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TPCK是教育領域應用廣泛的科技化教學理論，而生生用平板是實施科技化教學，提煉TPCK智慧教學模式的理想環境，下面分別簡介TPCK架構、教師專業發展三層式鷹架和醍摩豆TPCK智慧教學支持系統，作為教師團隊提煉具有因材施教、差異化教學理念的智慧教學模式的參考。

一、TPCK架構簡介

PCK是Shulman1986年提出的架構，指出教師的學科知識和教學法不應被視為相互排斥的，他認為教師應該將這兩個知識領域結合起來。為此他引進了學科教學知識（pedagogical content knowledge, PCK）的概念，包括教學的知識和內容的知識（Wikipedia, 2016a）。2005年Koehler和 Mishra 依據Shulman的PCK概念，增加了科技的元素，成為了科技教學學科知識TPCK)(Technological pedagogical content knowledge)架構，如圖1。

美國教育委員會指出，科技知識(TK)指的是對科技在一個具體內容領域上的應用方式的理解。例如，對物理教師來說，它就是對於物理學家在科學與工業上上使用科技的範圍認知。在學校科技整合的背景下，科技知識普遍被認為是數位科技，像是筆記型電腦、網絡與應用軟體。學科知識(CK)可被定義為「在大學程度題材內的全面性基礎」或「對主題的深入探討」。它也可能包括知識、概念、理論、概念框架與有效開發知識的方法(引自 Wikipedia, 2016a)。

Harris 等和 Shulman 指出，教學知識(PK)包括關於學生學習、教學方法、考核方法及各種不同學習理論的廣泛知識。這些知識的單獨存在是必要的，但只靠它不足以達成教學目標，教師還需要學科知識才能滿足教學的需 求。教學學科知識(PCK)是關於如何有效率結合教學方式與學科知識的方法，它能讓一個主題更容易被學習者所理解(引自 Wikipedia, 2016a)。

Archambault 與 Crippe 提出教學學科知識(PCK)，包括如何讓一個主 題更難或更容易被學會，以及關於那些常被學生帶入課堂的誤解與先入為主的認知。 Niess 認為科技學科知識(TCK)是指如何運用科技創新教學的相關知識。例如，數位動畫讓學生能夠更加理解化學反應發生時電子與原子交互作用的過程。科技教學知識(TPK)指的是科技能做為不同教學方法的推動。例如：線上協作工具，能幫助位居不同地方的學習者之間的交流學習(引自 Wikipedia, 2016b)。

Schmidt 和 Archambault 等認為，科技教學學科知識(TPCK)指的是當運用科技進行教學與學習時，有關CK(學科知識)、PK(教學知識)與 TK(科技知識)之間相互影響的理解。包括學生與教師、學科、教學與科技之間的複雜關係的理解(引自 Wikipedia, 2016b)

二、教師專業發展三層式鷹架簡介

「 智慧教育之教師專業發展三層式鷹架 」(張奕華和吳權威，2015)，是應用智慧教室支持系統，輔助教師專業發展，創造系統性改變的鷹架。從傳統PCK框架 (Shulman, 1986)，加入了科技T元素，發展出了TPCK框架 (Mishra & Koehler, 2006)。教師專業發展三層式鷹架理念，加入了整合型的科技系統，結合教師專業發展的RICS模型，包括反思、探究、合作、分享模型 (Borthwick & Pierson,2008)，以及智慧課堂教師的DIA三種教學能力，包括教學展現力(Teaching Demonstration)、學習洞察力(Learning Insight)和課堂調和力(Lecture Adaptability)等，在智慧教室支持系統下，成為理想的教師專業發展鷹架，如圖2。

RICS模型是提煉TPC深度融合智慧教學模式，促進教師發展專業的基本功。在教師發展專業歷程中，要不斷進行反思 (科技如何改變教學與學習)、探究 (實務上結合科技的問題，透過行動研究活動來回答問題)、合作 (規劃合作時間、與指導老師、學習社群及學生合作) 和分享 (教師分享學習心得，提供其他教師想要改變的動力)等循環；簡言之，RICS是教師發展專業成為「智慧教師」的內功模型。TPCK模型是教師發展智慧教室創新教學模式(簡稱為智慧模式)，智慧教師應用新技術(T)、新教法(P)和新教材(C)，提煉高效能、可複製、會擴散的智慧模式。例如TBL團隊合作學習模式、PBL問題導向模式、一對一學習模式等，提煉基於現代教育理念的智慧模式。應用RICS+TPCK模型，提煉出智慧教學模式，就像智慧教師的劍術模型，可以不斷練習精進，如圖3。

