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TOK explores how mathematical reasoning provides certainty. Is math discovered or invented?

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Physics uses models to represent reality. How reliable are these models given their assumptions?

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Economics deals with unpredictable human behavior. How do economic models make predictions despite this uncertainty?

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The grammar and words of a language can influence what and how things are said. this influences how we think and act purely from the limitations and benefits of a language. for example a Finn may appreciate the snow more than someone who only speaks Finnish, as they have a larger amount of words and phrases to describe it

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Business management (Sergey, Lyse, Neriah, Sufia)

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Business management (Sergey, Lyse, Neriah, Sufia)

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Business decisions are influenced by ethics. How do cultural values shape business practices?

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Literature uses language to convey meaning. How do individual interpretations affect understanding of a text?

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Learning another language influences thought. Does speaking a different language change how we perceive the world?

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In literature in Language A the students can analyse the narrative patterns and authorial choices to express and reflect cultural and social concerns. When looking at how people understand texts, students can think about how personal feelings and opinions affect what those texts mean. They can also explore different ways of knowing and understanding that come from these interpretations.

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Is Math discovered or invented? Might be one of the most controversial questions in Math. Sometimes it feels like we are inventing the numbers (e.g. i) but then we find their applications in real life, so it feels like this concept existed before and we only discovered it.

Also, we are inventing the symbols to describe this language of the universe.

Hanna, Thor, Yui, Yusanda

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Learning a new language like French helps us understand how learning languages affects our thinking and perception of other cultures. It allows students to think about how language creates opportunities for communication, but also how it can limit or control how we express ourselves. This brings up the question of how language influences our thoughts and shapes our understanding of reality, challenging the idea that knowledge can be completely neutral.

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Students studying natural sciences like Biology rely on evidence and the scientific method to create theories. In TOK, they can compare different theories with what they observe and think about the assumptions and limits of scientific practices. This shows that while scientific knowledge is reliable, it is always being updated with new findings and discoveries.

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Economics, being a human science, looks at how people make decisions, behave, and how society is organised. In TOK, students can explore how economic ideas are affected by social beliefs and psychological factors. This helps them see the balance between facts and personal values, leading to discussions about how cultural biases and ethical issues influence economic policies and what we consider to be true.

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In math, students can see the human side of how math is created. They can learn about how math facts are made, how personal experiences play a role in solving problems, and how math models help explain real-world situations. This connection encourages students to think about their own thinking, recognising that math is both practical and theoretical at the same time.

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English (Viliam, Martyna, Emma, Batuhan)

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English (Viliam, Martyna, Emma, Batuhan)

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When we read Pride and Prejudice in English class it teaches us about the culture of the past especially how important marriage was while also giving us media literacy expanding our understanding of modern-day culture.

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Language influences how we process thoughts and ideas. How does knowledge change depending on the region of the language?

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In French lessons currently we’re making a poster that describes French identity therefore relating to values and responsibility.

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History (Viliam, Martyna, Emma, Batuhan)

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History (Viliam, Martyna, Emma, Batuhan)

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To what extent is historical knowledge influenced by present day values?

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If learning another language influences thoughts, to what extent does it influence the perception of history?

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Physics (Viliam, Martyna, Emma, Batuhan)

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Physics (Viliam, Martyna, Emma, Batuhan)

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Justification, Rici explained to us how in circular motion the radius of the circle and the velocity of the object were inversely proportional then he presented justification by spinning a piece of Blu Tack on a string and as he decreased the radius it spun faster.

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Is maths discovered or invented? This can depend on the beliefs and ideas of individuals as it relies on the way maths is perceived and processed. The ideas and language may be invented but if it is universally correct no matter the situation it could have always existed.

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Interpretation: Watson and Crick interpreted the data about nitrogenous bases discovered by Chargaff to mean that the base pairs must face inside the DNA molecule providing a helical structure while other scientists interpreted as meaning the nitrogenous bases faced outwards.

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Economics (Viliam, Martyna, Emma, Batuhan)

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Economics (Viliam, Martyna, Emma, Batuhan)

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To what extent is knowledge in the social sciences objective?

