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1RST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1/2 OF THE CENTURY, XIII)

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1RST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1/2 OF THE CENTURY, XIII)

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The industrial Revolution was the consequence of a series of economic and technology changes.

It begins in the middle of the eighteen century (1/2XVIII).

In Uk they began the First Industrial Revolution people say that there has been a lot of industrial revolution in every country.

Why in Uk? Uk has 13 colonies that now are the USA. These colonies have cotton. The 13 colonies were revolution because they were tired that UK stole all their privileges like cotton, that was too expensive. Another reason is islands, the USA not USA at this moment, are not connected with Europe, it means that there were not involved in the European wars. They have a Constitutional Monarchy. When they discovered that the mineral coal has more advantages than wood, Cotton for the subject of

textiles, coal it's about machines.

How the industrial revolution changed the society?

Social classes society

STATE: Privileged are on the top of the pyramid and the not privileged (Burgoise) in the lower part.

There is NO opportunity to change.

NOW: The Burgoise are on the top of the pyramid.

There is opportunity to change.

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The creator of Marxism was Karl Max.

He believed all countries should become capitalist and develop that productive capacity, and then workers would naturally revolt, leading to communism where by the workers would become the dominant social class and collectively control the means of production.

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From the Middle Ages and before the society was divided in state the nobility commoners, clearly and the king( Privileged ).

For a long time the society has this statement and the absolute monarchy.

The only information they received was on the church.

The Enlightenment was on the 17th-18th century. A group of commoners with a little of money, the bougeois. The bourgeois started to do "nogocios" and earm money to study, they began to see that privilege were staling their money.

On the 1780's Frances has an economic crisis. Inducing the monarchy was in bankrupt, the king plant to borrow money from nobility and clergy.

France wanted to annoy the colonies of UK money to the USA. It wanted to annoy because they were in several wars.

On January 21, 1790 the king was being have the enlightenment write a declaration. This is the origin of the Drets Humans because the woman and the black people were out of the privilege. The killed a lot of people in the Guillotine. There Killed a lot of people in the absolute of the other countries want to help the absolute monarchy of France.

After that, France and Europe bib people to vote, what happens in France is the inspiration to other countries to do the same.

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The 14/07/1789, was the day on the people of Paris Attack the Bastille (the Bastille was a prison of political prisoners) to liberate the prisoners. The people were angry because there was an economic crisis, including the monarchy. That's why people create meetings and other things against the king.

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"Liberty Leading the People " was creating by Eugène Delacroix in 1830.

The painting symbolizes the freedom of non-privileged people, the author uses colors of the new flag, we can see it in several places in the painting, such as the women who are looking the other women with the flag on the hand, in the background of the painting in the sky...

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It was creating after the French revolution.

The French flag represents: the blue color the equality, the white color the liberty and the color red the fraternity

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The first Spanish Republic (1873) enacted some anticlerical laws, but these were repealed or disregarded when the monarchy was restored in 1874.

The first Spanish Republic only tough 9 months.

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It started in 1898/1902 to 1931.

In this period of time, Spain was happened two things:

Restoration crisis:

It's from 1898 to 1923. Alfonso XIII was the king of Spain is from a Bourbon family since the Succession war. There were two political parties: Conservely party & Liberal parties.

Spain lost Puerto Rico, Philippines and Cuba.

Guam are small islands, and was from Spain, but after Spain lost the other islands sold Guam to Germany in 1931.

From 1868 to 1878 was the first war of independence of Cuba

Then, in 1891, was created the Anomzels laws. It’s obligate to high the taxes when articles like sugar and tobacco arrived.

From 1895 to 1898 was the second war of independence of Cuba for different reasons. And in this war, United States it also joined the war with Cuba.

From 1896 to 1898 Spain lost Philippines

And in 1897 Spain lost Puerto Rico

Dictatorship: By Miguel Primo de Rivera,

Lasted from 1923 to 1931.

When Miguel Primo de Rivera began to lead with the complicity of Alfonso XIII, the king of Spain, there were two types of dictatorship:

The Military dictatorship

The Civil dictatorship.

Miguel Primo de Rivera and Alfonso XIII imitate Italy, because in that time Italy was also had a dictatorship led by Benito Mussolini with the help of the king that was Victor Manuel III. In that time, Italy was a monarchy and push the dictatorship. Benito Mussolini was also the creator of the fascism.

Fascism mean establish dictators that usually are military.

First that did Miguel Primo de Rivera was canceled the Constitution, the political parties, the syndicates, and another public art before passed the censure and was approved that can be publicated.

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Alfons XIII of Spain was king of Spain and head of the Spanish royal house.

His reign consisted mainly of consolidating the monarchy and institutional stability, repairing the damage that the internal struggles of the years of the so-called Revolutionary Sexennium had left behind, earning him the nickname "the Peacemaker."

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The Spanish–American War (April 21 – December 10, 1898) was fought between Spain and the United States in 1898.

In 1898 the United States and Spain went to war over the political future of Cuba. At the end of the conflict, the world's distribution of imperial power had dramatically changed, the old Spanish empire giving way to the imperialist ambitions of the young American nation.

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An ideology is a set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual.

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Carlism is a political and ideological movement that swept Spain in the 19th century, as a reaction to liberalism and the establishment of a constitutional system. It is going to originate from around of the figure of Carles Maria Isidre de Borbó, father of Ferran VII, who claimed the throne of Spain in front of Isabel II, daughter of Ferran VII, whom he had designated as heiress through the repeal of the Llei Sàlica (Pragmàtica Sanció of 1830).

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Republicanism is a political ideology that advocates the establishment of a republic as a form of government, instead of a monarchy. In this system, the head of state is elected, either directly or indirectly, and is not hereditary, as is the case in monarchies. Republicanism is closely linked to the ideals of democracy, citizen equality and popular sovereignty.