DIA模型是應用TPCK智慧教學模式，創造智慧課堂的三項教學能力，也就是生動、互動、主動的教學展現力(Demonstration of teaching)，精確、精緻、精進的學習洞察力(Insight of Learning)，以及 適性、適量、適時的課堂調和力(Adaptability of lecture)。 DIA模型是智慧教師的實戰能力，是教師與學生共同成長的理想情境。上述之「生動」是指「創設生動的學習情境，引發學生的學習動機」，「互動」是指「建立師生之間相互連結、反饋的學習生態」，「主動」是指「激發學生主動探索、積極投入學習的心態」;「精確」是指「隨時精確地掌握學生的學習狀態」，「精致」是指「根據學習狀態精緻地安排教學活動」，「精進」是指「根據學習歷程信息精進教與學」；「適性」是指「設計符合學生性向的學習方式」，「適量」是指「給予適合學生能力的學習份量」，「適時」是指「安排的學習時機符合學生的發展階段」，如圖4。

三、醍摩豆TPCK智慧教學支持系統

醍摩豆(TEAM Model)系統，是基於TPACK教學理論與教學科技，累積二十多年教育經驗所研發的智慧教學系統，以協助智慧學校、教師團隊系統性、大規模、常態化實施TPCK智慧教學模式，同時輔以大數據和AI教練，以促進教師教學和學生學習，如圖5。

醍摩豆系統是涵蓋課前、課中和課後，整合課堂教學服務(e-Teaching)、評量服務(e-assEssing)、診斷服務(e-diAgnosing)、補救教學服務(e-reMediation)等學習環節的智慧教學支持系統。其中，HiTeach是核心課堂教學軟體，是提煉TPCK智慧教學模式的好工具。

TPCK智慧教學模式可包含合作學習、多元評量、教學決策(數據決策)和因材施教等素養導向教學理念。利用HiTeach系統內建之合作學習策略，以設計、營造合作學習情境，利用HiTeach之互動學習、任務學習和測驗學習等教學工具，設計素養導向多元評量活動，再借助HiTeach豐富多元的學習數據儀表，提煉教學決策模式，最後再利用學習統計數據，實施同步差異化的學習活動，如圖6。

TPCK智慧智慧模式之設計元素與工具分別說明如下：

1.合作學習：營造情境，詳細說明請參閱 分組工具與教學策略。
2.多元評量：互動學習、任務學習、測驗學習，詳細說明請參閱 同步教學新神器。
3.教學決策：善用數據，詳細說明請參閱 數據互動之統計圖表與教學決策。
4.因材施教：差異化學習，詳細說明請參閱 HiTeach 5教學功能之組合應用 。

參考文獻：

1.張奕華、吳權威(2014)。智慧教育:理念與實踐。網奕資訊科技。
2.張奕華、吳權威(2017)。智慧教育之教師專業發展：理念與案例。網奕資訊科技。
3.Wikipedia (2016a). Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). Retrieved from https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Shulman
4.Wikipedia (2016b). Technological pedagogical content knowledge. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_pedagogical_content_knowledge

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生生用平板差異化教學之二：提煉TPCK智慧教學模式簡介_學術發表_動態與案例 | 網奕資訊-醍摩豆(TEAM Model)智慧教育

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生生用平板差異化教學之二：提煉TPCK智慧教學模式簡介。TPCK是教育領域應用廣泛的科技化教學理論，而生生用平板是實施科技化教學，提煉TPCK智慧教學模式的理想環境，下面分別簡介TPCK架構、教師專業發展三層式鷹架和醍摩豆TPCK智慧教學支持系統，作為教師團隊提煉具有因材施教、差異化教學理念的智慧教學模式的參考。

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What is ICT (information and communications technology or technologies)?

ICT, or information and communications technology (or technologies), is the infrastructure and components that enable modern computing. Among the goals of IC technologies, tools and systems is to improve the way humans create, process and share data or information with each other. Another is to help them improve their abilities in numerous areas, including business; education; medicine; real-world problem-solving; and even leisure activities related to sports, music, and movies.

There is no single, universal definition of ICT because the technologies, devices and even ideas related to ICT are constantly evolving. However, the term is generally accepted to mean all devices, networking components and applications. When combined, these help people and organizations interact in the digital world.

