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This document provides a detailed and informative review of homeostasis and the processes involved. Its simple yet useful information allows the reader to stay engaged and learn more about homeostasis.It includes all processes in a simplified description therefore helping others understand.Key points- •Homeostasis, any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival. If homeostasis is successful, life continues; if unsuccessful, disaster or death ensues. The stability attained is actually a dynamic equilibrium, in which continuous change occurs yet relatively uniform conditions prevail. Any system in dynamic equilibrium tends to reach a steady state, a balance that resists outside forces of change. When such a system is disturbed, built-in regulatory devices respond to the departures to establish a new balance; such a process is one of feedbackcontrol. •The control of body temperature in humans is a good example of homeostasis in a biological system. In humans, normal body temperature fluctuates around the value of 37 °C, but can be affected by exposure, hormones, metabolic rate, and disease, leading to excessively high or low temperatures. The body’s temperature regulation is controlled by a region in the brain called the hypothalamus. •Feedback about body temperature is carried through the nervous system to the brain and results in compensatory adjustments in the breathing rate, the level of blood sugar, and the metabolic rate. The circulatory system also plays important roles: its relay blood pressure information back to the brain, and it transports hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and the thyroid gland to regulate the body’s metabolism. Heat loss in humans is aided by reduction of activity, by perspiration, and by heat-exchange mechanisms that permit larger amounts of blood to circulate near the skin surface. Heat loss is reduced by insulation, decreased circulation to the skin, and cultural modification such as the use of clothing, shelter, and external heat sources. The range between high and low body temperature levels constitutes the homeostatic plateau—the “normal” range that sustains life.•Thermoregulation, the maintenance of an optimum temperature range by an organism. Warm-blooded animals can heat and cool their bodies. Muscular activity can be an important source of heat in all animals•Glucose, one of a group of carbohydrates known as simple sugars. Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6. It is found in fruits and honey and is the major free sugar circulating in the blood of higher animals. It is the source of energy in cell function, and the regulation of its metabolism is of great importance.•Endocrine system, any of the systems found in animals for the production of hormones, substances that regulate the functioning of the organism. Such a system may range, at its simplest, from the neurosecretory, involving one or more centres in the nervous system, to the complex array of glands found in the human endocrine system.•The functions of growth hormone and prolactin secreted by the pituitary overlap considerably, although prolactin usually regulates water and salt balance, whereas growth hormone primarily influences proteinmetabolism and hence growth.

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homeostasis, any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability while adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival. If homeostasis is successful, life continues; if unsuccessful, disaster or death ensues. The stability attained is actually a dynamic equilibrium, in which continuous change occurs yet relatively uniform conditions prevail. The general idea of this self-regulating process was explored by French physiologist Claude Bernard in 1849 and the word homeostasis coined by American neurologist and physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon in 1926.

Any system in dynamic equilibrium tends to reach a steady state, a balance that resists outside forces of change. When such a system is disturbed, built-in regulatory devices respond to the departures to establish a new balance; such a process is one of feedback control. All processes of integration and coordination of function, whether mediated by electrical circuits or by nervous and hormonal systems, are examples of homeostatic regulation.

A familiar example of homeostatic regulation in a mechanical system is the action of a room- temperature regulator, or thermostat. The heart of the thermostat is a bimetallic strip that responds to temperature changes by completing or disrupting an electric circuit. When the room cools, the circuit is completed, the furnace operates, and the temperature rises. At a preset level the circuit breaks, the furnace stops, and the temperature drops. Biological systems are more complex and have regulators only very roughly comparable to such mechanical devices. The two types of systems are alike, however, in their goal-to sustain activity within a prescribed range, whether to control the thickness of rolled steel or the pressure within the circulatory system.

