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3: The Don Carlos

The Don Carlos ship arrived in Jamaica on 1701, March,22.

Britain colonized Jamaica in 1655 and was fully controlled by the British government from 1866. They mainly grew sugarcane there. Many times, enslaved people rebelled against the British rulers during this time. We are not sure about how many slaves were there in Jamaica during the 18th century however during the 19th century the slave trade was abolished, and in 1807 almost 2milion slaves were heading to Jamaica with thousands dying on slave ships in the ferocious middle passage between West African and the Caribbean. Most Jamaican slaves are originally from, Nigeria, Ghana, and central Africa. A lot of African slaves suffered a lot of harm in Jamaica such as, due to the bad environment, overwork, and hunger. The life expectancy of African slaves was 7 years. This also includes the torture that they had.

GDP per capita of Jamaica: $9,597

“The History of Jamaica.” Jamaica Information Service, jis.gov.jm/information/jamaican-history/. Accessed 26 Mar. 2024.

Https://Www.Britannica.Com/Place/Jamaica/History.

“Slavery in Jamaica, Records from a Family of Slave Owners, 1686-1860.” British Online Archives, microform.digital/boa/collections/14/slavery-in-jamaica-records-from-a-family-of-slave-owners-1686-1860. Accessed 27 Mar. 2024.

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2: The Don Carlos

At 1701, 01,1 the Don Carlos arrived at Angola

In the 18th century, the conflict between the Portuguese empire, other European powers, and several African tribes, gradually gave way to trade. The great trade routes and the agreements that made them possible were the driving force for activities between the different areas, warlike tribal states became states ready to produce and sell.

GDP per capita: $5,909

“History of Angola.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/place/Angola/History. Accessed 26 Mar. 2024.

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1: The Don Carlos

Due to slavery in the 18th century, the United Kingdom found that slaveholding was less farming, closer to cotton mills, and had more property wealth. The slave trade also impacts the geography of economic development such as guaranteeing huge profits and substances for the businessman. After 1750 they also developed Britain's Industrial Revolution.

From the 17th century to the 19th Century, British perspectives on slaves were chattels. This means they treated slaves as nonhuman and thought they had to work until they passed away because it was cheaper to buy new slaves than to keep one alive. Through being seen as nonhuman, many enslaved women were sexually abused. However due to the slavery abolition act of 1833, on the 1st of August 1834, all slaves in the British Empire were free, but, they were enslaved to their former owners in a novitiate system which means, they were gradually abolition. 7 years later, on August 1st, 1840 finally, every slave was independent from getting enslaved by British Empire. However, there is a really interesting story that in 1840 most of the countries that were colonized by the British were free but not India until 1843

GDP: $44,979 by Our World in Data.

“Voyage Information.” Slave Voyages, www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/20207/variables. Accessed 27 Mar. 2024.

“Slavery Abolition Act.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., www.britannica.com/topic/Slavery-Abolition-Act. Accessed 26 Mar. 2024.

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GDP PER CAPITA OF COUNTRY: 44,979 USD

The Wanderer's leaving port during the voyage of 1858, and it was going to begin its first and last journey before being seized.

US was going through a Civil War, which made that slave trade illegal. This is actually one of the reasons the ship set sail, which was to get one more set of slaves.

Voyage began in 1858-06-18

SHIP:

The man who bought the ship was Charles Augustus Lafayette Lamar, who is a somewhat well know individual for illegal slave trade.

-Tonnage

235 tons

-Captains

Corrie, William G.
Farnum, Charles Egbert
Brown, Nicholas

Taken from Slave Voyages

“Voyage Information.” Slave Voyages, www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/4974/variables. Accessed 28 Mar. 2024.

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Congo River, Republic of the Congo - VITOR MOURAO

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Congo River, Republic of the Congo - VITOR MOURAO

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GDP OF COUNTRY: 3,234 USD

The Wanderer got its slaves during the voyage of 1858 somewhere in the Congo River.

There is no clear port where the ship Wanderer landed, though we do know it is on the river itself. This place was often used to get slaves, so no wonder they chose it.

The physique, complexion, and age varied greatly (heir offspring.

"From what I have seen of the negroes of the Wanderer and have heard of others, I am convinced that some of them were not nearly so black as some negroes born in this country, while others were, the complexion varying from black to dark brown, depending perhaps on the tribe to which they belonged, though variations occurred to some extent among the different members of the same tribe" Page 619 to 620

The country is now poor and not doing so great because the slave trade sucked up a lot of manpower and wealth.

A few years later colonization by Belgium began.

