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My family always makes me feel supported and happy. 

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Health to me, isn’t just about medication and hospitals. It’s a state of well-being that includes physical, mental, emotional, and social aspects. It is important to position yourself with people that make you feel loved, respected, and appreciated. A healthy mindset is important for several reasons including, emotional well-being, confidence, and physical health.

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Butterscotch tart is known as an old school British dessert very commonly served in schools, it has a very sweet and creamy filling. It can be served hot from the oven or my personal favourite cold. In my family we usually serve this on special occasions like Christmas. My nanny will also make this for us when she travels to Australia or when we travel to England to see our family. I love making this with my nanny, she teaches me so much and I’ll always treasure those memories for the rest of my life.

Recipe below

Ingredients

-sweet shortcrust pastry tart (shop brought)

-180 grams unsalted butter

-2 tablespoon milk

-180 grams soft light brown sugar

-4 tbsp plain flour

-6 tablespoons milk

Method

1.     Start by melting the butter with 30ml of milk on a low heat, pour in soft brown sugar and stir. It should then marble together into a caramel colour.

2.     Mix the remaining 70ml of milk with 4 tablespoons of flour making sure to stir it well, so there are no lumps. Now slowly pour it into the butterscotch mixture whilst whisking it to prevent lumps.

3.     It is important read the instructions on the shortcrust tart, so it is nice and ready for the next step. If you are using a shop brought tart! If you do, make your own make sure to make it before the sauce!

4.     Now pour the warm butterscotch sauce into the tart case. Make sure to pour it straight into the middle as it will spread out evenly by itself!

5.     Cover without letting anything touch the sauce and place in the fridge for about 3 hours.

6.     Then its ready to be served!

Photo and recipe from L., & K. (2020, April 29). Old School Butterscotch Tart. Flawless Food. Retrieved October 1, 2023, from https://flawlessfood.co.uk/old-school-butterscotch-tart/

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Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds

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Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds

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The Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds, domain 7: Professional aims to respect the influence of culture on healthcare decisions and choices of people from migrant and refugee backgrounds. This standard emphasizes the importance of cultural sensitivity and self-awareness in healthcare delivery. As a nurse we should actively engage in self-reflection about our own cultural values and beliefs, acknowledging that our background and experiences can influence interactions with patients from diverse backgrounds. We must strive to be culturally aware and knowledgeable, continuously learning about different cultures, their customs, values, and healthcare beliefs.

As a nursing student I feel it is important that I strive to eliminate culturally insensitive practices that can negatively impact health outcomes. I must avoid biases, communicate effectively with patients from diverse backgrounds, and refrain from prejudice. Clear and respectful communication is also crucial, ensuring patients understand their healthcare options and feel comfortable discussing their needs and concerns with me.

I will always respect the autonomy of individuals from migrant and refugee backgrounds in my healthcare decisions, I feel it is also extremely important that we collaborate with these patients to develop care plans that accommodate their preferences. By adhering to this competency standard, I aim to provide flexible and culturally responsive care to all individuals from different backgrounds.

(2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with people from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds (p. 30). Migrant and Refugee. https://cbrhl.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Culturally-responsive-clinica.pdf

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(Migrant and Refugee Access to Healthcare, 2019)

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Impact of Social Determinants on Migrants & Refugees in Australia 

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Impact of Social Determinants on Migrants & Refugees in Australia 

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Social determinants of health have a significant impact on the health and well-being of migrants and refugees in Australia. These factors are the conditions in which people are born in, raised, living conditions, work, and age, and can significantly impact their health and life outcomes. Some keyways social determinants can affect refugees and migrants in Australia include:

Migrants and refugees have limited access to healthcare services due to language barriers, lack of insurance, and being very unfamiliarity with the Australian healthcare system. These factors can be very daunting for migrants and refugees resulting in longer delays or inadequate healthcare, which can very negatively impact health outcomes. Additionally, limited access to education, language barriers, and education differences from their home countries systems can affect children’s and adults’ ability to find suitable employment, further affecting their socioeconomic status and healthcare access. Cultural factors including discrimination, racism, and the challenge of adapting to a new country and culture can cause extreme stress and mental health issues, necessitating cultural competence in healthcare and social services to effectively address these challenges.

The understanding of social determinants is crucial for creating policies and programs that cater to the unique needs of migrants and refugees in Australia, including support in healthcare, education, employment, social inclusion, non-discrimination, and mental health services.

Australian Government (2022, July 7). Social Determinants. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved October 4, 2023, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/behaviours-risk-factors/social-determinants/overview

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Common Health Concerns that Refugees Face

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Common Health Concerns that Refugees Face

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Sub-Saharan Africa is a region in the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. The refugee population in the region has sadly enormously increased in the last decade to over 7 million refugees living in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2022. (Galal, 2023). Refugees and migrants often come from war-affected communities and face long, exhausting journeys with limited access to basic services, increasing their risk of communicable diseases like measles and food-borne ones. They may also face accidental injuries, hypothermia, burns, pregnancy complications, exclusion, and entry and integration policies. They may arrive in their destination country with poorly controlled diseases, as they lack healthcare during their journey. Maternity care is often the first point of contact with health systems for female refugees and migrants. (Refugee and Migrant health, 2022)

Malaria-

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that causes symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting, headaches, and severe cases like jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. Malaria investigations should be conducted on anyone who has travelled from or through an endemic malaria area within 3 months of arrival if asymptomatic, or within 12 months if symptoms of fever are present. All malaria patients should be treated by a specialist ID service and discuss diagnoses urgently with an infectious disease service. Patients with falciparum malaria should be admitted to the hospital for the initial treatment, while non-falciparum or non-severe infections can be treated as outpatients. The malaria is then treated with prescription drugs to kill the parasite.