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Lerrouxism is a political movement linked to Alejandro Lerroux, a Spanish politician who will be a key figure in the early years of the 20th century and during the Second Spanish Republic. It is characterized by the combination of an initial populist and radical discourse, directed at the working classes, with a later, more conservative and pragmatic position.

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Socialism is a political, economic and social ideology that seeks to establish a society based on equality, social justice and collective control of economic resources. It aims to reduce social inequalities and ensure that the means of production, such as land, factories and capital, are collectively or publicly managed, rather than in private hands.

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Anarchism is a political and philosophical ideology that defends a society without central authority, State or coercive hierarchies. Anarchists believe in individual freedom, social equality and voluntary cooperation as a basis for organizing society. They propose the suppression of all forms of domination, including political, economic or cultural ones.

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Catalanism is a political and cultural ideology focused on affirming Catalonia's distinct identity within or outside the framework of Spain. It has taken various forms throughout its history, ranging from movements advocating greater regional autonomy to outright calls for full independence.

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GUW (UGT in Spanish): The UGT (General Union of Workers) is one of the most important and ancient unions in Spain. It is created by a socialist union organization that works to defend the rights of workers and workers, both in the labor and social spheres. It is a notable paper in the history of the Spanish worker movement.

Majority union in the north of Spain and Madrid

NCL(CNT in Spanish): The CNT (National Confederation of Labor) is a Spanish union of anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist orientation, founded in 1910. It is connected with its founding role in the fight for the defense of labor and social rights, as well as its continued involvement in the Social Revolution. During the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).

Majority union in Catalonia and Andalusia. (It is said that you have more partners than the Barça)

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It is the most important theater for the bourgeois, and It is one of the most iconic cultural landmarks of Catalonia and a symbol of Barcelona's artistic and musical heritage.

At 1893 a person throw an orisin bomb from the "galliner" and it died 20 people. There were two bombs but only one make BOM.

Barcelona was known like "Rosa de foc" because at least they set up a barricade. The barricade consisted of erecting something of metal and laying cobblestones.

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The Cu-cut is a newspaper is form Catalanism.

They make an acudit because army of Spain don't won anything (battles), so they become so angry.

From the army they made the law of "Juridiccions" it means that no one can make pranks or joke about them.

In 25th of November 1905 the army destroyed the office of Cu-Cut.

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Spain lost Cuba, Puerto Rico, Pilipines. Spain thought with France that they could have a lot of Colonies.

From 1907-1927, Spain was in war with the North of Africa (Rif). From 1927 the situation is established.

They won this war.

Military service was completely obligatory or not if you paid a quantity of money, the bourgeois it didn't go.

Men were the only who went the salary of all the family, and if the men went to the war, the family wouldn't get their salary.

The revolt begins at the harbor, where the families wouldn't let anyone board.

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Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia were pedagogue and teacher.

He thinks that the boys and the girls have to go together to school, but they filled him on the Castl oef Monjuic because he was, or they think, Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia was the "Cap de turc".

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Spain was a neutral century it helps to the economic of Spain, but this was a little period of time so it helps a little but not too much.

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The revolution started in 1917, the historical context bassically is that from 1914-1918 was the 1st WW. Russian was an empire.

The russian revolution was the precursor for other revolution.

The revolution was communist and they follow the principal ideas of Marx. Russian people were the first that take into accouns the liebral revolution.

The Russian country passed from an absolute monarchy( Lead by the Tsar king and empear) to a communist country.

Marx said that if they wanted a communist country first they had pass by a dictatorship and finally when they got stable, would'nt be need. The communism usually first was a dictartorship and finally a republic, but some countries don't overcome the dictatorship.

The leader of this revolution is vladimir lenin puring the 1st world war the German empire was an the war front attacking Russian empire and that cause an increase of logistical problems causing shortages of beard and grain. And the russiaan army was steadily losing morale, withlarges scale mutiny looming.High officials were convinced that if Tsar Nichalasll abdicated urest would subside, for this reason Nicholas agreed and stepped down us hering in a new provisional goverment led by the Russian Duma (The parlicment).

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Ending is a stage with in Barcelona in which the conflict between unions and properties turned into selective muder.

On March 10, 1923, one hundred years ago, gunmen shot and killed trade unionists Salvador Seguí and Francesc Comas, murders that shook Catalan society. The cover of "La Campana de Gràcia" which was published after Seguí is death. ARK.

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This strike means a win for the syndicalism. The workers began to protest because they have so bad conditions and the boss kicked them out. The workers interrupted the light and electricity for a lot of months, all of this happened in Barcelona. Thanks to that, the company and the worker started to negotiate. The timetable was reduced to 8h for many years. They have been talking of the gunmen, the businessmen paid gunmen to kill syndicalist.

The Canadian strike began in 1919, requiring workers to work an eight-hour workday.

Salvador Seguí was the leader, and he was murdered in the middle of Barcelona.

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It has to be with Catalanism. The commonwealth is treat between UK and the older colonies.

All the politic power was on Madrid. There weren't Autonomic.

In communities, they appear after the second revolution.

The unic division that it exist is Provinces, they have Provincial diputation. They distributed budgets to different provinces.

The national parties like Gallegisme, Vasquisme, Catalisme...

They understand their provinces like collaborate, this is a precedent of Autonomic communities. After the second Republic, it started the generality of Catalonia.

The public liberies are directed by the Provincial Diputation

1914 - 1917 -- Enric Prat de la Riba

1917-1923 -- Josep Puig i Cadafalch

1923-1925 -- Alfons Sala -- Primo de Rivera-1917 -- say to him to dissemble all thatbthey have done.

Pomper Fabra, was the first to do a Catalan dictionary and the orthographic rules.

Francesc Carbó was an important person on the political situation.

