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TECHNOLOGY: knowledge, product, processes, tools and systems (maklumat + data = knowledge)

Importance of managing technology

technological change

shortened product life cycles

increasing international competition

Technology management not same with management technology

technology management: competitive advantage

management technology: decision making

Framework in technology management: science & engineering

Role of firms in technology:

1. drivers of change

create new product, transform industries

example: Nokia

2. beneficiaries of change

adopt efficient technology can improve value

example: create new product

3. victims of technology change

example: KODAK (compete with new technology)

Factor promote technology management

1. speed of technological change

rapid pace

new technology develop

2. trade blocs (perdagangan)

benefits: economic growth

3. change in scope

4. changes in competition

technological advancement & market trends

Classification of Technology

1. new technology

newly introduced that has explicit impact

2. emerging technology

not fully commercialized

example: blockchain technology

3. high technology

sophisticated technologies (teknologi canggih)

example: use AI / cloud computing

4. low technology

human society

5. medium technology

between high and low technology

6. appropriate technology

Tacit vs Codified technology

Tacit: pengetahuan yang sukar dikongsi secara formal

Codified: knowledge representation

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- Enterprise may use technology for a wide range of function which is for transformation, transmission, transaction and for treatment

- categories of technology

1. process technology

Technoware: (transformation facilities)

- about physical technology such as tools or machinery

- enhance human physical powers

Humanware : (individual abilities)

- skills to operate machine

- change through a process of learning new things

Orgaware: (organizational framework)

- work convention: beliefs & principle

- work organization: management technique to plan production

- work facilitation: for quality assurance

- work evaluation: monitor performances

- work modification: performance improvement

Inforware: (documented facts)

- catagories:

1. technoware-specific inforware (TSI)

inforware need to operate, maintain, improve

2. humanware-specific inforware (HSI)

need to obtain a good understanding of manufacturing

3. orgaware-specific inforware (OSI)

need to ensure effective usage

2. product technology

product design inforware

- design foundation inforware (dfi)

- design backup inforware (dbi)

- design specification inforware (dsi)

product usage inforware

- product operating inforware (poi)

- product maintenance inforware (pmi)

- product performance-enhancing inforware (ppi)

- Degrees of sophistication of Technology

Technoware

- increasing integration of additional function in physical facilities

Humanware

- implies amplification of human ability and creativity

- indicates increasing level of competence of all individual engage by enterprise

Inforware

- result from accumulation of knowledge through collection, processing

Orgaware

- increasing use of management technique for better performance

- improve overall performance in marketplace

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Technology Assessment: one of the basic requirements for proper technology planning

to establish an early warning system to control as to minimizing the public risk

develop ways & means of mitigating the problems created by current technologies application

TA is more than EIA (environmental impact assessment)

select technologies that no affect stability of ecosystem

minimization of the adverse effect

Role of TA:

1. evaluation of appropriateness of technologies for transfer and adaption

identification of existing technologies available in develop countries

2. selection of technologies for development

identification of existing indigenous or exogenous technologies that consistent with national goal

3. control of inappropriate technologies for the protection of environment

identification of corrective measures for both local and imported technologies

Role of TA in business: provide management with insight of development

Technology Evaluation Factor:

1. technological factor

2. economic factor

3. resources factor

4. environmental factor

5. population factor

6. politico-legal factor

Process of TA:

1. identification of the problem

2. description of alternatives being assesses

3. establishment of assessment factors

4. evaluation of expected effects

5. formulation of action options

6. choice of suitable action

Tools and Technique of TA:

Quantitative in nature

- cost benefit analysis

Qualitative in nature

- involves collection, analysis, and interpretation of data

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- A process of producing a prediction with a level of confidence nd consistency of a technological achievement in a given time frame with a specified level of support

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ROLE OF TA IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

planning tool for the existing R&D organization of the develop world

R&D activities are expensive, hence a luxury resources which poor developing countries cannot afford

Reason Justify the Need & Usefulness of TF

have to import technologies from develop countries

technology is surrounding-specific

need to engaged in producing "appropriateness technology"

pay for imported technology (have to import something)

human resources

General Features of TF

1. bright

2. centron

3. martino

4. prehoda

Approaches of Technology Forecasting

1. exploratory/capability oriented approach

seek to project the technological state of the art into future

2. normative/goal oriented approach

involve setting up the future goal

3. dynamic/combination approach

necessary to employ a combination of techniques

Tools and Techniques of TF

intuitive models

trend extrapolation models

structural models

holistic models

Applications of Technological Forecasting

science and technology policy planning

governmental decisions

R&D planning

new product development

technology advancement

business and industries

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Technology Integration: idea of technology development through the combination of existing technology

Technology Interface With Market (customer & supplier)

implementation of technology should always be tied to need organization

periodicals check should be made to see the need of marketplace

strong customer-supplier relationship will help in effective adoption

Market Integration with Technology

technology introduce must satisfy business need of organization to satisfy need of customer

Technology Integration

1. develop new product

- ability to develop difference technology into a product

2. commercializing a product

- almost pre-requisite for commercialization

Relationship: Customer-Supplier & Producer-Users

small organization dependant on a large organization

franchising as alternative to keep-up-to-date of new technology

introduction of technology involve a customer-supplier/producer-user relationship

Important of Benchmarking

1. aware of need to introduce new technology

2. main catalyst for evaluation and implementation of technology

3. remain competitive

4. monitoring its impact

Integration Element

due diligence: full examination to be purchased prior consummation of deal

Shared lessons: knowledge of two entities that aligning to reach goal

blended structure and cultures

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DEFINITION: a process that permits the flow of technology from a source to a receiver

Concept Technology Transfer

person to person interaction

smaller firm have more least to lose

2-way process (parallel transfer)

some firm created mainly to manage technology

operating globally means operating with partners

Stage in Technology Transfer

1. Relocation Phase

identification of a specific technology & donor organization

legal arrangement to accomplish the transfer

2. Absorption Phase

design after technology arrives in foreign country

complete when receiver masters the technology

Improvement in Stage of Transfer

1. the choice of technology

quality of technology directly proportional to access on information

2. the choice of donor organization

heavily dependant on access to information about potential sources

Types of Technology Transfer

international technology transfer

regional technology transfer

cross-industry/cross sector

interfirm technology transfer

intrafirm technology transfer

Barriers to Effective Technology Transfer

1. technical transfer

transfer technology without people transfer

2. attitudinal transfer

difference in attitude of personnel toward time

Technology Transfer Channel

General

- proceed without the continued involvement of the source

- example: education, training, publication

Reverse Engineering Channel

- occurs with no active contribution

Planned Channel

- done intentionally according to a planned process