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This is a family being separated as one of them was sold to a white plantation owners. 

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1619: Arrival of the first African slaves in Jamestown, Virginia (Anika Saikia) 

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1619: Arrival of the first African slaves in Jamestown, Virginia (Anika Saikia) 

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During late August 1619, twenty to thirty slaves had landed at Point Comfort, in present-day Hampton, Virginia. They were brought to the United States by boat, where many of them died, to be forced into slavery. People, especially plantation owners, thought slavery was the key to the development of the "New World."

At this time, slaves were not paid for the work that they did and were still treated as people of a much lower class. This was the beginning of the reason for the eventual Civil War.

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1776: Declaration of Independence (Olivia Seo) 

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1776: Declaration of Independence (Olivia Seo) 

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The Declaration of Independence, the founding document of the United States was approved by Congress on July 4, 1776. On July 2, 12 colonies voted to agree the independence from the British. Therefore, they announced the separation of 13 colonies from Britain at Philadelphia. The document was about how a human being should be able to exist freely without fear of torture or enslavement.

This document did not mention slavery being either illegal or legal, which caused further disagreement between the North and the South.

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1787: Constitutional Convention (Anika Saikia)

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1787: Constitutional Convention (Anika Saikia)

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The Constitutional Convention took place in Philadelphia in May of 1787. Delegates of the states met up to revise the Articles of Confederation, which was issued in 1777. They often argued about whether they should base the representations on the population, or equally decided. Eventually, the Constitution was ratified and was signed by all 38 delegates.

The Constitutional Convention created the Constitution, which was a pro-slavery document. It proclaimed slaves as 3/5 of a person when deciding voting rights. However, others believe it was anti-slavery because its language did not specifically accept slavery.

In later years, the South cited the Constitution to back up their opinion on slavery (for it). The Constitution caused a lot of controversy because its words weren't anti-slavery or pro-slavery. This further creates a divide between the two groups.

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1794: Slave Trade Act of 1794. (Kevin Kang) 

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1794: Slave Trade Act of 1794. (Kevin Kang) 

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After the Declaration of Independence, there were a lot of conflicts about finding people with cheap labor. They eventually came up with the idea of bringing people over from Africa and making them work without any labor. They eventually started doing the slave trade with other countries such as Britain. However, during the slave trade, there were endless revolts of slaves during the voyage, and also weak colonial control. This led to the passing of the Slave Trade Act of 1794. This banned people from trading slaves overseas or in other countries in the past. This led to people choosing to trade within their continent, which traded slaves with the people of the same country. This increased the conflict on the concern of whether it was right or wrong to use slaves on plantations for their good.

The Slave Trade Act of 1794 forbade the transportation of slaves outside of the United States. The South liked this act because it allowed them to keep their slaves, however, the North didn't like it. This caused a further divide between the two parts of the United States.

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1798: Kentucky and Virginia Resolution (Olivia Seo)

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1798: Kentucky and Virginia Resolution (Olivia Seo)

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The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were responses to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, which were seen as unconstitutional by many. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Kentucky Resolution, and James Madison wrote the Virginia Resolution. Both documents argued that states had the right to cancel out federal laws when they were considered unconstitutional. They laid the groundwork for the concept of states' rights and the ongoing debate over the balance of power between the federal government and the states.

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions did not directly address slavery, but they did contribute to the tension that was built over the years before the Civil War. Since these documents were later used to defend slavery and work to make it legal, it was an important role in history.

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Frederick Douglass was born into a slave family, in a slave cabin in Cordova, Maryland. He was taught to read and write by the wife of the slave owner. In 1838, he escaped to the North. Once he had escaped, Douglass was fascinated by the idea of abolitionism and spoke at an abolitionist meeting in Massachusetts in 1841. While doing these acts, he left the United States due to slave hunters to England and Scotland. He then returned to the US in 1846. In 1848, he attended the women's rights meetings in Seneca Falls.

Douglass didn't support Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, because it eventually started the Civil War. During it, he met with President Abraham Lincoln to help improve the living conditions for African American soldiers. He worked tirelessly to promote abolitionism and wanted one of the outcomes of the war to emancipate the slaves.

