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Held that whether African Americans were enslaved or free, they couldn't be American citizens. So, they do not have the rights and protections of American citizens in federal courts.

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Prohibits the existance of slavery in the United States. This Amendment abolished slavery.

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After slavery was abolished by the 13th Amendment, Jim Crow Laws enforced segregation. Under the Jim Crow Laws, African Americans were denied equal rights.

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Guarantees equal protection for all American citizens. This made it illegal to deny any citizen equal protection under the law.

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Prohibits denying the right to vote to somebody based on their race. This Amendment gave African American men the right to vote.

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Ruled that segregation laws didn't violate the 14th Amendment. This established the 'Separate but equal' doctrine.

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De jure segregation is discriminatory separation of groups of people according to government enacted laws. Plessy v. Ferguson's ruling established that segregation was constitutional as long the facilities were equal.

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This affirmed 'birthright citizenship.' Wong Ark Kim's parents weren't citizens. However, it was ruled that since he was born in the United States he's a citizen.

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Prohibited denying somebody the right to vote based on their sex. This gave women the right to vote.

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Ruled that separating public school based on race was unconstitutional. This decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson.unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson and signaled the end of de jure segregation.

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Brown v. Board of Education(1954) marked the legal end of de jure segregation. So, there was a shift from legally mandated segregation to more subtle forms of segregation influenced by housing, employment, and education policies.

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This took place following the ruling of Brown v. Board of Education. In Little Rock, Arkansas, nine African American students, known as the 'Little Rock Nine,' faced violent mobs in attempts to desegregate Central High School.

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Prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, workplaces, and facilities that served the general public.

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Prohibits racial discrimination in voting. This act eliminated barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from their right to vote.

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Ruling that prohibiting interracial marriage was unconstitutional. Bans on interracial marriage in several states was banned

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Ruled that a state law that banned abortions was unconstitutional. This affirmed women's right to privacy, which includes the choice to have an abortion.

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Designed to give historically marginalized groups equal opportunities. This promotes diversity and inclusion in fields such as college admissions and hiring.

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Ruled that race can be a several factor in college admissions. However, colleges can't use strict racial quotas.

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Prohibits discrimination based on disability in employment, public accommodations, and various public and private services. This expanded civil rights protections to include disabled individuals.

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Ruled that same-sex couples have the right to marry in the United States. This ruling affirming the principle of equality under the 14th Amendment.