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He was a Spanish politician and writer of Catalanism.

Was born on November 29, 1870

He was died on August 1, 1917

Was part of the community since 1914-1917

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He was a Spanish architect considered one of the most important of Catalan modernism.

He was also a mathematical and political historian who served as president of the Community of Catalonia from 1917 to 1923.

Was born on October 17, 1867

Died on 23 December 1956

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Alfons Sala i Argemí, 1st Count of Ègara, was an industrial engineer, lawyer and Catalan politician. He was president of the Commonwealth of Catalonia, appointed by the dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera, between 1924 and 1925, the year of its dissolution.

Was born on july 16, 1863

He was did on april 11, 1945.

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He was born on February 20, 1868 and died on December 25, 1848.

Was a Spanish industrial engineer and grammarian known for having established the modern rules of the Catalan language

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Was born on September 2, 1876 and died on April 30, 1947

Was a Spanish politician, businessman and lawyer, of conservative and Catalanist ideology, Confounder and leader of the regionalist league, he would get to be elected deputy to courts on several occasions.

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Franco-Spanish Protectorate

This war began in 1921 and finished with the victory of France and Spain in 1925.

Ceuta/Melilla has been a Spanish territory since the 17th century

France and Spain share Morocco. France occupies the Riffian part.

Before, Morocco was a sultanate, meaning that the country was governed by a sultan.

During Franco's regime, Spain and France left Morocco in 1956, and here is when Morocco became a nation except for Spain, which remained in Western Sahara until 1975.

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Leader of the Moroccan army that fights against the Spanish troops. He was a politician and military leader from Rif who led the resistance against the Spanish and French colonial administration during the so-called Rif War. Was born in 1882 he died on February 6, 1963

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The Rifians have Berber tribes that fought with the Spanish and were all led by Mohamed ibn Abd-El Krim.

Approximately 10,000 soldiers have died in just two weeks. They have opened an investigation to see if they can try to move forward on who was responsible, it is called the Picasso Expedient.

The army led by Miguel Primo de Rivera in 1923, with the help and agreement of Alfonso XIII, carried out a coup d'état, and that is why the Picasso Expedient is stopped and never comes to light again.

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THE DICTATORSHIP OF PRIMO DE RIVERA (1923-1930)

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THE DICTATORSHIP OF PRIMO DE RIVERA (1923-1930)

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When Miguel Primo de Rivera began to lead with the complicity of Alfonso XIII, the king of Spain, there were two types of dictatorship:

The Military dictatorship

The Civil dictatorship.

Miguel Primo de Rivera and Alfonso XIII imitate Italy, because in that time Italy was also had a dictatorship led by Benito Mussolini with the help of the king that was Victor Manuel III. In that time, Italy was a monarchy and push the dictatorship. Benito Mussolini was also the creator of the fascism.

Fascism mean establish dictators that usually are military.

First that did Miguel Primo de Rivera was canceled the Constitution, the political parties, the syndicates, and another public art before passed the censure and was approved that can be publicated.

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Miguel Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia (Madrid, July 11, 1904-Madrid, May 8, 1964) was a Spanish politician who held various positions during the Franco dictatorship, becoming Minister of Agriculture and Spanish ambassador to the Kingdom. United.

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It is a significant episode in the history of political Catalanism and the figure of Francesc Macià. They consisted of a failed attempt to start an armed insurrection to proclaim the independence of Catalonia.

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He was born in 1859 and died on December 25, 1933.

He was a Spanish politician and military man of republican and Catalan independence ideology, former colonel of the army, president of the Generalitat of Catalonia and one of the founders of the Catalan State and Esquerra parties.

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The 2nd Republic was begun in 1931 to 1939. The 2nd republic is the first democratic system of all the history of Spain.

Goals of the 2nd republic:

Separate the church to the state

Modernizing the Army

Modernize education. For the first time in Spain, there have been educational centers.

Carry out agricultural reforms

For the first time in Spain, there are territorial reforms ⇾ they wanted to create autonomous communities (more inclined to Catalanism and nationalism).

Constitution:

The first constitution in Spain was written in 1931, and the second constitution and actual constitution is in 1978.

The first constitution:

Said that Spain is an integral state (is probably created (autonomous regional governments (E.g., Generalitat de Catalunya))

Universal suffrage ⇾ It refers to man and woman, in 1931 the first time in Spain.

⇾ The first time that women vote in 1933

The constitution said that Spain is non-confessional state, the first time is Spain.

For the first time, there is a significant expansion of individual rights.

Republicanism:

Starts in 25 July 1938 to 16 November.

They want republic and not monarchy.

Thirty thousand casualties in the Battle of Ebro. Franco's troops wanted to conquer Valencia. And the second objective was an international objective, that is, to prolong the war as much as possible to see if they succeed, and it connects with the Second World War. The fifth of the Biberó or the Lleva of the Biberó were the boys of sixteen, seventeen and eighteen years old who were going to fight in the ranks against the front.

Franco ⇾ Germany/Italy/Portugal

Republic ⇾ USSR and the international brigades (Volunteers from all over the world)

The trull is a warehouse, where they kept oil, flour, etc. And thanks to this, many people have been saved.

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The Traditionalist Spanish Falange and the National Unionist Offensive Boards (FET y de las JONS or FET-JONS) was a Spanish feixist political party, founded on February 15, 1934, was founded by:

Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera

Ramiro Ledesma Ramos

Onésimo Redonde Ortega

It was the only party of the Franco regime and, for legal purposes, the only party allowed in Spain after the Spanish Civil War.

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He was born on April 24, 1903 and died on November 20, 1936 at the age of 33.

He was a Spanish Falangist politician, founder and ideologue of the Spanish Falange party

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She was born on November 4, 1907 and died on March 17, 1991 at the age of 84.