Here, organizations also has a broad definition since it encompasses businesses and nonprofit agencies, governments and even criminal enterprises. Anyone can benefit from the proper application and use of ICT technologies, devices and innovations.

What technologies are included in ICT?

ICT encompasses the internet-enabled sphere and the mobile one powered by wireless networks. It includes antiquated technologies, such as landline telephones, radio and television broadcast -- all of which remain widely used alongside today's cutting-edge ICT pieces, such as artificial intelligence and robotics.

The internet, internet of things, metaverse, virtual reality and social media are also part of ICT, as are cloud computing services, video conferencing and collaboration tools, unified communications systems and mobile communication networks. Emerging, work-in-progress or still-nascent technologies like 5G/ 6G, Web3, and quantum computing are also in the ICT universe.

Any technology, infrastructure, component, or device that enables communications, data sharing, and global connectivity between humans and between humans and machines is included in the umbrella term ICT.

This chart identifies several key categories that are components of information and communications technology.

ICT vs. IT

The acronym ICT is sometimes used synonymously with IT. However, ICT is generally used to represent a more comprehensive list of all components related to computer and digital technologies.

IT is more about managing the technologies related to information, and its various technical aspects, including software, hardware, and networking. IT management does not include considerations of telecommunications devices and technologies while ICT does. IT can be considered a subset of ICT.

What are the components of ICT?

The list of ICT components is exhaustive and continues to grow. Some components, such as computers and telephones, have existed for decades. Others, such as smartphones, digital TVs and robots, are more recent entries.

ICT components include the following:

Devices (hardware).

Software.

Middleware.

Data.

Wired networks.

Wireless networks.

Communication technologies.

The cloud.

Communications protocols and interfaces.

Information security and governance policies.

ICT means more than its list of components. It encompasses the application of all those various components. It's here that the real potential, power and danger of ICT emerges -- for economic, societal, and interpersonal transactions and interactions.

Why ICT is important for businesses

For businesses, advances within ICT have brought a slew of cost savings, opportunities and conveniences. They include the following:

Highly automated businesses processes that have cut costs.

The big data revolution, where organizations are turning the vast trove of data generated by ICT into insights that drive new products and services.

ICT-enabled transactions such as internet shopping and telemedicine and social media that give customers more choices in how they shop, communicate and interact.

Challenges ICT creates

Its many benefits notwithstanding, ICT has also created problems and challenges for organizations, individuals and society. The digitization of data, the expanding use of the high-speed internet and the growing global network together have created new opportunities for crime. Increasingly, bad actors leverage these opportunities to hatch new schemes to gain unauthorized access to enterprise or government systems. They do so to steal money, intellectual property or private information. Many cybercrimes are also aimed at disrupting systems that control critical infrastructure and, ultimately, creating widespread chaos and panic.

Developments in ICT have also brought new automation technologies and robots that sometimes displace workers, especially workers involved in repetitive, low-value tasks. In some cases, ICT has let more people limit their face-to-face interactions with others, creating or exacerbating social issues such as trolling, cyberbullying, isolation, loneliness and depression.

ICT, the digital age and digital divide

ICT has changed drastically how people work, communicate, learn and live. It continues to revolutionize all parts of the human experience as first computers and now robots do many tasks humans once handled.

ICT's importance to economic development and business growth has been so monumental that it's often credited with ushering in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. ICT also underpins broad shifts in society, as individuals en masse are moving from personal, face-to-face interactions to ones in the digital space. This new era is frequently termed the digital age.

This chart compares each of the industrial revolutions.

For all its revolutionary aspects, ICT capabilities aren't evenly distributed, with richer countries and richer individuals getting to enjoy more access to ICT technologies. These entities are better able to seize the advantages offered by and the opportunities powered by ICT. This discrepancy in access to ICT has created what is now known as the digital divide.

Numerous governmental authorities and non-government organizations advocate policies and programs that aim to bridge the digital divide by providing greater access to ICT among those individuals and populations struggling to afford it.
Explore how IT leaders drive evolution of digital transformation, and explore digital transformation benefits for business. See how satellite connectivity can combat the digital divide and how we can futureproof our economy by closing our growing digital divide.

Continue Reading About ICT (information and communications technology or technologies)

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What is ICT (Information and Communications Technology)? | Definition from TechTarget

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Learn how information and communications technology (ICT) enables modern computing, what it covers, and the societal challenges it's associated with.