Mental Health-

Refugees and migrants are likely to experience a range of mental health issues when immigrating to Australia often due to their experiences before and during displacement. These health issues may include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), sadly many migrants and refugees have experienced traumatic events like war or violence in their home country. PTSD can lead to nightmares, anxiety, and flashbacks. Depression is also very common due to forced migration, cultural adjustment, language barriers, and being separated from their family and community. Feeling hopeless and having low energy are common symptoms of depression. Some refugees and migrants will also suffer from anxiety and grief due to the loss of loved ones, homes, cultures, and communities. It is crucial that patients with mental health issues related to torture and trauma are referred to a specialised torture and trauma service. They must be able to seek support and resources to manage these mental health challenges effectively.

Sexually Transmissible infections (STI)-

This is a disease caused by unprotected sexual contact, presenting symptoms like abnormal vaginal discharge, rashes, pain, and itching. Causes include bacterial or viral infections, mainly from unprotected sex, oral or anal sex. Obtaining a sexual history from a refugee can foster trust and create a secure environment for them to disclose their possible sexual violence experiences. Treatment involves antiviral and antibiotic medications.

Galal, S. (2023, April 28). Number of Migrants in Africa. Statista. Retrieved October 8, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1231760/number-of-international-migrants-in-africa/

(2022, May 2). Refugee and Migrant Health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/refugee-and-migrant-health

(n.d.). Common Health Concerns- all ages. Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/

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Holistic medicine is a form of healing that considers the whole person, including body, mind, spirit, and emotions, for optimal health and wellness. A holistic doctor uses various forms of healthcare, including conventional medication and alternative therapies, to treat patients. For instance, a holistic doctor may examine factors causing migraine headaches, such as other health issues, diet, sleep habits, stress, personal problems, and spiritual practices. The treatment plan may include medication to relieve symptoms and lifestyle modifications to prevent recurring headaches.

Marks, H., & Ratini, M., DO (2022, April 15). What is Holistic Medicine? WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/balance/what-is-holistic-medicine

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The Tower Bridge in London photographed by me Aimee Richardson.

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The Tower Bridge that crosses the Thames in London, famous for its twin towers and it being able to lift to allow the passage of large ships. It was completed in 1894 and there were over 50 designs were submitted to the Committee for consideration, some of which are still on display at Tower Bridge exhibit. Building the tower took eight years, five major contractors and the relentless labour of 432 construction workers each day. The Tower Bridge was the largest and most technologically advanced bascule bridge ever constructed when it was first built.

(n.d.). The History of Tower Bridge. Tower Bridge. https://www.towerbridge.org.uk/discover/history

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Guy Fawkes Day, commonly known as Bonfire Night or Fireworks Night, is a holiday celebrated in the United Kingdom on November 5 each year to remember a failed assassination attempt that took place more than 400 years ago. Guy Fawkes and a gang of radical English Catholics attempted to kill King James I on November 5, 1605, by blowing up the House of Lords in Parliament. The scheme failed, and the conspirators were all put to death. Soon after, the British started a practise that is still practised today of celebrating Fawkes' death and the survival of their monarch by putting off fireworks, burning effigies, and lighting bonfires.

Greenspan, J. (2023, July 25). Guy Fawkes Day: A Brief History. History. https://www.history.com/news/guy-fawkes-day-a-brief-history

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Florence Nightingale, born in 1820 in Florence, Italy, was a caring nurse and leader who wrote over 150 books, pamphlets, and reports on health-related issues. She was credited with creating one of the first versions of the pie chart and made hospitals cleaner and safer. Despite her parents' disapproval, Nightingale refused marriage and studied in Germany and Paris. She returned to England in 1853 and became the superintendent and manager of a hospital for "gentlewomen" in London.

During the Crimean War, Nightingale and her team helped treat wounded soldiers in Constantinople. They brought supplies, nutritious food, cleanliness, and sanitation to the hospital, reducing the death rate from 40% to 2%. After the war, Nightingale continued to improve hospital conditions and presented her experiences to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, leading to the formation of a Royal Commission to improve the health of the British Army. She was elected as the first woman member of the Royal Statistical Society in 1858.

In 1859, she published a book called Notes on Nursing: What it is, and What it is Not, providing advice on good patient care and safe hospital environments. A fund was set up for her to continue teaching nurses in England, and the Nightingale Training School at St. Thomas' Hospital was officially opened in 1860. She continued to advocate for safe nursing practices until her death.

Alexander, K. L. (2019, April 1). Florence Nithingale. National Women's History Museum. https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/florence-nightingale

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English folk dance is a dynamic, diverse form of dance that has evolved over centuries in England's communities, encompassing solo and group dances with varying levels of formality, complexity, and mood, reflecting the country's culture and history.

(n.d.). English Dance 101. England 101. https://www.england101.com/page/english-dance