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1763: End of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)

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1763: End of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)

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On each post, the event must include at least one picture and answer the following questions:

Who was involved?

EX: Britain vs. France (their colonists), and Indigenous tribes

What was the event?

EX: The French and Indian War was a conflict between France and Great Britain over control of North America, particularly the Ohio River Valley. The war was part of a larger global struggle known as the Seven Years' War. Both European powers sought to expand their empires, and the fertile Ohio Valley was key to this expansion. Indigenous tribes were drawn into the conflict, often aligning with the French or British based on their own interests. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, where France ceded significant territory to Britain, reshaping the colonial landscape in North America and setting the stage for future tensions between Britain and its American colonies.

When was the event?

EX: 1756-1763

Where did it take place (can list multiple places)?

EX: New York, Pennsylvania, Canada, and the Ohio River Valley.

Why was this event significant / how did it contribute to Declaration of Independence?

EX: The French and Indian War and its consequences were instrumental in causing a divide between Great Britain and its British colonists. After Great Britain ceded control of western land to the Native Americans, the colonists were outraged that they were now prevented from settling in the western region, causing a rift between the colonists and their mother country. Furthermore, the British victory in the Seven Years' War left them with a massive war debt. To recover costs, they began imposing stricter control and increased taxation on the American colonies, setting the stage for future conflicts.

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Who:

British Prime Minister George Greenville

What:

The sugar act is simply a tax that is placed on all items that are not being shipped from Britain or the part of the Caribbean that Britain owns to America. These goods included but were not limited to Sugar, Wines, Coffee and Iron.

When:

Implemented in 1764 and was appealed in 1766.

Where:

It was created in great Britain but it affected people in America.

Why: The sugar act of 1764 was mainly enacted as an attempt to stop the smuggling trade of sugar and molasses into America from the french, dutch and west indies. Enacting the sugar act also has the added benefit of getting revenue for Britain to help them pay off debt from the seven-years war.

Sources:

https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-the-sugar-act-of-1764-definition-summary-facts.html#:~:text=The%20Sugar%20Act%20of%201764%2C%20also%20known%20as%20the%20Plantation,the%20English%20colonies%20in%20America

https://www.britannica.com/event/Sugar-Act

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Mar 1765: The Stamp Act is passed by Great Britain

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Mar 1765: The Stamp Act is passed by Great Britain

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Who was involved?

Britian and North America

What was the event?

After the Seven Years War ended, France lost many territories in North America including Quebec and the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. Due to this, Britain placed an army in North America. After the Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament, they started collecting taxes for any publications to pay for the army and make up for the wealth they lost in the war.

When was the event?

The Stamp Act was passed on March 22, 1765 and repealed on March 18, 1766

Where did it take place?

New York City

Why was the event significant?

This was a very controversial and violent protests started occurring in America claiming that there should be "No Taxation with Representation". All 13 colonies united against Great Britain with the unfairness of this new implementation. Several months of protest and boycotts led to the repeal of the Stamp Act on March 18, 1766. However, more acts were passes that further enraged the American colonists

Source: https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/parliament-and-the-american-colonies-before-1765/the-stamp-act-and-the-american-colonies-1763-67/#:~:text=The%20British%20needed%20to%20station,publications%20circulating%20in%20the%20colonies.

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October 1765 - Colonist Hold The Stamp Act Congress to Organize Resistance Act

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October 1765 - Colonist Hold The Stamp Act Congress to Organize Resistance Act

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Who?

Representatives of the nine colonies

What?

The Stamp Act Congress was held in New York after the colonies deemed the taxes Britain imposed on them unfair.

When?

On October 1765

Where?

In New York

Why?

It was done to discuss the right of the nine colonies after they were unfairly taxed to help Britain pay of their debt after the Seven Years War. The British parliament enacted the Stamp Act to try to get Britain out of the debt that they were in from the French and Indian War (Seven Years' war). During the gathering they passed the Declaration of Rights and Grievance.

Sabrina, Colette, and Ailin

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June 29, 1767 - Great Britain passes the Townshend Acts

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June 29, 1767 - Great Britain passes the Townshend Acts

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Who was involved?

Britain and North America

What was the event?

