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Was the convention that launched women's suffrage

Seven Decades later, women would be able to vote.

Organizers of the Convention

Elizabeth Cady Stanton is the lead women's rights advocate.

Mary M'Clintock

Martha Coffin Wright

Jane Hunt

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Sojourner Turner 1851 "Ain't I A Woman" : Group 6

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Sojourner Turner 1851 "Ain't I A Woman" : Group 6

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Human rights activist

Attended the Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio in 1851 and gave a speech, "Ain't I A Woman?"

Demanded equal rights to ALL women

Spoke as a former slave and called for abolitionism along with women's right

Quote from speech "That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman?"

Quote from speech "Then that little man in black there, he says women can't have as much rights as men, 'cause Christ wasn't a woman! Where did your Christ come from? Where did your Christ come from? From God and a woman! Man had nothing to do with Him."

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The full name of the act is Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Protection Act. It is also known as the Maternity and Infancy Act.

This act was one of the first federally funded social programs in the U.S

This act was introduced by Jeannette Rankin. She was the first women was elected in Congress

The goal of this act was to reduce infant and maternal morality rates. It also wanted to improve the health of mothers and infants through education and clinics.

This was done by providing grants to states for prenatal and infant health care.

The American Medical Association was against this act.

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Women's Armed Services Integration Act of 1948 - Group 3

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Women's Armed Services Integration Act of 1948 - Group 3

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What was it?

The Women's Armed Services Integration Act was a law signed by President Harry S. Truman on June 12, 1948 that allowed women to serve as permanent members of the U.S military.

What did it do?

The act allowed women to serve in all branches of the military, including the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps

Why was it important?

The act was a turning point in women's right to serve in the military. Before the act, women could only serve in the military during wartime, and were limited to roles like nurses or clerical volunteers

Who was involved?

Captain Joy Bright Hancock, the director of the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), was a key advocate for the act

What was the impact?

The Women's Armed Services Integration Act represented a significant milestone in women's participation in the U.S. military, though it did not fully integrate women into all areas of service.

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- Case Background:

- Parties Involved: Estelle Griswold, Executive Director of the Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut, and Dr. C. Lee Buxton, a physician and professor at Yale Medical School, were the appellants.

- Law in Question: Connecticut law that prohibited the use of any drug, medicinal article, or instrument for the purpose of preventing conception.

- Supreme Court Decision:

- Date of Decision: June 7, 1965

- Outcome: The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Griswold, striking down the Connecticut law.

- Majority Opinion: Written by Justice William O. Douglas.

- Vote: 7-2 in favor of Griswold.

- Reasoning:

- Right to Privacy: The Court held that the Constitution implicitly guarantees citizens' right to privacy.

- Penumbra Theory: Justice Douglas argued that the right to privacy is found in the "penumbras" and "emanations" of other constitutional protections.

- Relevant Amendments: The First, Third, Fourth, and Ninth Amendments create a new constitutional right, the right to privacy in marital relations.

- Significance:

- Precedent: Griswold v. Connecticut established the basis for the right to privacy with respect to intimate practices.

- Impact on Future Cases: This case was a precursor to later landmark cases involving privacy rights, including Roe v. Wade (1973) and Lawrence v. Texas (2003).

- Legal Doctrine: The case reinforced the concept that certain rights, though not explicitly stated in the Constitution, are protected by the Constitution.

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Betty Friedan was a writer, a political activist and her work supported the feminist movement.

She published The Feminine Mystique, a founding text of modern feminism that is considered one of the most influential books of the twentieth century (1963).

She was the co founder of the National Organization of Women to advocate for equality (1966).

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She became the first black women to enter Congress in 1968 and she represented New York.

She also was the first black woman to run for the presidential democratic nomination (1972).

She introduced more than 50 pieces of legislation about racial and gender equality, helping the poor and she helped end the Vietnam war.

She was a founder of the National Women's Political Caucus and supported the Equal Rights Amendment and legalized abortions.

She also wrote an autobiography about her life called Unbought and Unbossed (1970).

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Gloria Steinem is a writer, political activist, and feminist organizer.

Started the Women's Action Alliance: In 1971, she helped create this group to support women's rights and tackle gender equality issues.

Co-founded Ms. Magazine: In 1972, she helped launch this magazine to give a voice to women's issues and promote feminism through writing.

Supported Reproductive Rights: Steinem has been a strong advocate for women's rights to make choices about their own bodies.