The control of body temperature in humans is a good example of homeostasis in a biological system. In humans, normal body temperature fluctuates around the value of 37 °C (98.6 °F), but various factors can affect this value, including exposure, hormones, metabolic rate, and disease, leading to excessively high or low temperatures. The body's temperature regulation is controlled by a region in the brain called the hypothalamus. Feedback about body temperature is carried through the nervous system to the brain and results in compensatory adjustments in the breathing rate, the level of blood sugar, and the metabolic rate. The circulatory system also plays important roles: its baroreceptors (pressure-sensitive receptors in the blood vessels that respond to stretching) relay blood pressure information back to the brain, and it transports hormones secreted by the hypothalamus and the thyroid gland to regulate the body's metabolism. Heat loss in humans is aided by reduction of activity, by perspiration, and by heat-exchange mechanisms that permit larger amounts of blood to circulate near the skin surface. Heat loss is reduced by insulation, decreased circulation to the skin, and cultural modification such as the use of clothing, shelter, and external heat sources. The range between high and low body temperature levels constitutes the homeostatic plateau-the "normal" range that sustains life. As either of the two extremes is approached, corrective action (through negative feedback) returns the system to the normal range.

The concept of homeostasis has also been applied to ecological settings. First proposed by Canadian-born American ecologist Robert MacArthur in 1955, homeostasis in ecosystems is a product of the combination of biodiversity and large numbers of ecological interactions that occur between species. It was thought of as a concept that could help to explain an ecosystem's stability-that is, its persistence as a particular ecosystem type over time ( see ecological resilience). Since then, the concept has changed slightly to incorporate the ecosystem's abiotic (nonliving) parts; the term has been used by many ecologists to describe the reciprocation that occurs between an ecosystem's living and nonliving parts to maintain the status quo. The Gaia hypothesis-the model of Earth posited by English scientist James Lovelock that considers its various living and nonliving parts as components of a larger system or single organism-makes the assumption that the collective effort of individual organisms contributes to homeostasis at the planetary level. The single-organism aspect of the Gaia hypothesis is considered controversial because it posits that living things, at some level, are driven to work on behalf of the biosphere rather than toward the goal of their own survival.

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Homeostasis | Definition, Function, Examples, & Facts

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Homeostasis, any self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to maintain stability. The stability attained represents a dynamic equilibrium, in which continuous change occurs yet relatively uniform conditions prevail. If homeostasis is successful, life continues; if unsuccessful, disaster or death ensues.

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Homeostasis is a major system in human body. Homeostasis can be defined as the self-regulating process where biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions. (Billman 2020) The word homeostasis come from Homeo meaning ‘the same’ and stasis meaning ‘to stand or stay’. Homeostasis in all parts of the body include 3 systems. RECEPTOR, CONTROL CENTRE AND EFFECTOR. The receptor is responsible for receiving information that indicates there is something changing in the human body’s environment. This information is then received and processed by the control centre. Once the information has been received by the control centre the effector responds by opposing or enhancing the information stimulus. (Clarke et al. 2018).  Homeostasis takes form in my levels. In the cellular level it is a biochemical reaction. It takes form in the regulation of pH, temperature, oxygen, ion concentration and blood glucose concentration which aids the functional optimal for enzymes. Homeostasis maintains the internal levels of each cell. This essential for cells to live. Homeostasis take part as a result of 3 major factors. SETPOINTS, FEEDBACK AND REGULATION. The setpoint is the level at which all human body systems should be operating at to maintain optimum function. Feedback is received from the thousands of control system in the human body that detect change caused by disruptors and release effectors that level out the change. Regulation of homeostasis involves both local controls and the reflex control within the human body. (Libretti and Puckett 2024). In homeostasis there is 5 important factors that all have specific roles to help maintain stability while adjusting to the external environment of the huma body systems.  SENSOR, SETPOINT, ERROR DETECTOR, CONTROLOR AND EFFERCTOR. The sensor is in control of measuring the regulated variables value. This ensure that if there is any change within the external environment. The setpoint ensures that the normal range is maintained at all times. The role of the error detector is to measure the value of the signal that has been transmitted with the value of the setpoint. The controller takes the measure value and gages how much effector is needed. The effector is the fundamentals that ensures the correct value of regulated variable is given to maintain the stability of the external environment. (Modell, H et al. 2015). The negative feedback system is the system that counteracts the stimulus to that has deviated from the setpoint level. This system contains the sensor, control centre and effector. This is the system that maintains optimum conditions within every system in the human body. Positive feedback enhances a stimulus that has already been activated in the body equilibrium rather than reversing it. (Biga, LM et al. 2019). When homeostasis is at an imbalance diseases form. This happens when the human body is incapable of maintaining a stable environment. A diseases is formed when the negative feedback loop of homeostasis is overwhelmed and the positive feedback loop has become out of control and becomes destructive. This mean that both of the feedback loops can no longer preform their roles that keep homeostasis at a constant equilibrium. This causes serious effects on the human body. (Marieb, E and Hoehn, K 2018)