She was the leader of the female section of the Spanish Falange and later president of the Association de veterans of the female section renamed in 1977, two years after the death of Francisco Franco, new Andalusia carrec which she maintained until her death.

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The Civil war started in 1936 and finished at 1939.

In 1932, an attempt is made to stage a coup d'état. It begins in Seville, known as Sanjurjada, by General Sanjurjo. It is unsuccessful and he is exiled to Portugal.

When the coup d’état failed, The general Mola from Spain, the general Godel from the Balearic Islands and the general Franco from the Canary Islands started to planning another coup d’état. As his companions died, Franco climbed the position, and he becomes the dictator he moved to the North of Africa, and with the help of Germany he sent troops to Spain. The nationalists tried to invaded Madrid, but they can’t because the Republicans prevented, so they start invaded around the Spain. When they arrived to Catalonia, they think to leave it for last and go to Valencia because it was the military power of the Republicanism. When the Catalan Republicanism knew that, they knew that they have to stop them with a little battle, or this is what they think that was going to happen. This battle lasted its days (25 July--16 November 1938) The Republicanism lost the war, but why? The first thing that the other countries done when they noticed that Spain was in a civil war is to sign the non- intervation law, but Germany and Italy not comply. The Republicanism have the Spain Bank, but the Nationalists have the help of Germany and Italy. In the nationalist, they have a leader, but the Republicans no. Republicans fought with the

nationalist but also with them. The idea of the Ebro Battle was to extend the war until the Second World war to have the help Of France and Great Britain because their soldiers were voluntaries.

Universal suffrage (The church is against it)

Church (State) (The church is against it)

Moderation army  (The army is against it)

Public education (The church is against it)

Land reform (The nobility and terratinent are against it)

Territorial (The army is against it)

For the first time, autonomous communities are accepted, both men and women can vote, right to divorce, right to civil marriage.

Mussolini and Hitler ⇾ help Franco in the Civil war.

USSR helps the Republic ⇾ The Republicans had to give the Russians gold in exchange for military aid.

International brigades ⇾ People who voluntarily come from all over the world to help the Republicans.

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Inside of Spain there was another type of resistance called the Maquis, it was about 7,000 men who, at the end of the war, took refuge in the mountains of the whole country, they survived the entire decade of the 40s, it was a quiet war against the Franco regime, many of them died in the civil war, who discovered them.

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It was a totalitarian regime largely inspired by Halim fascism that ruled Spain between 1939 and 1975 connected with the 2 world war.

This regim was based in an ideological on the rejection of liberal democracy and the defenced of militarism

A strict military dictatorship:

Franco imposed a military dictatorship in which all democratic freedoms were eliminated:

Freedom of expression

Freedom of association

Freedom of protest

Freedom of religion

Freedom of the pres

1931 constitution was annulet elections were banned and republican institutions, such as Parliament, were dismantled. The statues of autonomy were abolished and any expression of Catalan Basque or Galician regional identity was prohibited.

Franco became the head of the only political party: the Falange (FET and JONS), made up of the victors of the Civil War. The party depended on the National-Syndicalist Central (CNS), the only permitted union, whose vertical structure represented both employers and workers.

Franco held the title of Caudillo and had absolute power: he was head of state and head of the military; he ruled by decree; his office was for life; and he reserved the right to appoint his successor.

An attempt was made to give the dictatorship the appearance of legality with the creation of the consultative Cortes (1942), which were not democratically elected. The Spaniard's Charter (1945) and the Labour Charter (1938) were enacted to recognise the rights of Spaniards, although they lacked any democratic legitimacy.

The support of traditional social groups:

The regime had the support of groups that wanted to restore the old social order and dismantle all Republican reforms.

Members of the army, strengthened after the military victory, had many privileges and were given important positions in government.

Falange, members maintained social control and held strategic positions, e.g. in Justice and Labour, in Franco's government.

The Catholic Church regained its prominence and greatly influenced the new state's social ideology, called national Catholicism. A confessional state was established, the budget for worship and clergy was reestablished and privileges for the clergy (Concordat) were restored in 1953. Divorce was abolished and religious education was reintroduced.

The landowning and industrial bourgeoisie held great economic power. All Republican land and labour reforms were overturned.

A system of repression:

The Franco regime established a system of repression to persecute Republicans and eliminate all political opposition. Through repressive laws, military courts, and the Social Investigation Brigade, it imposed a regime of terror. It is estimated that 50,000 people were executed during the post-war period, and in 1940 there were 270,719 prisoners, including 23,232 women, subjected to imprisonment, torture, and forced labor.

Adapting to the international climate:

Franco supported the Axis powers and sent the Blue Division to Russia. After the Axis defeat, the UN condemned his regime (1946). To maintain power, he strengthened ties with the Vatican and the USA, signing agreements in 1953 that made him an ally against the USSR.

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Francisco Franco Bahamode was born on December 4, 1892, and died on November 20, 1975. The causes of his died was heart failure.

He was known in 1938 as Ferril del Caudillo, he was a military man and Galician dictator, self-proclaimed head of state from 1939 to 1975.

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Lluis companions was born on June 21, 1882 and died on October 15, 1940 aged 58. He died at the hands of the Spanish state with a gunshot wound. He was a Catalan politician of Catalanist and republican ideology.

First president of Catalonia (1932-1933), minister of the Spanish Government, president of the generality of republican Catalonia (1934 and 1936-1940) during the second Spanish Republic and president of ERC (1933-1934).

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The Hendaya meeting (October 1940) was a conversation between Franco and Hitler, where Hitler tried to convince Franco to join the Axis powers in World War II. Franco, however, was hesitant and demanded military aid and resources in exchange for support. In the end, he did not enter the war but agreed to send the Blue Division to fight alongside Nazi forces in the Soviet Union. The meeting ended in failure for Hitler, as Franco remained neutral while seeking benefits from both sides.

