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This video is so inspirational I almost cried. It comes as no surprise to me that interracial couples were treated this way. It disgusts me. I was surprised when during the first court trial, that the couples were given a choice to either go to prison, or leave the state for 25 years. This was shocking to me because they were given a choice to leave or go to prison. Leaving the state is such an easy answer and just seems like a huge pardon. However, I do understand that was not the case because they were still secluded from their loved ones and not accepted by others around them.

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I would like to discuss:
the reasons why enslaved people were denied the right to marry at all when the US was first created.
the treatment of slaveholders to slaves and how it relates to abusive relationships today.

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1. Both of my parents are okay with me dating outside my race. They just want me to find someone who will make me happy.
2. This helped me a lot growing up knowing that my parents are supportive of my dating life. I don't have to worry about my parents saying something rude.

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one thing that surprise me was that the police forced themselves into their house and arrested them for interracial marriage. This is my first time hearing about this case and it shocked me.

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In my family, they are fine of who I date.  My family now is mixed with some of the same race and interracial race relationships.

It affect me dating as an adult in a positive way because I get to experience different races and not just want. Also, having the understanding that my family will accept whoever that makes me happy.

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One thing that surprised me is that interracial relationships was a law. Relationship are only consists of two people. I don't understand why other people have to be in other peoples business and relationships.

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This video was really interesting to me. I agree with the first women the most though, you should date someone who feeds you what you need, who is there for you, cares for you, no matter what color their skin is. It shouldn't matter we are all the same at the end of the day. I speak strongly with interracial dating because my boyfriend is mixed, his mother is black and his father is white and they treat me just like family, but my dad has a problem with it and doesn't agree with interracial dating. I have a hard time wrapping my head around it because if someone treats you well it shouldn't matter their skin color. In society I agree that people view diverse couples differently.  Their is 100% stigma behind interracial couples, and it needs to come to an end since we are now living in 2021.

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Social class can affect dating because if you are dating someone who comes from a poor family and the other person comes from money, it may be hard to relate with one another as well as affect the way you both handle your financial needs. Religion can affect marriage and relationships because if you don't have the same beliefs as your partner it can affect the way you celebrate things (such as getting married in a church or not), how you raise your children, and what you each believe is right and wrong. Ethnicity is huge and has stigma behind when it comes to dating different races. But it shouldn't matter what other people think you are like someone for how they treat you then that is all that matters. You just have to be open minded with each other since you both come from different backgrounds.

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T/F Interracial dating is a lot more common in today's society than ever before.

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T/F If your parents are divorced it makes your chance of getting divorced higher.

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1.) In my family when I would say I would marry someone white or black, I had a sense my Hispanic parents didn't like it and would often joke about them. They grow up with old values in their country where you should marry someone from your own race, but I told them I would never. They have accepted it and don't find any problems with these relationships, but sometimes you can see that expression on their face where they kind of don't like it.
2.) It didn't really affect my dating life as an adult. I guess I would be scared to tell my parents I'm dating a mixed guy, but I've come to the point where I like to be honest with them. I've come to this point because my sister did it and I felt that she showed me that I shouldn't be scared.

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One thing that surprised me was how they got arrested for being in an interracial marriage. I mean, I guess I understand because times back then were crazy. I'm just glad that the court unanimously voted to break that law and that everyone around the country would be able to date whoever they wanted to.

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I wouldn't call my family racist but they definitely are not as accepting as they could be. I have never really looked for a particular skin color when looking for a relationship. Whoever I found attractive, I found attractive. I have dated white guys mostly but that is not to say I am not open to other races. If it works, it works. My family does not have many interracial couples in it, so I was never really exposed to it. My grandparents are the ones who probably would not be too accepting of me being in an interracial couple. I think they feel that way because they were brought up in a time where interracial relationships were frowned upon.

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One thing that surprised me from this video was that they were given the choices of either going to prison for a year or leaving the state of Virginia for 25 years. I do not think that these choices would have made a difference for them. Neither of those choices would make them stop loving each other. They could just continue their relationship in another state or resume their relationship after they got out of prison.

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I would like to discuss how the war affected relationships and family life and how African Americans defined and characterized marriage.