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- This is map show that has Missouri Compromise line

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1820: Missouri Compromise (Dorothy Hwang) 

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1820: Missouri Compromise (Dorothy Hwang) 

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The Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to become a slave state and Maine to become a free state. They also drew a line to show where slavery was allowed and where it was not allowed in the new lands out west. The line was an imaginary line on the map at 36°30. The North and the South were divided because some people thought slavery was needed in some places, but others did not. This led to the start of the Civil War because it started the separation between the North and the South.

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1831: Nat Turner's Rebellion (Dorothy Hwang) 

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1831: Nat Turner's Rebellion (Dorothy Hwang) 

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Nat Turner was an African American slave who led the uprising of enslaved people in 1831. Turner thought God picked him to lead the rebellion. Turner led 60 people to fight white enslavers. Turner and his followers killed about 60 white people, they mostly killed women and kids in Virginia. He killed white people because Turner thought that violence would show white people how bad slavery was.

In the end, he was caught by the soldiers. He was later hanged and skinned on November 11th in Jerusalem, Virginia. This punishment spread fear in Virginia which spread to the rest of the South. This fear was what caused conflict, which eventually built up to cause the Civil War.

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1837: Illinois Mob Kills Elijah P. Lovejoy. (Luna Kim) 

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1837: Illinois Mob Kills Elijah P. Lovejoy. (Luna Kim) 

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Elijah Parish Lovejoy was an American minister, journalist, newspaper editor, and abolitionist. Through his newspaper, he appealed to his feelings and ideas toward slavery. Angry whites invaded his newspaper office and wrecked his presses three times. Every time he was attacked by the whites, he fixed the damage and never stopped spreading the idea of abolitionism. Unfortunately, on his fourth attack, his building was set on fire. When Lovejoy comes out of the blazing building, someone shoots him and he is killed.

Through his sacrifice for his support for abolitionism, he gave hope to people to continue to fight for their ideas. Not only that, but this led to anger in the North which eventually divided the North and the South and led to the Civil War.

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1846: The Mexican-American War Begins (Dorothy Hwang) 

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1846: The Mexican-American War Begins (Dorothy Hwang) 

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May 13, 1846, In Fort Texas, A group of Mexican soldiers attacked a bunch of American soldiers led by General Zachary Taylor. The Mexican-American war started because Texas joined U.S. which Mexico didn't like. On top of that, they disagreed on where their border would be.

When the war started, lots of people from both sides joined the army. Approximately, 25,000 Mexican soldiers died in this war and 15,000 American soldiers died. People in the North and South had hard times because their homes and lives were affected by the war. Also, kids feel scared and they need to leave their homes. They had shortage of foods and some children lost their parents.

The Mexican-American War caused a big fight between the North and the South about whether to allow slavery in new territories. This disagreement made even greater dispute which was another factor that caused the Civil War.

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Prospectors working California gold placer deposit in 1850 

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In 1848, Countless amounts of gold was found at Sutter's Mill. This was the beginning of the California Gold Rush. People from all over the world rushed to California in search of wealth. They used simple methods to mine gold at first, but later they had to use more advanced techniques. The Gold Rush caused problems for the native people who lived there. California's economy grew quickly because of the Gold Rush. Many different kinds of people came to California, making it a diverse place. The Gold Rush helped California become a state in 1850. It also helped the whole country because it provided a lot of gold. But mining did cause adverse effects on the environment such as pollution. Until now, people see the Gold Rush as a time of excitement and opportunity in American history. Overall, the California Gold Rush was an important time when people found new opportunities and changed the course of history.

The gold rush, which made California state, was what also caused a problem. It enrolled to become a state in 1848 but had to wait until 1850. It was the only state admitted since it joined the Union as a free state. It had to wait until another slave state decided to join the Union to maintain a balance in the Congress which was proposed through the Compromise of 1850. People of the South and North disagreed with this decision, and further division was created.

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During the 1850s, disputes over slavery between the North and the South were severe. To solve this crisis Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky planned out the Compromise of 1850. On the contrary, the full compromise failed to pass. Therefore, it had to split into individual bills to be passed.

The Compromise admitted California as a free state, allowed Utah and New Mexico to choose for themselves whether to become a slave state or free state, and abolished it. slave trade in Washington D.C. Most importantly, it passed the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Both the Northerners and Southerners were upset about the compromise because it allowed states to choose whether to belong to a slave state or a free state, creating fears of losing sides every time a new state joined. The Compromise was successful in the beginning, but it was very temporary. As time went by, citizens were getting divided and the nation was splitting apart.

