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Sensory Memory: This is the very first stage of memory, where sensory information is briefly held for only a few seconds. It allows us to effectively process and filter incoming sensory data before it moves into short-term memory.

Short-Term Memory: Information that captures our focus and can be maintained in short-term memory for seconds to a couple of minutes. This is the stage where active thought occurs, but only has a limited capacity.

Long-Term Memory:

This is where information can be kept for an extended period, of time, even forever. Long-term memory can be divided into explicit memory and implicit memory. The transfer of information to this stage occurs through repetition and creating meaningful associations.

Brain Functionality: The hippocampus is crucial for the process of consolidating new memories from short-term to long-term storage. The amygdala is important for retaining emotional memories, while the prefrontal cortex plays a significant role in decision-making and retrieving long-term memories.

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Retention: refers to the ability to remember and maintain information over time. Retention can be influenced by how well the information is stored in long-term memory.
Transfer: This is the ability to apply learned knowledge to new situations. For example, if a student learns math in one context, they should be able to transfer those skills to different mathematical problems.
Relationship to Learning: Understanding retention and transfer is critical because retention ensures that learning persists over a long period. Transfer allows learners to apply their knowledge in varied situations, leading to deeper understanding and problem-solving abilities (Bransford, Brown, & Cocking, 2000)."

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Trauma: can have a significant impact on memory. It may cause difficulty in recalling memories and can even lead to remembering only a part of something or even creating false memories. Areas of the brain affected by trauma, such as the amygdala, may become overactive, which makes it more challenging for individuals to access memories or form new ones. People who have experienced trauma may also struggle with stress responses, such as anxiety and depression. This often interferes with the brain's ability to store and retrieve information. Traumatic experiences may result in making it harder to integrate memories into everyday life and learning (Van der Kolk, 2014).

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Make Meaningful Connections: It is important to help learners connect new information to existing knowledge. This helps enhance retention and make the transfer of knowledge easier because it taps into the brain's natural tendency to find patterns and make associations (Ambrose et al., 2010). A way to apply this would be to use real-world examples that a student can make a personal connection to.

Sensory Experiences: Engage multiple senses such as sight, touch, and sound during learning. This can improve memory retention and transfer. The brain tends to retain information better when multiple senses are involved (Schmidt & Lee, 2014). An example of this would be using a variety of hands-on activities in the classroom, or going on engaging field trips.

Mindfulness and Trauma-Informed Practices: It is crucial to create a safe, supportive learning environment that is trauma-informed. This will help learners who have experienced trauma to feel secure and safe, which will help them focus and learn. As an education, you can incorporate mindfulness exercises to help learners regulate their emotions.

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Memory:

Thorndike, E. L., & Woodworth, R. S. (1901). The influence of improvement in one mental function upon the efficiency of other functions. Psychological Review, 8(3), 247–261. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0074727

Baddeley, A. D., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2015). Memory (2nd ed.). Psychology Press.

Retention and Transfer in Learning:

Ebbinghaus, H. (1885). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. Dover Publications.

Bransford, J. D., Brown, A. L., & Cocking, R. R. (2000). How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school. National Academy Press.

Trauma and Memory:

Van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.

Strategies to Improve Memory:

Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. D. (2014). Motor learning and performance: From principles to application (5th ed.). Human Kinetics.

Ambrose, S. A., Bridges, M. W., DiPietro, M., Lovett, M. C., & Norman, M. K. (2010). How learning works: Seven research-based principles for smart teaching. Jossey-Bass.