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My initial reaction to the video is that all three women made valid points. I agree that it has a lot to do with educating yourself, not only in interracial relationships, but taking the time to really get to know your partner and what made them who they are today. I also liked the point made where relationships will only work if you bring your full self into the relationship. If you are hiding something or feel ashamed about who you are or where you come from that relationship will not be a healthy one. I have dated a few guys of Hispanic descent and those were eye opening relationships. One of my ex boyfriend's families used to speak primarily Spanish in their home. I am not fluent but I can hold my own in a conversation but sometimes I would get lost in conversations. This was difficult for me because I felt like I kind of didn't belong or fit in well with his family. I do think society views some relationships different than others. People will view a white woman dating a black man differently than a Hispanic woman dating a black man. Society will also view an Asian man dating a white woman differently than a black man dating a white woman.

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1. Social Class/Socioeconomic Status
I think people of the same social class migrate towards each other most of the time. Wealthy people seem to end up with other wealthy people. This is not to say wealthy people only date other wealthy people. I do think that different social classes have different ways of living life, so it could be hard to adjust to one another's differing life patterns.

2. Religion
Religion can get complicated. I will say again that many people migrate towards their own religion but there are those people that pick someone with a religion different from their own. But then one usually converts and that gets complicated and if they don't then they have children brought up learning two different religions and  that can get confusing.

3. Ethnicity
Ever since interracial relationships were legalized, I feel like this issue has subsided a little bit. People aren't as judgmental as they used to be. Of course there are still some people who don't approve but there are always people out there who are going to disagree with your beliefs.

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T/F
The average millennial spends no more than 3 years at any job.

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T/F
42% of adults are part of a step family

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1) If we are talking about my main family they don't really mind interracial dating/relationships. However my family in gerenal are racist , so they will have a problem with it. They would  judge  the person without even knowing them.  For example, I can be dating a hispanic guy they will call them white and say why you don't date a African American guy.
2) It affecting me in a way that if  I was in a interracial relationship. I wouldn't want to bring them around because I am scared of the fact that my partner wouldn't feel welcome. However at the end of the day I would love who I want to love because atleast my main doesn't mind and it's my love life. Also I don't judge base on your skin color.  I judge your personality.

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i would like to discuss more about the book Bound in Wedlock. While reading the article it gives us a few details about the book. About African American women in the south.

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I really enjoyed watching this video, I agree with what the first women said. that you should date someone who you love does not matter what race they are. I think society does view diverse couple differently. Many people have different mindset: dating outside or inside your race.

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I feel as through arresting the couple was a stretch, but we have to understand that was decades ago when blacks and white couldn't drink from the same fountain. I am happy that law isn't their anymore. Now everybody can date who they want.

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1) Social Class/ Socioeconomic:
I think social class is one thing that can affect your dating life/relationship. Or even their parents can disagree with the decision. Someone rich dating a poor person can be looked like they are after the money.
2) Religion:
religion can also affect the relationship between two people. Not many people are religious like other people.

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T/F:
between 1928 and 1932, the number of women marrying between eighteen and thirty-five increased by 20 percent?

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We should dicuss the affects same sex and interracial mariages have on people.

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My intial reaction was like this is interesting because people have different experiences when they date outside their race. Which make them have to the question would I still date out my race or choose not to do date outside my race. So now I realize experiences play apart too.

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T/F:
45% of Americans are suffering from loneliness.

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The first thing I found interesting was how enslaved people negotiated intimate relationships. Also, it was interesting how African Americans got to go to court to ask that their marriage would let them be freed. It is obvious though, that during this time they would deny them of their freedom.

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1.) Social Class: This category is definitely a big one that affects relationships. In psychology, I learned the saying "Birds of a feather flock together". This means that people like to be with people like them. If you're rich, you would like to be with someone rich, too. I feel that the majority of people are like this, but there is that percentage of people who don't care. They trust their partner and know that they aren't in it for the money if they are the wealthy ones. Also, I feel that parents play a huge part in this, where they guide their children into marrying someone like them.
2.) Religion: Religion is very important for some people in their culture. I believe that people of the Muslim religion are encourage to marry someone Muslim as well. Apart from culture, if you and your partner have different religions it would be difficult to skew their views. You wouldn't want to change them, but when there are arguments because of your opposing views I feel that it would be a bad discussion.
3.) Ethnicity: Today I feel that people are aware that they are allowed to marry who they want. However, there are some racists in this world that still exist; therefore, having different ethnicities would not allow them to be partners. Some people only like a certain ethnicity and others don't care. This would only affect relationships based on you specific likings. I know sometimes people who are in an interracial relationship get criticized, but they mostly get criticized by those racists who think we're still in the 1960s.

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T/F : to hook up is to make no promises.

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T/F : Older adults became more lonely during Covid-19.