Characteristics of slaves taken from:

Montgomery, Charles J. “Survivors from the Cargo of the Negro Slave Yacht Wanderer.” American Anthropologist, vol. 10, no. 4, 1908, pp. 611–23. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/659691. Accessed 26 Mar. 2024.

General information from Britannica

Sautter, Gilles François and Pourtier, Roland. "Congo River". Encyclopedia Britannica, 19 Feb. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/place/Congo-River. Accessed 26 March 2024.

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Somewhere in Georgia, USA - VITOR MOURAO

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Somewhere in Georgia, USA - VITOR MOURAO

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GDP PER CAPITA OF COUNTRY: 44,979 USD

Where the Wanderer dropped off its slaves (1858-11-28) and was caught, where it was captured by US authorities due to the illegal nature of the slave trade during the 19th Century.

The destination was Georgia, US, land of the peaches.

Apparently, they landed near a field of corn. They arrived there sick and immediately were forced to work. Page 620 of the book

On arrival in this country many were suffering from various

physical ailments, some of which were the natural result of the voyage. Intestinal affections, skin diseases, and to some extent scurvy seem to have been prevalent among them, the last named especially being doubtless due to the character of the diet on their ocean voyage."

This field of corn was one of the cash crops in Georgia, along with things like tobacco.

Georgia, and the US have a multi race population. There was even industrial scale plantation slavery.

407 slaves disembarked.

Information taken from the book:

Montgomery, Charles J. “Survivors from the Cargo of the Negro Slave Yacht Wanderer.” American Anthropologist, vol. 10, no. 4, 1908, pp. 611–23. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/659691. Accessed 26 Mar. 2024.

Also some location info from:

“Voyage Information.” Slave Voyages, www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/4974/variables. Accessed 26 Mar. 2024.

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17th Century Ship: The Brazil Frigate | By: Johnny

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17th Century Ship: The Brazil Frigate | By: Johnny

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The Brazil Frigate departed from London in 1658 and was owned by John and Edward Bushell who were brothers and was captained by Thomas Heath and only had an unknown number of voyages.

At the time, the country was ruled by a single king, Oliver Cromwell. They had a high incentive to gather resources by using slavery due to it being an efficient way to get lots of valuable products to sell.

Heavy machinery and technology that would assist in the cultivation of resources didn't exist yet, so slaves were the few options as to the cheap price and efficiency of the cost of slaves. Acording to "The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade" by the UK parliament, England made a cycle out of the slave trade, taking common resources or metals to Europe and purchasing slaves with them, which were then taken to Guyana to farm, and kept on plantations to work.

The leader, at least for part of 1658, was Oliver Cromwell, a king over britan, but he passed away during the time, but there were many politicians who were trying to get more powerful by abusing the slave trade. Britan benefited a lot from the slave trade, acruing many resources for the common-folk, and a large sum of money for the people who brought the commodities to them. This document also states "The same ships then returned to Britain carrying ‘slave grown’ produce, notably sugar, tobacco and cotton. These products were consumed in huge volumes in Britain. The slave trade benefited many parts of British life" describing how the slaves impacted the common European life, making sugar, tobacco, and cotton much more common for the average person.

The precise date this ship left is unclear, but it is known that it left sometime before August, departing for Angola.

GPD PER CAPITA: 44,979

This is a very high GDP, compared to the other countries involved with this ship shows the disparity and how each was affected by the slave trade.

References

Aug. 1, 1834: Britain passes slavery abolition act. (2023, February 13). Zinn Education Project. https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/britain-slavery-abolition-act/#:~:text=On%20August%201%2C%201834%2C%20Britain,inspiration%20and%20hope%20for%20abolitionists

GDP per capita. (n.d.). Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-per-capita-worldbank

The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. (n.d.). Uk parliament. https://heritagecollections.parliament.uk/stories/the-transatlantic-slave-trade/#:~:text=Parliament%20and%20the%20slave%20trade&text=Many%20politicians%20and%20others%20had,continued%20to%20make%20Britain%20wealthier

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17th Century Ship: The Brazil Frigate | By: Johnny

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17th Century Ship: The Brazil Frigate | By: Johnny

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The Brazil Frigate arrived in Angola in 1658 on an unknown date.

The main slave trading port was in Luanda. The operator of the slave trade is unknown.

In the 17th century, the west Africa region was undergoing a major change, many empires were forming, and they were forming with the help of European traders, people who exchanged goods while some of the emperors traded their own people. Metmuseum.org states that "Imported crops and technologies as well as new models of leadership promoted strong, centralized governments that subdued neighboring chiefdoms and regulated trade routes" which says that, to gain more power, they established trade routes with other countries, exchanging for goods and technology in the early 17th century.