The Townshend act taxed all goods that were imported to America. In addition, Britain sent troops to America to reinforce these new laws which created tension amongst the colonies, especially since the American colonists had no representation in the parliament and saw it as Britain misusing their power.

When was the event

The Townshend Acts were passed on June 29, 1767

Where did it take place

It was passed in the British Parliament in London.

Why:

Although Britain won the Seven Years War, defending the American colonists cost much of their wealth. In order to regain it, they heavily taxed their western colonies. However, people in America were not happy about this implementation, so many American ports refused to import British goods out of protest. Three years later, in April of 1770, the Townshend Acts were repealed.

Source: https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/townshend-acts

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October 1768 - British troops accompany boston to enforce taxes and keep local radicals in check

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October 1768 - British troops accompany boston to enforce taxes and keep local radicals in check

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Who:

British Troops, colonists, and locals

What:

British troops were sent into Boston to enforce taxation and keep conflict from arissing but small riots and arguments started to wake between British Troops and locals who opposed general British authority.

When:

October 1768 - March 1776

Where:

Boston Massachusetts

Why:

Due to both the Seven Years war and the French and Indian war these two events doubled Britain's national debt. In order to regain the money that was lost, the British Parliament decided to tax the colonists directly causing conflict and uprisings throughout boston due to the fact that colonists felt as though British soldiers were sent to limit there freedom.

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March 1770- Violence erupts between British soldiers and colonists in a conflict called the Boston Massacre- Stella Hong

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March 1770- Violence erupts between British soldiers and colonists in a conflict called the Boston Massacre- Stella Hong

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WHO: Both Boston residents and British soldiers were involved in the Boston Massacre.

WHAT: Colonists were angered by the new taxes put in place and cause of the stationing of British soldiers in their colony. The colonists then engaged soldiers by "taunting them". This resulted in the British soldiers to open fire on the crowd, causing the death of five colonists.

WHEN: It was March 5th, 1770

WHERE: There were both colonists and soldiers stationed in Boston. Boston is where the commotion happened.

WHY: The Boston Massacre had sparked because of the taxation on colonists. The colonists were angered by both the taxes and the British troops stationed in Boston. The amount of retaliation on the tax caused for violence in the colonies, this resulted in Soldiers being stationed in Boston. The troops were there to monitor and end the violence.

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April 1773: Great Britain passes the tea act 

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April 1773: Great Britain passes the tea act 

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Who:

Great Britain and American Colonists

What:

Before the Tea Act in Britain, tea was required to be sold at auctions in London. Selling tea in London required the British East India Company to pay a tax per pound of tea sold, which worsened the debt that the British were in after the 7-year war. The Tea Act allowed the British East India Company to sell tea to American colonies, thus opening many markets for the company to sell to wealthy American colonies. Britain would also tax the shipment of tea, allowing it to make more profit from the tea. Americans were upset with the tea tax because they were not making any profit from selling the tea in their colonies, leading to the Boston Tea Party.

Where:

Great Britain and America

When:

Created in April 1773

Why:

This event was significant because the financially struggling British benefited greatly from the profit being made and its control over colony trading.

Esme

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December 1773: To protest the Tea Act, Patriots throw tea into the Boston Harbor. This event is known as the Boston Tea Party. 

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December 1773: To protest the Tea Act, Patriots throw tea into the Boston Harbor. This event is known as the Boston Tea Party. 

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Who was involved?

American patriots disguised as Indigenous Peoples, Benjamin Edes, John Gill, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Hutchinson, Paul Revere, and more

What was the event?

