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The Industrial Revolution: Past and Future | Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis

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In pre-industrial rural areas, families typically lived on farms or in small villages. They were largely self-sufficient, with agriculture as the primary occupation. Family members worked together to maintain the household and farm, with extended families often living together or close by.

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Life of the Cities - Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution spurred massive urbanization as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work. Urban family life became more fragmented. Families lived in crowded conditions, often in tenements or poorly constructed housing. The extended family structure broke down as nuclear families became more common in urban settings. The shift to factory work also meant that families were less involved in agricultural production and more dependent on wages.

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History of child labor in the United States—part 1: little children working : Monthly Labor Review: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

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Before industrialization, children worked on farms, contributing to agricultural tasks from a young age. Their labor was essential for family survival but was integrated into the family unit and environment.

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Child Labor: Laws & Definition | HISTORY

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The Industrial Revolution saw a significant rise in child labor in factories and mines. Children were employed in hazardous conditions, often for long hours and minimal wages. They were used because they could be paid less than adults and could fit into tight spaces in factories. This shift removed children from the familial and educational context, placing them in exploitative industrial environments.

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Farmers & Families | Iowa Agriculture Literacy

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In rural areas, women played key roles in household and farm work. Their labor was integral to agricultural production and family upkeep. They often worked alongside their husbands and children in a more integrated and collaborative manner.

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The change in male and female spheres of work and equality | Social Change and the Future

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The move to urban centers changed women's roles significantly. Many women began working in factories, which offered new types of employment but often in poor conditions. The roles of women in urban settings expanded beyond the household, but this also led to the emergence of labor struggles and calls for better working conditions and rights. Despite this, traditional roles persisted in the home, where women were still expected to manage household duties.