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Thomas Aquinas' theoretical orientation in education reflects perennialism by emphasizing the integration of timeless truths from classical philosophy and Christian theology. He advocated for a curriculum that explores universal principles, ethics, and the pursuit of knowledge through reason and faith.

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Socrates' theoretical orientation in education aligns with essentialism through his focus on teaching core principles and timeless truths. He employed the Socratic method, emphasizing dialogue and questioning to encourage critical thinking and deep understanding of essential concepts.

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John Dewey believed that ideas should be tested through action and that learning is a dynamic process rooted in real-life situations. Dewey argued for the integration of education and democracy, asserting that schools should promote critical thinking and active participation in society.

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focus on fostering critical thinking and dialogue. Socrates believed that education should aim to cultivate virtue and moral character, guiding individuals to lead examined lives.