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Homeostasis - How Your Body Keeps its Balance - Physiology Series

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Homeostasis is a major system in the human body. Homeostasis is defined at the process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment. Homeostasis is essential for the survival of cells. Cells use the nutrients and O2 that is present in the internal environment. The uptake of these substances is essential for cell survival as they give cells the energy they need to live. Homeostasis is responsible for ensuring that the nutrients and O2 is constantly replace so cells can continue to develop and grow making up the human body. it is essential that all waste products must be removed from the internal environment. The removal this waste ensures that the internal environment is maintained as the waste levels can’t reach the point where they become toxic and begin to harm the cells of the human body. homeostasis is not a fixed state as there is internal and external factors constantly trying to disrupt the stability of homeostasis. Homeostasis releases substances through its feedback systems to maintain the stability of the environment ensuring it is at a constant level suitable for the survival of cells.

(Sherwood, L 2010)

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Homeostasis is maintained in a feedback system. This feedback system has 3 components: RECEPTOR, CONTROL CENTRE AND EFFECTOR.

Receptor: This component oversees any changes that cause a stimulus within the controlled environment. This stimulus is then transmitted to the control centre.

Control Centre: The transmitted stimulus is then evaluated by the control centre. During the evaluation of the stimulus the control system decides how much output is needed to oppose the change the stimulus has created. The output is then sent to the effector.

Effector: The output is received by the effector from the control centre. The output is produced by the effector and released to correct the stimulus and respond to the change in the controlled environment.

Homeostasis is made up of 2 feedback systems: POSITIVE FEEDBACK AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK. The role of positive feedback is to enhance changes that have occurred in the controlled environment. However, positive feedback is very dangerous to the human body as any change is intensified leading to a major imbalance in the equilibrium. The negative feedback is does the opposite of positive feedback. The role of negative feedback is to counter the changes that have occurred in the controlled environment. This helps the human body to maintain equilibrium as it counters any changes that occur maintain stability in the controlled environment.

(Meurier, C and Crouch, AT 2005)

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When there is a homeostatic imbalance in feedback a disease is formed. Once a disruption has been detected in the in the controlled environment the resultant change with stimulate the beginning of a disease. A disruption occurs happens when one or more of the human bodies system malfunction. This malfunction effects all the cells in the human body as the internal controlled environment id no longer at the optimum level that cells require to function correctly. In some cases when the homeostatic imbalance has become so severe as a result of the disruption within the controlled environment death occur. The stability of homeostasis has become so severely impaired the survival conditions for the cells is no longer meet.

(Sherwood, L 2010)

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Homeostasis take place in regulation 7 factors within the human. These factors are essential body for the smooth running of all body systems in the human body. CONCENTRATION OF NUTRIENTS, CONCENTRATION OF O2 AND CO2, CONCETRATION OF WASTE PRODUCTS, pH, CONCENTRATION OF WATER/SALT/OTHER ELECTROLYTES, VOLUME/PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE.

Concentration of nutrients: Homeostasis is responsible for ensure that there is constant nutrients available for cells to absorb and use for their survival. These nutrients are what create energy to keep cells alive.

