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Short term memory is a component of memory that holds a small amount of information in an active, readily available state for a brief period of time.

It is referred to as the brain’s “working space,” which helps with skills like reasoning and language comprehension. Information that is not repeatedly rehearsed or processed can quickly be forgotten.

Key aspects:

1. Limited duration: weak storage, distraction can often lose information or over time.

2. Encoding: information is often store through sound for short-term memory.

3. Limited capacity: can hold up to 7 items at a time.

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Long-term memory is the ability to store and recall information over a long period of time, from days to years.

These memories are retrieved from short term memory. Two types are procedural (memory learned through practice) and declarative (memory learned through various facts).

Types:

Explicit: knowing that

Implicit: knowing how

Long term memory is like the hard drive of the brain. The capacity can be unlimited.

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Working memory involves not just storing, but also manipulating and processing information. It is the brain’s “workspace” for cognitive tasks, such as problem-solving, reasoning, and comprehension.

Working memory and short term memory are not the same but closely related. It is more complex.

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Sensory memory holds sensory information for very brief periods of time, usually a second or less. The processing of memories and other information begins in this type of memory.

helps an individual piece together a sense of the world based on recent sights, sounds, and other sensory experiences. Once this memory becomes relevant, it then moves to the other type of memory. If this memory is not noticeable, it can easily be forgotten.

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Memories are a biological process. When learning new material, connections between the neurons are formed in the brain. Circuits are formed between each nerve cells which helps to rewire the brain. The brain encodes information which channels to the Hippocampus. It links it together and forms a new synapse. The hippocampus is selective with memory by prioritizing information used commonly. To store memory, it is sent to the cortex.

“memory” is not one single solid thing. It is types of recollections that are surprisingly distinct, and used constantly in different combinations

The more exposure to new things makes for a stronger brain cell while the less exposure weaken the the nerve connections.

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Retention: The ability to remember information over time.

This skill is important because it will show how much of what the students have learned that can be recalled after a long period of time.

Factors to learning:

Repetition (repeating learned materials)

Activating pior knowledge: linking pior learned information to help retain new materials.

Information that students can relate to can enhance retaining learned materials. This is crucial so students do not lose the learned information in the classroom.

Transfer: The ability to apply information (or skills) that have been learned to new material.

Factors to learning:

There are positive and negative transfers. Positive will improve learning while negative will interfere with learning new materials.

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Trauma can (and may) have lasting changes in these brain areas. Early trauma in a student has lasting effects on the brain, which interferes with certain parts of the brain. This will allow for low memory strength. This allows for changes in a circuit of brain areas, including hippocampus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex, that mediate alterations in memory (Bremnar, J). Trauma can affect neurons in the brain which can cause deficits in new learning. For example, individuals with PTSD can have weaken verbal declarative memory. Trauma will suppress a student's memory because of short and/or long-term memory stress. This includes remembering words, order of events, or processing routine behaviors.

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Memory development is very important for students especially since they are in a learning stage. With students having different level, educators should use various strategies to help student enhance effective memory.

Strategies that can help with memory would be:

1. Given directions visually and verbally.

2. word substitition

3. teacher prepared handouts (study guides) to students.

4. graphic organizers (to enhance reading)

5. notes in English and especially math class

6. assessments (do now, quizzes, tests, etc)

7. chunking information, repetition, read aloud

Using various strategies and differentiation can help with all learning styles in the classroom. It motivates students to be more engaged in the learning. The students will take responsibility of their learning to gain a deeper understanding of the content.

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1. Huizen, J. October 13, 2021. What to know about long-term memory and long-term memory loss

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/long-term-memory

2. Bremner JD. Traumatic stress: effects on the brain. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2006;8(4):445-61. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.4/jbremner. PMID: 17290802; PMCID: PMC3181836

3. Main, P (2022, January 04). Teaching and Learning Strategies: A classroom guide. Retrieved from https://www.structural-learning.com/post/teaching-and-learning-strategies-a-classroom-guide

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Long-term memory: Definition, loss, psychology, and more

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Long-term memories are memories stored over an extended period of time. These can be memories from an hour ago or from decades earlier. Learn more here.