The Boston Tea Party was when 342 chests of tea, which belonged to the British East India Company, were thrown into the Boston Harbor by American Patriots disguised as Indigenous Peoples. The American Patriots were protesting the perceived monopoly of the British East India Company and the taxation on the tea without representation. The Townshend Acts, which were passed70 by Parliament in 1767, imposed duties on products imported into British colonies. This raised a colonial protest and noncompliance that they were repealed in 1770. Repealing in 1770 saved the duty on tea, which was retained by the Parliament to demonstrate its right to raise colonial revenue without colonial approval. Boston merchants bypassed the act by receiving tea, which was smuggled in by dutch traders. In 1773, Parliament passed a Tea Act, which was made to aid the East India Company from their financial troubles by granting it a monopoly on all tea exports to the colonies, an exemption on the export tax, and a refund on duties owned on certain surplus quantities of tea in the company’s possession. Tea that was sent to colonies was to be carried only in the East India Company’s ships and sold through its own agents. This circumvented the independent merchants and colonial shippers. As a result, the company sold their tea at a less than usual price in either Britain or America. The perception of the East India Company drove typically conservative colonial merchants into an alliance with radicals. In New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston, tea agents canceled or resigned orders and merchants refused consignments, however in Boston, Thomas Hutchinson determined to maintain the law that three arriving ships in Dartmouth, Eleanor, and Beaver should be able to deposit their cargoes. At night on December 16, 1773, a group of approximately 60 men were encouraged to dress like indigenous peoples and march to dump the tea into the water. The men boarded the ships at Griffin’s wharf and dumped approximately 18,000 euros of tea into the water. As a response to this retaliation, the Parliament passed many measures known in colonies as the Intolerable Acts, which shut off the city’s sea trade payment that was pending for the destroyed tea.

When was the event?

December 16, 1773

Where did it take place?

Boston, Massachusetts

Why was this event significant?

The Boston Tea Party was significant because it increased the tension and anger between Britain and American colonies, which led to the implementation of the Intolerable Acts.

SOURCE: https://www.britannica.com/event/Boston-Tea-Party

Blake, Amira, Avery

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Boston Tea Party, (December 16, 1773), incident in which 342 chests of tea belonging to the British East India Company were thrown from ships into Boston Harbor by American patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians. The Americans were protesting both a tax on tea (taxation without representation) and the perceived monopoly of the East India Company.

The Townshend Acts passed by Parliament in 1767 and imposing duties on various products imported into the British colonies had raised such a storm of colonial protest and noncompliance that they were repealed in 1770, saving the duty on tea, which was retained by Parliament to demonstrate its presumed right to raise such colonial revenue without colonial approval. The merchants of Boston circumvented the act by continuing to receive tea smuggled in by Dutch traders. In 1773 Parliament passed a Tea Act designed to aid the financially troubled East India Company by granting it (1) a monopoly on all tea exported to the colonies, (2) an exemption on the export tax, and (3) a "drawback" (refund) on duties owed on certain surplus quantities of tea in its possession. The tea sent to the colonies was to be carried only in East India Company ships and sold only through its own agents, bypassing the independent colonial shippers and merchants. The company thus could sell the tea at a less-than-usual price in either America or Britain; it could undersell anyone else. The perception of monopoly drove the normally conservative colonial merchants into an alliance with radicals led by Samuel Adams and his Sons of Liberty.

In such cities as New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston, tea agents resigned or canceled orders, and merchants refused consignments. In Boston, however, the royal governor Thomas Hutchinson determined to uphold the law and maintained that three arriving ships, the Dartmouth, Eleanor, and Beaver, should be allowed to deposit their cargoes and that appropriate duties should be honoured. On the night of December 16, 1773, a group of about 60 men, encouraged by a large crowd of Bostonians, donned blankets and Indian headdresses, marched to Griffin's wharf, boarded the ships, and dumped the tea chests, valued at £18,000, into the water.

In retaliation, Parliament passed the series of punitive measures known in the colonies as the Intolerable Acts, including the Boston Port Bill, which shut off the city's sea trade pending payment for the destroyed tea. The British government's efforts to single out Massachusetts for punishment served only to unite the colonies and impel the drift toward war.

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Boston Tea Party | Facts, Summary, & Significance

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Boston Tea Party, precursor to the American Revolution in which 342 chests of tea belonging to the British East India Company were thrown into Boston Harbor by American patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians on December 16, 1773. They were protesting a tax on tea and the East India Company's perceived monopoly.

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March 1774: Great Britain passes the Intolerable Acts to punish colonists for the Boston Tea Party

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March 1774: Great Britain passes the Intolerable Acts to punish colonists for the Boston Tea Party

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Amira, Avery, Blake

Who was involved?

British Parliament, colony of Massachusetts

What was the event?