The Compromise of 1850 failed to keep a balance between slave states and free states. Therefore, it can be said that the Compromise of 1850 was one of the main factors that failed to settle the tension between the North and the South and led to the Civil War.

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The Fugitive Slave Act was a law that was passed by Congress that required slaves to be returned to their owners, although they were in free states. Not only that, but this act led the government to find and return the runaway slaves to their original owners.

In 1793, the First Fugitive Slave Act was enforced but the South demanded even more effective enforcement which allowed Congress to pass out the Second Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Punishments were given to those who refused to enforce the law and those who helped slaves to escape.

Due to this, the dispute between the North and South became even more severe which caused the split between the North and South.

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1852: Uncle Tom's Cabin Published (Luna Kim) 

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1852: Uncle Tom's Cabin Published (Luna Kim) 

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A book, "Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly" by Harriet Beecher Stowe was published in 1852. This book illustrates the story of Uncle Tom, an enslaved person. This focused on the hardships the slaves had to go through and the injustice of society. The author, Harriet Beecher Stowe herself believed in abolition which led her to write this book and spread her ideas and wrongdoings. It was published just a decade before the Civil War broke out. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" widened the separation between the North and the South which led to the Civil War.

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In 1854, Stephen Douglas issued a bill called the Kansas-Nebraska act. This bill proposed the concept of popular sovereignty. Popular sovereignty is the idea that the government should be influenced and listen to the people. This also included the state's will to allow or ban slavery. Douglas wanted to build a route that would go through Chicago and Nebraska Territory. On the contrary, Southern people opposed to Douglas's bill. At that period of time, the Missouri Compromise had such a strong influence in the South and North. To pass this bill, Douglas changed his bill and created 2 territories Nebraska and Kansas. He allowed each territory to allow slavery or not in their area. At last, his bill was passed.

This act further led to an uprising called the Bleeding Kansas and caused greater divisions between the North and the South which eventually caused the Civil War.

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Bleeding Kansas is a name of the series of violent civil confrontations in the Kansas Territory given by various newspaper outlets. Pro-slavery, free-staters, and abolitionists all occupied this territory, and violence immediately broke out because of these opposing viewpoints.

The widely presumed "first event" of Bleeding Kansas was the Sack of Lawrence, which is when a pro-slavery group raided the town of Lawrence and caused massive havoc. This attack reached the U.S. Senate when Charles Sumner was beaten with a cane by U.S. Representative Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina. This violence deepened the divide on slavery between the North and South.

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Dred Scott was an African American and he was sold through various owners. During that process, he married his wife, Harriet Robinson. Harriet soon became the slave of Dr. John Emerson who was the owner of Scott. Emerson and Scott's family moved to Iowa which was a free state. Emerson died and Scott's family became the property of Emerson's wife, Irene. Although Scott tried to earn freedom from Irene, he failed.

In April 1846, Dred and Harriet filed lawsuits for freedom. They stated that any person who was taken to a free territory became free. Dred and Harriet had lived in a free state, they must have been freed. Although they lost in the first trial, in the second trial in January 1850, they won their freedom.

However, in 1852, Irene appealed the case and made Dred Scott and his family became enslaved again. After that, Scott tried countless times to fight for his freedom but lost every time. Irene had soon married her second husband, Chaffee who was a congressman and abolitionist. He was mad at how his wife didn't free Dred Scott, the most infamous slave of all time. Therefore, he sold Scott to Taylor Bow. In 1857, on May 26, Taylor Bow freed Scott and his family. Unfortunately, Scott died the year after he was freed. The Dred Scott Decision outraged the abolitionists and grew a further divide between the North and the South.

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1856: The Pottawatomie Massacre (Luna Kim) 

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1856: The Pottawatomie Massacre (Luna Kim) 

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On the night of May 24, 1856, John Brown, his sons, and other abolitionist settlers killed pro-slavery men in Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas. He was outraged with the attack on Charles Sumner and he sought for a revenge towards the pople. This event marked the beginning of the Bleeding Kansas. As a consequence of this murder, John Brown was hanged on December 2, 1859, the first person executed for treason against a U.S. state in the history of the U.S.

The Pottawatomie Massacre created fear and the will of revenge within the North and South. This event was another important contribution to the start of the Civil War.