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Business management is real knowledge as the knowledge it is based upon is written down and practised. Can knowledge that is based upon concrete ideas be 100% “real”?

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The way we speak English changes the way we are perceived and thought about, and the knowledge we use. Do we really have knowledge if it depends on language and accent? For example the accent of someone changes the words they use, therefore also the way they communicate knowledge to people and themselves.

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Truth: In mathematics finding the correct answer is not based upon our interpretation of data in the sense that if we don’t get a correct answer from our equations there must have been a mistake for example Poincare's famous 3-body solution was wrong and only the editor noticed it. How can we be sure that mathematical concepts are universally true across different concepts?

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When you talk in different languages, will it reflect and affect your personality, perspectives, and opinions? For example when I take mbti personality test in Japanese, I am an extrovert whereas in English, I am an introvert. In addition, in Japanese, we have a word “mottainai” which describes the feeling how unfortunate it is for something to go on waste. However we don’t have the exact word for that in English.

Yui, Hanna, Yusanda, Thor

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Do the ever-improving tools of an area of knowledge always result in improved knowledge? Discuss with reference to two areas of knowledge.

This would relate biology and maths with our methods of doing work and how we find results.

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To what extent do we really know what happens in living organisms? Can we really know if you can't study the internal biology without it dying, which is unethical.

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Physics uses models, laws, theories and equations to explain our observable universe and to understand most phenomena that happen around us. For example understanding motion and forces, how these naturally occurring phenomena affect objects in the real world. What justification do we have for this? We may see that these are real and true phenomena, by observing our surroundings and through lab experiments however they lack a natural element to them.

Hannah, Yui, Thor, Yusanda

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Psychology looks into human behavior which is unpredictable and influenceable. In psychological experiments, researchers must consider ethics. Experiments which were done in the past and in the modern day contained different ethical values. Experiments from the past could've been deemed as ethical but in the modern day its unethical. How can we define if something is ethical or unethical when humans are so complex and society is always changing?

Hannah, Yui, Thor, Yusanda.

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Evidence: Through experiments we have been able to expand our knowledge and provide evidence to various theories, for example in class we went through the Franck‐Hertz experiment which provided evidence for the Bohr’s model of the atom.

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How reliable are the sources that we use? When studying WW1 we take a look at different people`s perspectives about the murder of Franz Ferdinand: perspective of the driver in his car? perspective of a murderer? perspective of the police officers? etc.

Hanna, Thor, Yui, Yusanda

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When drawing Lewis structures, we follow the octet rule but it has some exceptions. Is it true that if an exception to a rule exists, then the rule itself exists?

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Do historians and human scientists have an ethical obligation to follow the directive: “do not ignore contradictory evidence”? Discuss with reference to history and the human sciences. (Neriah, Sergey, Sufia, Lyse)

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Do historians and human scientists have an ethical obligation to follow the directive: “do not ignore contradictory evidence”? Discuss with reference to history and the human sciences. (Neriah, Sergey, Sufia, Lyse)

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Before a e.g. study or article is published they need to peer reviewed and confirmed to be reliable, to be able to be published.

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Biology is based upon theories formed using the scientific theory, thus if these theories are proven false everything built off them has to be changed, or at least checked. This leads to the question, What absolute truths if any are there in Biology

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Psychology is the study of the human mind. Studies in psychology sometimes have to make sure that none of the researcher bias or participants demand characteristics come up when conducting a study, so that there aren't any research errors. For example in the Draganski et al study in 2004 the participants had to take MRI scans (to see wether their brain had been affected from juggling [if they were in the juggling group]). And, to combat the possibility of researcher bias when reviewing the MRI scans the researchers didn't know wether the MRI scans were from the control group participants (people who didn't juggle) or the juggling group participants. This was done to make sure that the researchers would've been more aware of the possibility of some changes in the brain not being connected to learning a new skill.

What are the main difficulties that human scientists encounter when trying to

provide explanations of human behaviour?

(Seidi, Kasper & Anja)