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Dred Scott had sued as he had been taken into a free state and should be technically "freed". The Supreme Court ruled that African Americans, enslaved or free, were not citizens of the US. They therefore had no rights guaranteed under the Constitution. This caused the tension over slavery in the US to erupt.

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The 13th Amendment was passed near the end of the Civil War, officially abolishing slavery in the United States. This changed the Constitution by clarifying that African Americans were included among the men mentioned to have rights. This amendment would pave the way for future civil rights advancements like the 14th Amendment.

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The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. It also laid out the foundation for equal protection under the laws. It explicitly protected every US citizen from their rights being violated by states.

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The 15th Amendment prohibited the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. This allowed African American men but not women to vote. This clarified in the constitution who were allowed to shape the US's future

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This Supreme Court decision established the 'separate but equal' doctrine, legitimizing state laws that enforced racial segregation. Kickstarted the Jim Crow Laws era. It would not be overturned until the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case.

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De Jure segregation was segregation that was legal and mandated. This was during the Jim Crow Laws which were justified by Plessy v. Ferguson where it was ruled that amenities could be "separate but equal" which allowed for legal racial segregation.

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The Jim Crow Laws were a set of laws passed that expressly mandated racial segregation in public areas of previous confederate states. Public education was also something that had become racially segregated during this era by the Jim Crow Laws, something that Brown v. Board of Education aimed to address.

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The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote, stating that the right to vote would not be denied in the US by account of sex. This helped clarify in the Constitution that they were referring to both men and women when stating all natural rights were protected.

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka overturned the 'separate but equal' doctrine, declaring racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. This was in response to the Jim Crow Laws and by extension De Jure Segregation.

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Like De Jure segregation but unlike it, the racial segregation was not legally mandated. This occurred even after Brown v. Board of education which outlawed racial segregation

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Initiated by Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her bus seat to a white passenger when demanded to. This boycott led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. marked a significant victory against segregation on public transportation and ignited the civil rights movement.

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Also popularly known as the Little Rock Nine, nine black students enrolled in a formerly all-white high school and were barred entry by the mayor even after Brown v. Board of Education. Catching massive media attention, this made the government help regulate desegregation even more

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1963: March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

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1963: March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

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Famously known for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech, the event brought together hundreds of thousands of people advocating for civil and economic rights for African Americans. It's credited with influencing the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

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This landmark legislation outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. This applied to discrimination-based hiring or firing.

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The Voting Rights Act eliminated various barriers to African American suffrage. Such barriers, such as literacy tests and poll taxes, were instated to limit African American voting despite amendments passed to allow voting.

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Affirmative action was signed in by Lyndon B. Johnson in an attempt to address unequal opportunities for people based on race and sex, especially in the workplace. It outlawed employment discrimination by large employers.

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The Stonewall Riots in New York City were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the LGBTQ+ community in response to a police raid. These riots are widely considered a catalyst for the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement in the United States.

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Roe v. Wade protected women's liberty to choose to have an abortion without excessive government restriction. This also expanded on US citizens' right to privacy due to the private nature of the decision for such medical procedures.

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This Supreme Court case ruled against fixed racial quotas. However, they also upheld the legality of affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admissions.

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The legislation prohibited discrimination based on disability and required public facilities to be accessible to people with disabilities. It significantly improved the quality of life for millions of Americans and advanced the cause of disability rights.