# data[].attributes.body
"During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination."

# data[].attributes.body
"There is no easy walk to freedom anywhere."

# data[].attributes.body
Who:

Key defendants: Nelson Mandela and other anti-apartheid activists, all members of the African National Congress (ANC) and its armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe.

What:

Trial of anti-apartheid leaders charged with sabotage and attempting to overthrow the government.

Named after Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia, where police discovered documents linking the accused to armed resistance.

Where:

Held in Pretoria, South Africa.

When:

October 1963 – June 1964.

Why:

The apartheid government aimed to crush internal resistance by sentencing prominent leaders to life imprisonment.

Mandela and others admitted to sabotage but denied terrorism or intent to harm civilians, arguing they were fighting for justice and equality.

Significance:

Mandela’s famous closing statement: “It is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.” captured global attention.

The trial ended with life sentences for eight of the accused, including Mandela.

International outcry and increased pressure on the apartheid regime followed the trial.

# data[].attributes.body
WHO: Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress (ANC), imprisoned for 27 years for sabotage against apartheid.

WHAT: Advocated nonviolent and armed resistance to apartheid.

WHERE: South Africa; most notably Johannesburg, Pretoria, and Robben Island.

WHEN: Key moment: Rivonia Trial, 1964.

WHY: Fought for equal rights and an end to apartheid rule.

# data[].attributes.body
WHO: Archbishop Desmond Tutu, prominent anti-apartheid cleric and human rights advocate.

WHAT: Spoke out internationally against apartheid, promoted peaceful resistance and reconciliation.

WHERE: South Africa, particularly active in Cape Town and through the Anglican Church.

WHEN: 1970s through 1990s.

WHY: Believed moral leadership and nonviolence could dismantle systemic racism.

# data[].attributes.body
"If you are neutral in situations of injustice, you have chosen the side of the oppressor."

# data[].attributes.body
"Hope is being able to see that there is light despite all of the darkness."

# data[].attributes.body
WHO: Thousands of Black South African students.

WHAT: Protested mandatory education in Afrikaans.

WHERE: Soweto township, near Johannesburg.

WHEN: June 16, 1976.

WHY: Afrikaans was viewed as the language of the oppressor; students demanded to learn in their native languages.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Soweto uprising changed South Africa's political landscape | Latest World News | WION

# data[].attributes.body
"To hell with Afrikaans."

# data[].attributes.body
"They shot us for asking to learn in our own language."

# data[].attributes.body
Uprising led to hundreds of deaths and global condemnation of apartheid.

# data[].attributes.body
WHO: Steve Biko, anti-apartheid activist and founder of the Black Consciousness Movement.

WHAT: Promoted psychological liberation, pride, and identity among Black South Africans.

WHERE: Eastern Cape and national influence through student organizations.

WHEN: Active in the early to mid-1970s until his death in police custody in 1977.

WHY: Believed Black people needed to overcome internalized oppression to fight apartheid.

# data[].attributes.body
"The most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed."

# data[].attributes.body
"Black man, you are on your own."

# data[].attributes.body
"Merely by describing yourself as black you have started on a road toward emancipation."

# data[].attributes.body
WHO: 5,000–7,000 Black protesters, South African police.

WHAT: Protest against pass laws ended in police firing into a crowd.

WHERE: Sharpeville, a township south of Johannesburg.

WHEN: March 21, 1960.

WHY: Protesters challenged the pass laws requiring Black South Africans to carry internal passports.

# data[].attributes.body
Police fire into Sharpeville demonstrators

# data[].attributes.body
Sharpeville mass funeral

# data[].attributes.body
Sharpeville memorial

# data[].attributes.body
What is this set of source showing about resistance? What risks did people face?

# data[].attributes.body
What is this set of source showing about resistance? What risks did people face?

# data[].attributes.body
What is this set of source showing about resistance? What risks did people face?

# data[].attributes.body
What is this set of source showing about resistance? What risks did people face?

# data[].attributes.body
What is this set of source showing about resistance? What risks did people face?