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HISTORICAL, ARCHITECTURAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT

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HISTORICAL, ARCHITECTURAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT

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Wood as an architectural material, has been one of the most diverse and abundant in the history of construction. Along with clay and stone, it has been on of the most conventional building material for thousands of years and has played a big role in the construction of buildings, road systems, bridges, etc.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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YURTS

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Wood construction can be identified since the beginning of civilization.

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The type of rock does not necessarily refer to the hardness or density of wood, it is based on the seeds that the tree produces. It will be classified as a hardwood if the trees’ seeds have a coating in the shape of a fruit or shell. And it will be classified as softwood if the seeds the tree produces don’t have any type of coating.

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Come from deciduous trees losing their leaves annually, they grow at a slower pace and therefore the wood is denser. Hardwood trees are known as angiosperms and produce covered seeds with skin or shell, which could be a fruit or a nut. Hardwood, although it is more expensive, most of the time is denser and it is more durable and resistant.

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Complex and condensed structure

They offer strength and durability

More expensive

Resilient

Versatile material

Usually hard

Close grain

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Come from coniferous trees, meaning they never lose their leaves or they’re evergreen trees. They are usually softer, although it depends. Softwood trees are also known as gymnosperms, which produce non covered seeds, an example could be a pine cone.

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Versatile material

Strong

Easy to manipulate

Develop fast

Lower cost

Flexible

Lighter in weight

Less dense

Usually soft

Loose grain

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Tectona grandis, belongs to the Lamiaceae family.

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Good hardness

Steam bends well

Good chemical resistance

Relatively brittle

Does not accept finishes well

Medium density and hardness

Natural oiliness

Rich, tigerish, syrupy brown grain and a distinctive smell

Most durable timbers

If not oiled can change to a grey silvery color

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Quercus robur, belongs to the beech family, Fagaceae.

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Extremely versatile

Easy to work

Strong and hard

Takes finishes well

Good water resistance

Distinctive patterns

Coarse texture

Good for steam bending

White oak tends to be a light beige through brown, while red oak has pinkish and reddish hues instead.

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Medium stiffness

Excellent strength

Strong and hard

Takes finishes well

Versatile

Can warp or split if incorrectly dried

Simple grain and uniform color

Steam bends well

Easy to work with

Tends to split if nailed

Pale cream color, sometimes with a pink or brown hue.

Flat sawn surfaces tend to be very plain, while quarter sawn surfaces exhibit a silvery fleck pattern.

Grain is straight, with a fine to medium uniform texture.

Not very durable

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Juglans regia, belongs to the Juglandaceae family.

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Easy to work

Steam bends very well

Highly decorative finish

Relatively high cost

The color range from light brown to dark chocolate and purplish black with a creamy colored sapwood.

High crushing strength and stiffness

Easy to work with

Takes finishes well

Hard, dense, tight grained

Not easily stained

Resistant and durable

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Prunus avium, belongs to the Rosaceae  family.

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Straight grain, fine, uniform

Satiny and smooth surface

Naturally may contain brown pith flecks and small gum pockets

Light pink to rich reddish brown

Medium density

Bending properties

Low stiffness

Medium strength

Shock resistance

Easy to work with

Can change the wood to a mahogany color with exposure

Moderately durable but sensitive to liquids

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Fraxinus, belongs to the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae.

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Very tough and flexible

Easy to work

Steam bends well

Excellent shock absorbency

Perishable and susceptible to insect attack

Low stiffness

Excellent flexibility

Extreme absorption, no resistant to water

The sapwood is light-colored to nearly white

Heartwood varies from grey-ish to light brown, to pale yellow streaked with brown

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Abies, belongs to the family  of Pinaceae.

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Fairly knot-free

Easy to work

Renewable

High stiffness

High crushing strength

High bending strength

Bending strength

Warm honey color with rich, wide reddish-brown bands of heartwood

Wavy tiger-like markings

Prone to splitting if cut across the grain

Requires more finishing than other timbers

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Pinus sylvestris, belongs to the family  of Pinaceae.

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Good dimensional stability

Easy to work

Accepts finishes well

Dead knots can drop out of the wood

White sapwood and a heartwood varying from light yellow-brown to reddish brown

Low strength

Excellent stability

Low shrinkage

Finishes

Slightly durable

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-PLAIN SAWING
-QUARTER SAWING
-RIFT SAWN LUMBER