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Growing up, I had never felt or been made to feel that there was any issue with interracial dating.  I was lucky in the sense that they both stressed the importance of being able to love whoever we choose. This definitely translated into how I and my siblings approached love as an open expression between any two people who truly care for each other outside other barriers. This was reinforced when my sister, and then myself, came out as not straight, and engaged in interracial and homosexual relationships. They always were sure to make sure we knew that we could love anyone provided we are happy, and they will continue to love us and love them because that's who we choose.

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1# In your family of origin, what were the messages you received about interracial dating/relationships?

In my family origin we never really discussed interracial dating/relationships all that much. Thinking about it however, I don’t think I have many family members who are in “interracial relationships”. I am Mexican and all of my family looks different so I would consider us to be mixed race. Some of my family members are white passing, having blonde/brown hair and light colored eyes, some look more mestizo, like me, and others can be mistaken to be black, with a darker complexion and tightly coiled hair. Thinking about family members who married someone from another countries, I have an uncle who married an Italian women, so I have Italian family members. But, besides that it isn’t all that common in my family. So, I feel like if I was in a relationship with someone from another country and culture it would be very new and interesting to my family. That said, I have talked about same sex relationships in my family and although that is not that common in my family, they are very accepting of it. Recently, a close family friend came out as lesbian and my family was very supportive and happy for them. Thinking about how they reacted to that situation, something very new to my family I would consider them to be very open so I’m sure if I got into a relationship with someone from a different country and culture as me, they would be accepting and welcoming as well.

•How did that affect your dating/relationship life as an adult?

Not talking about the possibility of me being in an interracial dating/relationship makes me wonder how they would react. I am not nervous though, because my family is very supportive. It would be something new to them but I’m sure they would be accepting.

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1)  I have never really spoken about interracial relationships with my family before, but I know they would be accepting. My cousins are in biracial relationships so I know my family is very accepting.

2) If I were to ever be in a biracial relationship I know my family would be very supportive and I wouldn't have any worry in the world.

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I was unfortunately not surprised by what happened to the Loving's originally, however, their return for a visit to family which resulted in another arrest did. To just be traveling together as man and wife, from somewhere their union is recognized. Additionally, the State's idea that their own *racist* ideas should be help at a high level than that of the 14th amendment and word of the country.

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After watching the video, my initial reaction was a base level understanding as to why these women may have these different views, despite my own privilege  barring my from truly understanding how they have been made to feel in society. The discussion of the importance of education is the part that stuck out to me the most and something I agree with entirely. As a white person, I don't understand nor experience the discrimination they do, so when I choose to date a BIPOC, in order to be able to support them and their community it is important that I educate myself and be aware of my privilege and how it affects my view and the relationship. I personally resonated with Winnie Harlow's view that people should be able to be with whoever they may chose,  as long as they are not detrimental, something Angelica had experienced with her white fiancé. And it is completely understandable as wot why some people may be less willing to date outside their race, in hope of finding someone they can connect to over their experiences better. I personally have dated outside my race and have been as happy, if not happier, than with another white person. Additionally, my non-white friends have had similar experiences, but only provided that person was conscious of their own privilege, educated and supportive of them their community. Societies views of relationships are and have been largely impacted by the systemic racism in this country, for instance in the era of Civil Rights movement, relationships between black men and white woman viewed some type of monster defiling a pure 'white' symbol of innocence. Even today, racism is embedded in this country, and despite strives forward in equality, there are places and societies that still view any form of interracial dating negatively, and different cultures have their own views on dating outside their own  that i have never experienced nor will fully comprehend. But at the end of the day, there is still much work that would need to be done in order for societies to view every relationship with the same validity.

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When watching this video I knew everyone would have different opinions because they like what they like. I agree that all black women should be allowed to date anyone they want. In comparison to me, I believe being hispanic we face diversity too. Most parents want their children to marry someone hispanic as well, but it's really not their choice, we need someone "who feeds our soul" like the lady said in the video.
I do believe that society views different diverse couples differently. Some may have a problem with a man white dating a black women or vice versa. From this popular couple on social media, we saw how this black lady's dad was against her marriage with a white man. Although the dad accepted at the end, we saw how firm he was in the beginning of denying to get to know the white man. We all have different views, but it's none of our business who people choose to date. Let them be happy with anyone of their preference.

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Something that took me by surprise in this short documentary is the couple being arrested for being an interracial marriage and interracial marriage still being illegal following the Civil War in 1964.

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Something I would want to discuss is why did slaveholders regularly split up couples, and another discussion I have is how do interracial marriages have effect on people.