Concentration of O2 and CO2: All cells need O2 for their survival. It is also needed as cells carry out reactions using O2. CO2 is made during these reactions. It is the responsibility of homeostasis to ensure that is CO2 removed from the internal environment of the human body.

Concertation of waste products: Homeostasis ensures that the toxic products that were mage in reaction within the body are removed. This ensures that the levels of toxicity within the body don’t reach a level they are dangerous.

pH: It is essential that the pH levels within the body stay constant. Homeostasis manages this as it detects fluctuations within the body and releases chemical that counter acts the change.

Concentration of water/salt/other electrolytes: Homeostasis is essential in maintaining the concentration of salt, water and electrolytes. These minerals determine how much water is gained and lost within the body.

Volume/pressure: This is the circulating factor within the human body. It is essential that the volume and pressure stays within in regulation  as it is responsible for blood flow.

Temperature: It is important temperature stays within a range that is optimum for human survival. Cells only survive if the internal temperature is at its optimum.

(Sherwood, L)

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10 of the 11 major body systems of the human body gives essential help to homeostasis. Homeostasis is essential in the running of the human body system. Each of the 10 body systems contributes to the work of homeostasis. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, RESIPARTORY SYSTEM, URINARY SYSTEM, SKELETAL SYSTEM, MUSCULAR SYSTEM, INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM, IMMUNE SYSTEM, NERVOUS SYSTEM and ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Circulatory system: This system is responsible for the movement of mineral. The minerals are what cells use to survive and function. Waste is also transported in this system. This minerals are transported all over the human body ensure every body cell gains the correct amount of nutrients needed for their survival.

Digestive system: This system is responsible for the digestion of food. Food is broken down into nutrients. These nutrient are absorbed by the blood. These are the nutrients the circulatory system transports around the body.

Respiratory system: This role aids the maintain of the pH levels in the internal environment of the body. The respiratory system receives O2 needed for the respiration of cells. This system also reduces the level of CO2 in the human body.

Urinary system: This system is essential as it removes waste produces in urine. This system is responsible for determining what products are no longer are beneficial to the human body. These product include salts and electrolytes.

Skeletal/Muscular system: The skeletal system provides support for organ and any soft tissue in the human body. This system stores calcium. The skeletal and muscular system works together creating movement in the human body. The muscular system has a role in the homeostatic maintenance of temperature.

Integumentary system: This system acts as a barrier protecting the internal fluids of the human body. This system ensures foreign molecules can’t enter the internal fluid. This system is involved in the regulation of body temperature.

Immune system: This system guards against microorganisms that don’t belong within the human body. It starts the process of replacing body cells that have become damaged.

Nervous system: This system is responsible for controlling the movement of the human body. This is the system that recognised changes in the external environment and determining the response to the change.

Endocrine system: This system regulates activity within the human body. This system is essential  in maintaining concentration of nutrients.

(Sherwood, L 2010)

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Homeostasis requires at least four interacting components which are the stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector. The stimulus is provided by the variable that is being regulated. The stimulus indicates that the value of the variable has moved away from the set point or is not within the normal range. The sensor monitors the values of the variable and sends data on it to the control center.The control center matches the data with normal values. If the value is not at the set point or is outside the normal range, the control center sends a signal to the effector. The effector is an organ, gland, muscle, or other structure that acts on the signal from the control center to move the variable back towards the set point.

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All mammals should have a constant body temperature of in and about 37°, this should not change depending on your environment. When your body is too hot you will sweat. Sweat glands are stimulated to release sweat when your body is too warm, the liquid sweat turns into a gas and evaporates. Another process used to cool the body down is vasodilation. This works by the capillaries underneath your skin becoming filled and therefore brings the blood closer to the skin where more heat can be lost. Furthermore, to warm the body up there are two processes, one being vasoconstriction, the opposite to vasodilation. The capillaries underneath your skin constrict and take the blood away from the surface of the skin so less heat is lost. Piloerection is the second mechanism to warm the body up. This is when the hair on your body stands up. The hair traps a layer of air next to the skin which is then warmed up by the body heats and therefore becomes an insulative layer.