GDP PER CAPITA: 5,909

despite Angolan emperors benefiting, angola does not have a very high GDP, the lowest out of all of these countries.

The Brazil Frigate left Angola in 1658 and headed towards Guyana next destination with 1378 slaves.

References

Authors: Alexander Ives Bortolot. (0001, January 1). Kingdoms of the Savanna: The luba and Lunda empires. The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/luba/hd_luba.htm

GDP per capita. (n.d.). Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-per-capita-worldbank

Voyage information. (n.d.). Slave Voyages. https://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/21570/variables

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17th Century Ship: The Brazil Frigate | By: Johnny

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17th Century Ship: The Brazil Frigate | By: Johnny

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The Brazil Frigate arrived in Guyana in August of 1658 with 1200 enslaved Africans. During their journey to , 137 of the enslaved Africans died mainly due to Natural conditions, which could have been purposefully killed by the ship's crew for the insurance. According to Document 2 "A Collection of Voyages and Travels" by Thomas Philips, The conditions of British ships were decent, he refers to their lodgings as "clean" and "sweet" but also goes to describe what the slaves had to endure, which was multiple diseases such as the white flux and smallpox. Thomas goes on to describe the latter s effect of the slaves as follows "so vulnerable to it that the few ships that carry them escape without it (...) But though we had 100 sick of it at a time."

At the time Guyana didn't have a leader or even a centralized government, which left it vulnerable for cultivation of natural resources by Europe. Here, slaves were used to cultivate natural resources that could be returned to the United Kingdom along with the slaves. Acording to "The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade" (UK Parliament), the United kingdom was involved with the slave trade due to the lucrative nature of it, which brought commodities like sugar, tobacco, and cotton to the united kingdom, which positively affected their economy, stating "Many politicians and others had business interests in the plantations, slave trading companies, and slave-produced commodities such as cotton and sugar".

GDP PER CAPITA: 21,925

This country has a much lower GDP compared to the UK, due to the fact that Britan had taken advantage of its natural resources to create a disparity.

References

Guyana (07/08). (n.d.). U.S. Department of State. https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/guyana/106945.htm

Philips, T. (n.d.). A Collection of Voyages and Travels. https://drive.google.com/file/d/15RYBoaJtRIVyxG9q8IEeY9XkVxm1UlhH/view

The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. (n.d.). Uk parliament. https://heritagecollections.parliament.uk/stories/the-transatlantic-slave-trade/#:~:text=Parliament%20and%20the%20slave%20trade&text=Many%20politicians%20and%20others%20had,continued%20to%20make%20Britain%20wealthier

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The most useful primary source was The University of Tennessee Database, created by The University of Tennessee, and updated on January 23 2024. This source was valuable for me to understand the slave trade in the americas because it has access to many other resources which contain very valuable content. However, this source had some limitations such as the origin, which is the lack of perspectives on the situation which then limits the information to purely how one side sees history. This caused me to look for other sources such as UK Parliament to help me find more information.

1. Acording to my research, there are many lasting effects of the slave trade, one of the most prominent being the GDP disparity in the countries, Britan having more GDP per capita than both of the other countries combined, showing the lasting impact of the slave trade.

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1. My most useful source was a book called "Survivors from the Cargo of the Negro Slave Yacht Wanderer," which was written by Charles J. Montgomery, on 1908. This source was useful because it is a direct showcase of what the slaves themselves went through, plus it came from JSTOR. However, I couldn't find anything on the author, and the source was written around 50 years since the ship set sail.

Essentially the content of the source sold it to me, and even though the origin of the author is unknown, he database (Jstor) is reliable.

This made me try get additional facts from Slave Voyages for my ship.

2. Even though my ship was the last known slave ship to anchor in the US after the slave import ban, it still shows the condition and treatment of slaves. For example, the slaves from the ship I researched were put to work even if they were sick.

The grand grand grand children of these slaves in great part live in poverty because it is just so difficult to get out of poverty into wealth.

Here is the source:

Montgomery, Charles J. “Survivors from the Cargo of the Negro Slave Yacht Wanderer.” American Anthropologist, vol. 10, no. 4, 1908, pp. 611–23. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/659691. Accessed 25 Mar. 2024.

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Jamaica Information created the most useful primary source. This source was valuable for me to understand the slave trade's impact on Jamaica and Angola. (Because It has great detail of timeline and great detailed background information However, this source had some limitations such as didn’t not describe the UK perspective or how it impacted on British industry development content. This caused me to look for other sources such as the Museum of London Dockland to help me find more information/ context of the British slavery perspective during the 18th century.