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He was born on April 20, 1889 and died on April 30, 1945. He was a Southern politician, the main ideologue and head of Nazism.

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SPAIN DECLARES NON-BELLIGERENCE ACTIVE (1940)

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SPAIN DECLARES NON-BELLIGERENCE ACTIVE (1940)

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In 1940, Spain declared non-belligerence during World War II, meaning it would not actively participate in the conflict but would support the Axis powers diplomatically.

This decision followed Spain’s devastation after the Spanish Civil War, and Franco aimed to avoid further conflict while also securing political and economic advantages. By adopting non-belligerence, Spain remained officially neutral, but it still provided indirect support to Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

One of the most notable actions was the sending of the Blue Division to fight alongside Nazi forces in the Soviet Union. This allowed Franco to align himself with Hitler without fully committing to the Axis. The goal was to rebuild Spain's economy, assert its influence over territories like North Africa and France, and strengthen ties with the Axis while avoiding a direct military role in the war.

Franco's careful maneuvering helped maintain Spain’s autonomy in the conflict and offered him leverage in diplomatic dealings with both Axis and Allied powers.

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The Valley of the Fallen (Valle de los Caídos) is a monument dedicated to those who died in the Spanish Civil War, built between 1940 and 1959 under Franco's regime. Located about 50 km northwest of Madrid in the Sierra de Guadarrama, it was created to honor the soldiers of the Nationalist side (Francoists), although some Republicans are also buried there, having been transferred forcibly.

Construction began shortly after Franco's victory in the Civil War and was completed in 1959.

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He was born on March 25, 1893 and died on February 3, 1952.

He was the main architect of the valley of the fallen

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It was the official newsreel service of Franco's Spain, created in 1943. It was a key tool of propaganda used by the regime to promote its ideals, control public opinion, and present a favorable image of Franco's rule. The NO-DO was shown in Spanish movie theaters before films, providing news, government messages, and other content that aligned with the regime's views.

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The fall of Serrano Suñer in 1942 refers to the political downfall of Ramón Serrano Suñer, a Spanish politician and key figure in Franco’s regime. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs and one of Franco’s closest allies during the early years of the Spanish Civil War and after the victory of the Nationalists. Serrano Suñer was influential in shaping the regime's foreign policy, particularly its alignment with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy during World War II.

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He was born on September 12, 1901 and died on September 1, 2003 at the age of 103.

He was a Catalan lawyer, six times appointed minister by the Franco government.

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Although Spain did not officially join World War II, Franco sent volunteers to fight alongside Nazi Germany, maintaining official neutrality while compensating Hitler for his support during the Spanish Civil War. The idea for a volunteer unit was proposed by Ramón Serrano Suñer in 1941, and Hitler approved the formation of the Blue Division (División Azul), which included 18,104 soldiers, mainly professional soldiers and Falangists.

Commanded by General Agustín Muñoz Grandes, the division was incorporated into the Wehrmacht as the 250th Infantry Division. After training in Germany, the division was sent to the Eastern Front, eventually participating in the Siege of Leningrad as part of the 15th German Army. This was Spain's indirect involvement in the war, offering support to Nazi Germany without fully committing to the conflict.

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Hiroshima was the site of the first atomic bombing in history, carried out by the United States on August 6, 1945, during the final stages of World War II. The bombing marked a pivotal moment in the war and in military history.

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It seems like you're referring to the bombing of Nagasaki, which actually occurred on August 9, 1945, not 1949. It was the second atomic bombing carried out by the United States during World War II, three days after the bombing of Hiroshima. Here's an overview of the event:

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The Cold War (1947-1991) was a political and ideological struggle between the United States (capitalism and democracy) and the Soviet Union (communism and totalitarianism). Although they never directly fought, the two superpowers were involved in numerous proxy wars, such as the Korean War and the Vietnam War. They also competed in the nuclear arms race and the space race, with events like the Cuban Missile Crisis highlighting the threat of nuclear war.

Key moments include the division of Germany and Berlin, the rise of détente in the 1970s, and the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, which marked the end of the Cold War. The conflict reshaped global politics and led to the spread of democracy and capitalism worldwide.

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In 1946, the United States and United Kingdom withdrew their ambassadors from Spain due to its fascist regime under Francisco Franco and its support for the Axis powers during World War II. This action symbolized Spain’s growing diplomatic isolation after the war, as Western nations increasingly distanced themselves from Franco’s authoritarian government. The move was part of broader international pressure on Spain, which was excluded from the United Nations. However, by the early 1950s, Spain began to gain support, especially from the U.S., due to the Cold War and the desire to counter communism.

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The Law of Succession (1947) was a key piece of legislation passed by Francisco Franco's regime in Spain. It established Spain as a monarchy under Franco's leadership, despite the country being under a dictatorship at the time. The law declared that Spain's head of state would be a king, but the monarch's position was subject to Franco's approval.

Franco named himself "Caudillo" (leader) and retained full control over the government, but the law set the framework for his eventual successor, which was to be a king chosen by him. In 1969, Franco chose Juan Carlos I, the grandson of the last Spanish king, to be his successor. This law solidified Franco’s political legacy and paved the way for a future transition to a monarchy, which later played a key role in Spain’s democratic transition after Franco’s death in 1975.

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The Tram Strike (1951) in Barcelona was a major protest by tram workers demanding better wages and working conditions under Franco's regime. The strike quickly spread to other sectors and gained public support, leading to widespread protests. The government responded with repression, and the strike was eventually crushed. Although it didn’t result in immediate gains, it marked a significant act of defiance against Franco’s dictatorship and highlighted growing dissatisfaction with the regime’s economic conditions.