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The water levels in your body are controlled by the kidneys. The kidneys clean the blood of any waste products and control the amount of water kept in the body. The waste products and excess water make up urine which is then excreted via the ureter. The blood that is unclean also called dirty blood enters the renal artery and then multiple processes take place to clean the blood. These are filtration, sugar reabsorption, water reabsorption and finally waste excretion. During filtration blood enters the tubule area in a capillary. The capillary forms a small “knot” near the kidney tubule. The blood is filtered so all the small particles go into the tubule. The capillary then carries on to run next to the tubule. During the second stage all sugar is reabsorbed back into the capillary as the body needs sugar for cells to use during respiration. Water and ions are the next to be absorbed. If there is too little water in your blood you will have concentrated urine and if there is too much water in your blood you will have diluted urine. Finally, everything that is left in the kidney tubule is waste called urine it is excreted via the ureter and is stored in the bladder.

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Your body needs a constant level of glucose in the blood. This is regulated by insulin and glucagon, two chemicals found in the pancreas. If there is too much glucose in the blood, Insulin converts some of it to glycogen. If there is not enough glucose in the blood, Glucagon converts some glycogen into glucose. Some peoples bodies do not produce enough insulin and as a result when they eat the glucose in their blood cannot be reduced. This condition is called diabetes, diabetics monitor their diet carefully and may inject insulin into their blood to maintain the constant level.

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Respiratory homeostasis is concerned with the regulation of a blood gas composition that is compatible with maintaining cellular homeostasis. Provided that the lung-capillary exchange barrier does not prevent the exchange of gases, then blood leaving the lung will have oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures that are similar to the average values found in the alveoli. Alveolar ventilation establishes these values. If blood gas composition, especially of carbon dioxide, moves outside the homeostatic range, the change is detected by chemoreceptors and respiratory responses are promoted which change alveolar ventilation, alter alveolar gas composition and so reverse the change. Ventilation therapies provide the means of artificially restoring alveolar gas composition. In general terms, they do this by raising the partial pressure of oxygen within the alveoli either by using oxygen-enriched gas mixtures, or by improving the ventilation of alveoli using positive pressure.

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What system of homeostasis is responsible for receiving information that is responsible for indication change in the environment

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Which feedback system enhances a stimulus caused by a change in the environment?

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The control of a constant internal environment for a range of different factors

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Homeostasis ensures internal conditions do both fluctuate and always stay constant.

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What happens when homeostatic imbalance becomes so severe 

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Which of the following factors affect homeostasis?

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Which of the major body systems work together 

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how many body system are involved in homeostasis 

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Which of the following body systems does not help maintain homeostasis?

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1. Billman, GE. (2020) Homeostasis: The Underappreciated and Far Too Often Ignored Central Organizing Principle of Physiology. Frontal Physiol 11(200)

2. Clarke, MA, Dougles, M and Choi, J. (2018) Biology 2e. 2nd ed. Texas: Houston.

3. Libretti, S and Puckett, Y. (2024) Statpearls.  1st ed. Statpearl publishing.

4. Modell, H, Cliff, W, Micheal, J, McFarland, J, Wenderoth, MP and Wright, A. (2015) A Physiologist’s View of Homeostasis. Adv Physiol Educ. 39(1)

5. Biga, LM, Bronson, S, Dawson, S, Harwell, A, Hopkins, R Kaufmann, J, LeMaster, M, Matern, P, Morrison-Graham, K, Oja, K, Quick, D and Runyeon, J. (2019) Anatomy and Physiology. 1st ed. Oregan: Oregan State University

6. Marieb, E and Hoehn, K. (2018) Human Anatomy and physiology, Global Edition. 11th ed. UK: Harlow

7. Meurier, C and Crouch, AT. (2005) Health Assessment. 1st ed. Oxford: Blackwell

8. Sherwood, L. (2010) Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems 7th ed. USA: Brooks/Cole