Public Speaker and Writer: She has written many books and articles and has given speeches that motivate people to get involved in social justice causes.

Famous Quote: "Without leaps of imagination, or dreaming, we lose the excitement of possibilities. Dreaming, after all, is a form of planning."

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Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is a federal law that prohibits discrimination based on sex in educational settings. It ensures that male and female students and employees are treated fairly and equally.

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American lawyer, educator, politician, and first African American congressman in the South

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Born Feb 21, 1936- Died Jan 17, 1996

Democratic Party

First African-American senator in Texas

Elected president of Senate in Texas

(1972)

Served in the House of Representatives for Texas (1973-79)

Well-known for her particpation in the hearings held by the House Judiciary Committee on the impeachment of President Nixon (1974)

Became a prominent voice on the Judiciary Committee (1975)

Delivered the keynote speech at the Democratic National Convention (1992)

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Sharron Frontiero, an Air Force lieutenant, was denied benefits when she tried to claim her husband as a dependent. The law allowed servicemen to claim their wives as dependents automatically, but servicewomen had to prove that their husbands provided more than half of their financial support.

The Frontieros argued that the difference in treatment violated the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause.

Frontiero v. Richardson was a landmark case that established that the military must treat women equally to men in terms of pay, allowances, and general treatment.

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An American chemical technician and labor union activist. She reported her concerns about the health and safety issues that occur in her workplace Kerr-McGee Cimarron Fuel Fabrication Site in Crescent, OK.

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Betty Ford April 8, 1918 -July 8, 2011 Group 3

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Betty Ford April 8, 1918 -July 8, 2011 Group 3

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former First Lady of the United States 1974-1977 (Husband of President Gerald Ford)

She was a proud supporter of The ERA.

She is a breast cancer survivor.

During her time of being First Lady, she was noted for raising awareness for breast Cancer awareness

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1978 - Pregnancy Discrimination Act (Group 4)

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1978 - Pregnancy Discrimination Act (Group 4)

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a federal law that protects employees and job applicants from discrimination based on pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions.

an amendment to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of

prohibits discrimination in hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoffs, training, and fringe benefits

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Started in the 1970s-1980s becoming vocal on the issues and blame for incidents of sexual violence.

Corporations and professional sports teams began holding events to educate their employees and players. Survivors identifying as male and other genders walked, marched, and shared their stories alongside those identifying as female.

In 2010 they implemented free 24/7 legal support through their hotline to have voices heard.

Now, it has reached people from India to Nigeria to end sexual violence in all forms

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First woman to serve as a Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court

Nominated by President Ronald Reagan

Served from 1981-2006

Influenced major decisions regarding abortion rights and affirmative action and states’rights

Often sought middle ground

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Group 6 family and medical leave act 1993

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Group 6 family and medical leave act 1993

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The FMLA entitles eligible employees of covered employers to take unpaid, job-protected leave for specified family and medical reasons with continuation of group health insurance coverage under the same terms and conditions as if the employee had not taken leave. Eligible employees are entitled to:

Twelve workweeks of leave in a 12-month period for:

the birth of a child and to care for the newborn child within one year of birth;

the placement with the employee of a child for adoption or foster care and to care for the newly placed child within one year of placement;

to care for the employee’s spouse, child, or parent who has a serious health condition;

a serious health condition that makes the employee unable to perform the essential functions of his or her job;

any qualifying exigency arising out of the fact that the employee’s spouse, son, daughter, or parent is a covered military member on “covered active duty;” or

Twenty-six work weeks of leave during a single 12-month period to care for a covered servicemember with a serious injury or illness if the eligible employee is the servicemember’s spouse, son, daughter, parent, or next of kin (military caregiver leave).

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Group 5: Violence Against Women Act 1994

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Group 5: Violence Against Women Act 1994

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Congress passed the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 as a part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994

During this time there was a severity of crimes associated with domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking

This bill was the first federal legislative package designed to end violence against women

Since it's passage, there has been a shift in how the issues of violence against women is addressed

Key provisions included: funding for victim support services, law enforcement training for issues relating domestic violence and sexual assault, and campus safety in how sexual violence cases are handled

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Cofounded the concept of Reproductive Justice alongside a group of black women during a conference in Chicago.

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An outspoken activist for pay equity and women's rights.

A former Alabama factory manager who filed lawsuit against her employer

Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.