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SPAIN, UNITED STATES AND VATICAN AGREEMENTS (1953)

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SPAIN, UNITED STATES AND VATICAN AGREEMENTS (1953)

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In 1953, Spain, the United States, and the Vatican signed key agreements. The Spanish-American Agreement allowed the U.S. to use military bases in Spain in exchange for economic aid, marking Spain’s return to the international community during the Cold War. The Concordat with the Vatican recognized Franco's regime and gave the Catholic Church significant privileges, including control over education and financial support. These agreements helped strengthen Franco's regime politically and economically while reinforcing the Church’s influence in Spain.

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In 1953, Spain was admitted to the United Nations after years of isolation due to Franco's fascist regime. This was largely due to the changing geopolitical context of the Cold War, where Spain became an important anti-communist ally for the United States. Spain’s entry into the UN marked the end of its diplomatic exclusion and helped re-establish its relationships with Western nations, signaling its gradual reintegration into the international community.

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In 1957, Opus Dei, a Catholic organization founded in 1928 by St. Josemaría Escrivá, gained significant influence in Spain. It aligned with Franco’s regime, promoting Catholic values and engaging in education, business, and politics. Opus Dei’s members became prominent in Spanish society, and its close ties with the Francoist government helped it grow. The organization established schools and institutions, expanding its reach both in Spain and internationally. Its philosophy of integrating faith with everyday life remains central to its mission today.

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He was born on January 9, 1902 and died on June 26, 1975.

He was Aragonese priest and founder of opus DEI

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The Technocrats Stage (1957) in Francoist Spain marked a shift toward economic modernization. A group of skilled professionals, known as technocrats, took control of economic policies and implemented reforms focused on industrialization, free market principles, and attracting foreign investment. Led by Luis Carrero Blanco, these reforms sparked significant economic growth, known as the Spanish Miracle. While the economy modernized, the authoritarian regime under Franco remained in power, blending economic progress with political control.

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He was born on March 4, 1904 and died on December 20, 1973.

He was a soldier of the armed forces of Spain, where he reached the rank of admiral. companion and right hand of General Franco

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The Munich Meeting (1962) was a significant event where Spanish Prime Minister Luis Carrero Blanco and other Spanish officials met with representatives from European Economic Community (EEC) countries. The meeting aimed to discuss Spain’s potential integration into the EEC, as Franco’s regime sought to improve its international standing and economic ties with Western Europe.

However, the meeting ended in disappointment for Spain. The EEC countries were not ready to offer Spain full membership due to its authoritarian regime, which was at odds with the democratic principles of the European Community. This rejection highlighted Spain's ongoing diplomatic isolation and its need to continue economic and political reforms to be accepted by European institutions.

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THE INDEPENDENCE OF EQUATORIAL GUINEA (12.10.1968)

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THE INDEPENDENCE OF EQUATORIAL GUINEA (12.10.1968)

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On October 12, 1968, Equatorial Guinea gained independence from Spain, becoming the first Spanish colony in Africa to do so. This followed years of growing nationalist movements and pressure for self-determination. The country’s first president was Francisco Macías Nguema, who took power after independence, leading the nation into a period of authoritarian rule. Spain’s withdrawal marked the end of its colonial empire in Africa, though Spain maintained some influence in the region after independence.

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He was born on January 1, 1924 and died on September 29, 1979.

He was an Equatorial Guinean politician of Fang ethnicity, the first head of state of Equatorial Guinea.

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APPOINTMENT OF JUAN CARLOS DE BORBÓN AS FRANCO'S SUCCESSOR (1969)

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APPOINTMENT OF JUAN CARLOS DE BORBÓN AS FRANCO'S SUCCESSOR (1969)

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In 1969, Francisco Franco appointed Juan Carlos de Borbón as his official successor, choosing him to be the future king of Spain. Juan Carlos, grandson of the last Spanish king, Alfonso XIII, was groomed to restore the monarchy after Franco's death. Franco hoped Juan Carlos would continue his authoritarian regime, but after taking the throne in 1975, Juan Carlos played a key role in Spain's transition to democracy, moving away from Franco's dictatorship.

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He was born on January 5, 1938 and died on June 19, 2014 at the age of 87.

He was the king of Spain

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The Burgos Trial (1970) was a military tribunal held in Burgos, Spain, where 16 members of the Basque separatist group ETA were tried for their involvement in the killing of several police officers. The trial led to death sentences for some of the defendants, which sparked protests and international condemnation. Although the sentences were later commuted, the trial highlighted the growing tension between the Francoist regime and regional separatist movements, particularly in the Basque Country. The event also drew attention to the authoritarian nature of Franco's rule in the final years of his dictatorship.

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The Assembly of Catalonia (1971) was a key event in the Catalan resistance to Franco’s dictatorship. It was a political and cultural initiative aimed at uniting opposition forces in Catalonia to demand greater autonomy and political freedoms. The assembly brought together various Catalan political groups, unions, and intellectuals, despite the regime's repression. It played a significant role in the Catalan nationalist movement and contributed to the growing calls for democratization in Spain.

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CARRERO BLANCO APPOINTED PRESIDENT OF GOVERNMENT(1973)

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CARRERO BLANCO APPOINTED PRESIDENT OF GOVERNMENT(1973)

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In 1973, Luis Carrero Blanco was appointed President of the Government by Francisco Franco. Carrero Blanco, who was a close confidant of Franco and a key figure in his regime, was expected to continue Franco’s authoritarian rule after his death. He was seen as the heir apparent to Franco's dictatorship.

However, Carrero Blanco’s tenure was short-lived. On December 20, 1973, he was assassinated by the Basque separatist group ETA in a bombing. His death marked a significant turning point, leading to a crisis within Franco's regime and accelerating Spain's transition towards democracy after Franco's eventual death in 1975.