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1858: Lincoln- Douglas Debate (Dorothy Hwang) 

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1858: Lincoln- Douglas Debate (Dorothy Hwang) 

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Abraham Lincoln, a Republican, and Stephen Douglas, a Democrat, had seven big talks about whether slavery should spread to new states. Douglass was an excellent speaker. He stated he wanted everyone to be equal, no matter their skin color. He also said Lincoln wanted to break up the country. However Lincoln disagreed. He disagreed with slavery spreading because slavery is unethical. He didn't want slavery in new states, so he spoke against Douglas. Douglas said each state should decide for themselves to become a slave state or a free state. Many citizens listen to their debate. As a result, Douglas won the debate. On the contrary, Lincoln won the presidential election which made Lincoln the true winner of the debate.

Lincoln and Douglas argued about slavery. These debates made people in the North to be against slavery. This was another factor that caused the separation of the North and South which later led to the Civil War.

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1859: John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry (Kevin Kang) 

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1859: John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry (Kevin Kang) 

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In 1858, John Brown, a prominent leader of the abolitionist movement, was staying in Frederick Douglass's house in Rochester. He was planning a slave revolt in the South. When 1859 arrived, John Brown had recruited eighteen men, thirteen whites, and 5 blacks. John Brown had planned to raid a US arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia, to encourage the slave revolt in the South. They came out from their farm-house hide-out, on the night of October 16th, 1859. By the time they had arrived at Harper's Ferry, it was the early hours of October 17th. They burst in captured permitted citizens and seized the gun storage. Fighting broke out with the murder of sixteen men, including 10 of Brown's men. The remaining of his men, Brown, was found guilty on November 2nd, 1859. There was an execution of 10 of Brown's followers, 2 of Brown's sons, and himself on December 2nd, 1859. This action made any further negotiations between the South and the North nearly impossible, leading them to take the Civil War a step closer.

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1860: Election of Abraham Lincoln (Luna Kim) 

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1860: Election of Abraham Lincoln (Luna Kim) 

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The 1860 U.S. presidential election was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860. Abraham Lincoln was elected president in this election. He was a Republican who got 1,865,908 of the popular vote, a percentage of 39.8% of the population. In his Inaugural Address, he spoke to the seceding states. He said that he could not allow secession and "the Union of these States is everlasting."

He pleaded with the South: "In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being the yourselves the aggressors....... We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection."

His appeal favored many Northerners but the Southerners did not favor him by the fact that he was trying to abolish slavery. This later led to the fear of the South which led them to secede from the Union and later lead to the Civil War.

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1860: South Carolina Declaration of Succession (Daisy Doh) 

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1860: South Carolina Declaration of Succession (Daisy Doh) 

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In 1860, Abraham Lincoln won the presidential election. Abraham wanted to abolish slavery and the southern states were concerned that the Republican government would abolish slavery. They were afraid that abolishing slavery would cause a huge decrease in the Southern economy. In order to persevere in their way of life, on December 20, 1860, Francis Wilkinson Pickens, the governor of South Carolina called for a convention. The delegates voted to remove the state of South Carolina from the Union. They became the first state to secede from the Union. This opened up more eyes of southern states to join South Carolina and secede from the Union. The South Carolina Succession sparked the Civil War.

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1861: Bombardment of Fort Sumter (Kevin Kang) 

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1861: Bombardment of Fort Sumter (Kevin Kang) 

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The day after Lincoln took office, he received a message from the commander of Fort Sumter, a US fort on an island guarding the Charleston Harbor. The message that got sent was a notice of the low on supplies and the confederates demanded their surrender.

In response to the notice, Lincoln sent unarmed troops just to bring over supplies. However, before the unarmed reached them, the Confederates opened fire on April 12, 1861. Fighting broke out between the two sides, and the Union eventually surrendered on April 4th. Despite the heavy bombardment, no one died. But this action marked the start of the Civil War which lasted in many deaths and losses of life.

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1861: The Formation of the Confederacy (Anika Saikia) 

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1861: The Formation of the Confederacy (Anika Saikia) 

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On February 4th, 1861 representatives from South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana met in Montgomery, Alabama to discuss the formation of the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis was the first and only president of the Confederate States of America.

This decision happened after the attack on Fort Sumter, which the Confederate States won. This win encouraged some other states, which were unsure of whether or not to join to make their decision. Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee were the four states, which seceded after the battle.

This succession caused there to be two opposing sides, the Confederate (pro-slavery) and the Union (anti-slavery). These two opposing sides fought against each other and thus was the beginning of the Civil War.