The Intolerable Acts were four different Acts that the British Parliament enacted as a punishment for colonial rebellion and the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Port Bill was passed first, which closed Boston's harbor. Exports to foreign ports and harbors were prohibited. The Massachusetts Government Act threatened representative government. The royal governor was also allowed to choose judges and appoint jurors, which disrupted the judicial system. Next, the Act for the Impartial Administration of Justice increased the power of the governor and it eliminated the right to a fair trial. The Quartering Act was the last act and it allowed the military to demand better residences for troops.

When was the event?

around March 31, 1774

some acts were passed a little later

Where did it take place?

Boston

Why was this event significant?

The Intolerable Acts were a way to force the rebellious colonies back into place. However, this caused the opposite and even more rebellions occurred. This then led to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War.

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Sept - Oct 1774: Delegates from the colonies, gather at the First Continental Congress to organize resistance to the Intolerable Acts

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Sept - Oct 1774: Delegates from the colonies, gather at the First Continental Congress to organize resistance to the Intolerable Acts

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Who:

John Adams of Massachusettes

George Washington of Virginia

Future U.S. Supreme Court Cheif Justice and diplomat John Jay of New York

What:

Delegates from each of the 13 colonies—except for Georgia, who was fighting and getting military supplies from the British—gathered in Philadelphia as the First Continental Congress to organize the colonial resistance to the Intolerable Acts / Coercive Acts passed by the British Parliament.

When:

It began on September 5, 1774

Disbanded on October 26, 1774

Where:

Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia

Why:

They needed to issue a Declaration of Rights, making it profitable for the royal crown, but arguing the right to tax without representation from the British Parliament.

They also passed the Articles of Association to stop importing goods from the British Isles.

Source: https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/the-continental-congress

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Blake, Avery, Amira

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The First Millitary battles  of the revelutionary war occur at Lexington and Concord  (April 1775) 

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The First Millitary battles  of the revelutionary war occur at Lexington and Concord  (April 1775) 

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Who: British regulars and Americans

What was the event: The start of the American War of Independence. It took the span of 8 years.

Where: The Lexington and Concord in Boston Massachusetts

Why: The event started with the Royale governor of Massachusetts, named "Thomas Gage,," who was facing lots of threats; he received the alarm that the British were coming over. It was uncertain who fired the shot that day.

Why was this event significant: It was marked the start of the American War of Independence and it resulted in American Victory

When 19 April 1775

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Colonist hold the second continental congress. This is considered Americas first attempt at self governance (May 1775)

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Colonist hold the second continental congress. This is considered Americas first attempt at self governance (May 1775)

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Who was involved? Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and John Hancock of Massachusetts

What was the event? A meeting of the delegates who united in support of the American Revolution and the Revolutionary War.

When was the event: May 1775

Where did it take place? In Philadelphia

Why is this event significant/how did it contribute to the declaration of independence

(It established American independence) The colonies voted to adopt the Declaration of Independence, which was very formal and declared them independent from Britain.

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Image of some members of the Committee of Five, which included: Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman. 

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Enna: June-July 1776: Declaration of Independence drafted and voted on between June 1 - July 4

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Enna: June-July 1776: Declaration of Independence drafted and voted on between June 1 - July 4

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WHO was involved?

The Committee of Five & the 56 delegates of Second Continental Congress

WHAT was the event?

The drafting of the Declaration of Independence was a pivotal moment in Thomas Jeffersons political career. While possibly having the responsibility of writing the Virginia state constitution, Jefferson was appointed to what is know was the Committee of Five by the Continental Congress to draft the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson wrote a moving statement on what can now be identified as core "American" values such as: All men are created equal, liberty, the pursuit of happiness, etc. Although every member in the Committee of Five took roles in revising the document, Jefferson kept hold of his prominent role in the creation of the declaration and defended his authorship sternly.

WHEN was the event?

The Declaration was drafted/written during June-July of 1776 and was ratified on July 4, 1776

WHERE did it take place?

The writing took place in Jefferson's Philadelphia boarding house however the signing of the document took place in the Pennsylvania State House

WHY was this event significant?

Prior to the writing of the Declaration of Independence the New World and its inhabitants were experiencing all sorts of oppression. From slavery to extraction, there was a country-wide need for independence. This event was significant because it communicated the colonists desire for independence. And furthermore established many core American values such as liberty, equality, freedom, etc.