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The murder of Luis Carrero Blanco on December 20, 1973, was a pivotal event in Spanish history. Carrero Blanco, who was appointed President of the Government by Franco in 1973, was considered the likely successor to Franco's dictatorship. He was assassinated by ETA, the Basque separatist group, in a highly coordinated attack in Madrid.

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He was born on March 4, 1904 and died on December 20, 1973.

He was a soldier in the armed forces of Spain, where he was defeated by General Franco and a staunch Catholic, anti-communist, anti-Mazo whom he attacked in works published under the pseudonym of Juan de la Costa

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CARLOS AIRAS NAVERRO, NEW PRESIDENT (1973)

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CARLOS AIRAS NAVERRO, NEW PRESIDENT (1973)

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In 1973, Carlos Arias Navarro was appointed Prime Minister of Spain after the assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco. A conservative figure within Franco’s regime, Arias Navarro was tasked with stabilizing the government during a period of rising tension and repression, particularly against ETA. While his time in office was marked by continued authoritarianism, he played a role in the early stages of Spain's transition to democracy after Franco's death. Later, he became the first prime minister of Spain in the post-Franco era.

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He was born on December 11, 1908 and died on November 27, 1989.

He Was a Spanish politician, president of Spain between 1973 and 1976.

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EXECUTION OF SALVADOR PUIG ANTICH (1974)

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EXECUTION OF SALVADOR PUIG ANTICH (1974)

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The execution of Salvador Puig Antich took place on March 2, 1974. He was a Catalan anarchist and a member of the militant group Movimiento Ibérico de Liberación (MIL). Puig Antich was arrested for his involvement in a police officer's death during a robbery in 1973. Despite international protests, he was executed by garrote (a method of execution used by Franco's regime) in Barcelona, making him one of the last people to be executed under Franco's dictatorship. His death became a symbol of opposition to the authoritarian regime and fueled anti-Franco sentiments in Spain.

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He was born on May 30, 1948 and died on March 20, 1974.

He was a Catalan anarchist and anti-fascist, fighter for the liberation of the working class, active during the sixties and the beginnings of the system.

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The Democratic Junta Program (1974) was a political manifesto created by a coalition of Spanish opposition groups during the later years of Franco’s dictatorship. The program aimed to establish democracy in Spain and replace the Francoist regime. It called for political reforms, the release of political prisoners, and the restoration of civil liberties.

The program was a significant step in the Spanish transition to democracy, marking a unified effort by various left-wing and center-left groups to bring about political change. Although the program did not lead to immediate results, it played a key role in mobilizing opposition to Franco’s rule, which ultimately contributed to Spain's democratic transition after Franco's death in 1975.

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The death of Francisco Franco on November 20, 1975, marked the end of his nearly 40-year dictatorship in Spain. Franco, who had ruled since his victory in the Spanish Civil War (1939), passed away from natural causes after a prolonged illness.

His death led to the transition to democracy, a process that was initiated by King Juan Carlos I, whom Franco had appointed as his successor. Contrary to expectations that Juan Carlos would continue Franco’s authoritarian regime, the king played a pivotal role in leading Spain towards a constitutional monarchy and democratic reforms.

Following Franco’s death, Spain began a series of political changes, including the 1977 democratic elections, the drafting of a new constitution in 1978, and the establishment of greater regional autonomy. The transition was marked by peaceful reforms and the dismantling of the repressive structures of the Francoist state.

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THE DECOLONIZATION OF WESTERN SAHARA(1975)

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THE DECOLONIZATION OF WESTERN SAHARA(1975)

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The decolonization of Western Sahara in 1975 occurred when Spain withdrew from its former colony following pressure from both Morocco and Mauritania, as well as the international community. This led to the Green March, a mass demonstration organized by Morocco, where thousands of Moroccans entered Western Sahara to claim the territory.

Spain had administered Western Sahara since 1884, but in the 1970s, as decolonization movements gained momentum, it decided to leave. The Madrid Accords were signed in 1975, dividing the territory between Morocco and Mauritania. However, the Saharawi people, led by the Polisario Front, continued to fight for independence, leading to a prolonged conflict.

The decolonization of Western Sahara remains a contentious issue, with Morocco asserting control over the region, while the Polisario Front seeks independence for the Sahrawi people.

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PROCLAMATION OF JUAN CARLOS I AS KING (1975)

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PROCLAMATION OF JUAN CARLOS I AS KING (1975)

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On November 22, 1975, Juan Carlos I was proclaimed King of Spain following the death of Francisco Franco. Appointed by Franco as his successor, Juan Carlos surprised many by supporting Spain's transition to democracy, rather than continuing the authoritarian regime. His leadership played a crucial role in dismantling the Francoist system and establishing a constitutional monarchy. Juan Carlos I's reign marked the beginning of Spain's move toward political freedom, democracy, and modernization.

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The Law for Political Reform (1976) was a key piece of legislation that laid the foundation for Spain’s transition to democracy after Franco's death. Approved by the Spanish Cortes (parliament) and ratified by King Juan Carlos I, the law effectively dismantled the Francoist political system and allowed for the establishment of a multi-party democracy.

It called for free elections, the legalization of political parties, and the creation of a new constitution. The law was crucial in enabling Spain to move away from dictatorship and toward a constitutional monarchy, leading to the 1977 elections and the drafting of the 1978 Constitution.

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The Referendum on the Political Law (1977) was a key moment in Spain’s transition to democracy. On December 15, 1976, King Juan Carlos I called for a national referendum to approve the Political Reform Law, which had been passed the previous year. The law was crucial in dismantling the Francoist regime and moving toward a democratic system.