Author (2012)

Grace and Grit: My Fight for Equal Pay and Fairness at Goodyear and Beyond

Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009-declared unlawful employment practice occurs when

a discriminatory compensation decision or other practice adopted

an individual becomes subject to the decision or practice

an individual is affected by application of decision or practice

In 2011 was inducted into the Nation Women's Hall of Fame

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Group 7: Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009)

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Group 7: Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009)

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The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 is a federal law that extended the time period for filing pay discrimination claims

This made it easier for employees to challenge unequal pay.

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What Is the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act?

The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 is a law enacted by Congress to bolster worker protections against pay discrimination. The Act allows individuals facing pay discrimination to seek rectification under federal anti-discrimination laws.

The law clarifies that discrimination based on age, religion, national origin, race, sex, and disability will "accrue" every time the employee receives a paycheck that is deemed discriminatory. It was the first bill President Barack Obama signed into law and is one of a number of federal laws designed to protect the rights of workers.

Key Takeaways

Understanding the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act

The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act reinstated the protection against pay discrimination that had been removed by the Supreme Court in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. in 2007. It restored previous protections regarding the equal treatment of employees, most notably Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The 2009 statute clarified that any inequitable payment is unlawful, even if it is the result of a pay decision made in the past.

The act is named in honor of Lilly Ledbetter, a former manager at a Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. plant in Alabama. After Ledbetter discovered that her male peers were receiving substantially higher pay for similar roles, she filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).

In 1998, Ledbetter filed an equal-pay lawsuit, alleging pay discrimination on the basis of sex under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The trial jury awarded her back pay and more than $3.3 million in compensatory and punitive damages.

However, the Supreme Court upheld a lower court ruling that said claims like Ledbetter's had to be filed within 180 days of an employer's decision to pay a worker less, even if the worker didn't learn about the unfair pay until much later. As a result, Ledbetter never collected any kind of settlement from Goodyear.

The ruling, and a dissenting opinion by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, in which she wrote, "once again, the ball is in Congress's court," ignited activist groups, who saw the court's decision as a setback for women and civil rights.

This led to the creation of a bill that bore Ledbetter's name and gives employees the right to file suit 180 days after the last pay violation and not only 180 days after the initial pay disparity. In effect, each paycheck restarts the 180-day countdown to file a claim.

Lilly Ledbetter died on October 14, 2024, in Alabama, where she was born and raised. According to a statement released by her family, "She was surrounded by her family and loved ones." Recently a biopic about Ledbetter, "Lilly," premiered at the Hamptons International Film Festival. And last week, the women's rights activist was awarded Advertising Week's first Future is Female Lifetime Achievement Award.

Pay Discrimination in 2024

The Gender Wage Gap

One documented area of pay discrimination is the pay gap between men and women. In 2022, women's annual earnings were 84% of men's, according to data published by the U.S. Census Bureau.

Women of color are even more discriminated against. Black, Latina, and Native American women are paid 64%, 55%, and 59%, respectively, what non-Hispanic white men are paid.

Salary History

Many experts believe that the practice of prospective employers asking job candidates about salary history furthers discrimination and the pay gap. In recent years, a growing number of states and municipalities have addressed this issue.

As of August 2023, 22 states have adopted measures that prohibit some employers from asking about salary history.

Prohibiting employers from asking about salary history seems to work. According to a study authored by economists at the Boston University School of Law, women's pay rises 8% to 9% under salary history bans, while the pay of Black workers increases 13% to 16%.

What Impact Did the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act Have?

The Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act allowed women and other people being discriminated against to dispute pay disparities from any period of their career. They could contest their current salary based on their starting salary from eight years ago on the basis that their starting salary was discriminatorily low. The impact is that it allows people to contest their salary for discriminatory reasons at any point in their career, instead of within a certain time period, as was the law before.

Did Lily Ledbetter Receive Backpay?

In her first trial against Goodyear, the judge ruled in her favor and awarded her backpay as well as the cost of compensatory and punitive damages. However, Goodyear appealed the case because she had not filed a complaint within 180 days, and won.

Was the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act Effective?

Policies like the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act can help narrow the gender pay gap. However, discrimination still exists, indicating that more action may be needed.

The Bottom Line

The Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act is just one of the many advances made to prevent people from getting paid less because of their age, religion, national origin, race, sex, or a disability, but there is still a way to go. Discriminatory pay gaps still exist. The Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act serves as one of the protections that those who are discriminated against can rely on to help equalize their pay.

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Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act: Definition, History, Impact

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The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 bolstered worker protections against pay discrimination.