In the referendum, a large majority of Spanish voters supported the law, which paved the way for general elections in 1977 and the legalization of political parties. This referendum was a key step in Spain’s democratic transition and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

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The first democratic elections in Spain after Franco’s dictatorship were held on June 15, 1977. These elections marked a significant turning point in Spain’s transition to democracy. Political parties, including those previously banned under Franco, were legalized, and a wide range of candidates participated.

The elections resulted in a victory for the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD), led by Adolfo Suárez, who became the prime minister. The elections laid the groundwork for the drafting of a new democratic constitution in 1978 and were crucial in consolidating Spain’s transition from an authoritarian regime to a constitutional monarchy.

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The Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) was a center-right political party in Spain founded in 1977 during the country’s transition to democracy. Led by Adolfo Suárez, the UCD played a key role in Spain's shift from Franco’s dictatorship to a democratic system. The party won the 1977 general elections and formed the first democratic government in Spain since the Spanish Civil War. The UCD helped steer the country through the drafting of the 1978 Constitution, though it later faced internal divisions and declined in popularity during the early 1980s.

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He was born on September 25, 1932 and died on March 23, 2014.

He was a Spanish political lawyer, he was president of the government of Spain and a relevant figure granted in 1981 the Duchy of Suárez, with greatness of Spain, and he was also a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece.

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REESTABLISHMENT OF GENERALITAT OF CATALONIAN (1977)

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REESTABLISHMENT OF GENERALITAT OF CATALONIAN (1977)

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The re-establishment of the Generalitat of Catalonia in 1977 marked a significant moment in Spain's transition to democracy. After the death of Franco and the end of his authoritarian regime, Catalonia regained its autonomy. The Generalitat, the historic governing body of Catalonia, had been dissolved under Franco’s rule. In 1977, following the legalization of political parties and the approval of the Political Reform Law, the Generalitat was re-established, and Josep Tarradellas was appointed as its president. This was a key step in the process of regional autonomy and the decentralization of power in Spain, setting the stage for the eventual Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia in 1979.

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He was born on January 19, 1899 and died on June 10, 1988. He was a Catalan politician, president of the Generalitat of Catalonia in exile during the Franco dictatorship from 1954 until the restoration of the Generalitat in 1980

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The Moncloa Pacts were a series of agreements reached in October 1977 between the Spanish government, political parties, trade unions, and employers’ organizations. They aimed to stabilize Spain’s transition to democracy after Franco's death and addressed key issues such as economic reforms, labor relations, and political reconciliation.

The pacts were named after the Moncloa Palace, where the negotiations took place, and were led by Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez. The agreements helped to manage the economic crisis, curb inflation, and promote social peace during a period of significant political and social change. The Moncloa Pacts played a crucial role in the smooth transition to democracy and the consolidation of Spain’s democratic institutions.

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The Amnesty Law (1977) was a pivotal law passed in Spain after Franco's death as part of the country’s transition to democracy. It granted amnesty to those involved in political crimes committed during the Francoist regime, including both opposition figures and members of the regime. The law aimed to promote national reconciliation and help heal the divisions caused by the Spanish Civil War and the dictatorship.

The amnesty facilitated the release of political prisoners, the return of exiled individuals, and the legalization of political parties. While controversial, the law played a crucial role in enabling a peaceful transition to democracy and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

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APPROVAL OF THE SPANISH CONSTITUTION (1978)

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APPROVAL OF THE SPANISH CONSTITUTION (1978)

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The approval of the Spanish Constitution (1978) was a key milestone in Spain’s transition to democracy. After Franco's death in 1975, Spain moved toward establishing a democratic political system. The Constitution of 1978 was drafted by a constitutional assembly, with representatives from various political parties, and was approved by the Spanish Parliament on December 6, 1978.

The Constitution established Spain as a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy, recognizing civil liberties, regional autonomy, and human rights. It marked the official end of the Francoist regime and the beginning of a new era of democracy, political pluralism, and decentralization of power to regional governments. The Constitution was later ratified by a national referendum, solidifying its legitimacy.

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APPROVAL OF THE STATUTE OF AUTONOMY OF CATALONIA (1979)

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APPROVAL OF THE STATUTE OF AUTONOMY OF CATALONIA (1979)

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The approval of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia (1979) was a significant step in recognizing Catalonia's autonomy within Spain after the end of Franco’s dictatorship. The Statute was a key part of the decentralization process established by the Spanish Constitution of 1978, granting Catalonia its own regional government (Generalitat) and official recognition of its distinct culture, language, and identity.

The Statute was approved by the Catalan Parliament and ratified by a national referendum in 1979, formalizing Catalonia's self-government. This marked the beginning of a new era of regional autonomy in Spain, laying the groundwork for the expansion of self-rule to other regions under the new democratic framework.

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Operation Galatia (1979) was a Spanish military operation aimed at combatting terrorism and neutralizing separatist groups in the Basque Country. It was part of the broader efforts by the Spanish government to control the escalating violence from ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna), a Basque separatist organization that had been responsible for numerous attacks during the Franco regime and after.

The operation focused on counterterrorism measures, including intelligence gathering, raids, and arrests, to weaken ETA’s operations. The operation was conducted in a period of growing tension, as Spain was transitioning to democracy and grappling with the ongoing terrorist threat from ETA and other militant groups.

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FIRST ELECTION TO THE PARLIAMENT OF CATALONIA (1980)

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FIRST ELECTION TO THE PARLIAMENT OF CATALONIA (1980)

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The first election to the Parliament of Catalonia took place on March 20, 1980. This election marked the first democratic election for the regional parliament since the end of Franco’s dictatorship and the approval of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia in 1979.

The election was a significant step in the decentralization of power in Spain, as it allowed Catalonia to exercise greater self-government. The Convergence and Union (CiU) coalition, led by Jordi Pujol, won the majority of seats, and Pujol became the President of the Generalitat. This marked the beginning of a new era of regional autonomy and political stability for Catalonia.