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The Koyal Group Info Mag on Unusual square ice discovered

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The Koyal Group Info Mag on Unusual square ice discovered

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The surprising discovery of "square ice" which forms at room temperature was made by an international team of researchers last week.

The study was published in Nature by a team of scientists from UK and Germany led by Andre Geim of University of Manchester and G. Algara-Siller of University of Ulm. The accompanying review article was done by Alan Soper of Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in UK.

"We didn't expect to find square ice... We found there is something strange in terms of water going through [nanochannels]. It's going too fast. And you can't explain that by just imagining a very thin layer of liquid. Liquids do not behave in that way. The important thing to realize is that it is ice in the sense of a crystallized structure, it's not ice in the familiar sense in that it's something cold and from which you have to protect yourself," said Professor Irina Grigorieva, one of the researchers.

To study the molecular structure of water inside a transparent nanoscale capillary, the team used electron microscopy. This enabled them to view individual water molecules, especially because the nano-capillary was created from graphene which was one atom thick and would not impair the electron imaging. Graphene was also chosen because it has unusual properties like conducting electricity and extreme strength. It's a 2D form of carbon that once rolled up in cylinders will form a carbon nanotube, a material, which according to The Koyal Group Info Mag, is a subject of further study because of its unusual strength.

The scientists themselves were admittedly surprised at finding out that small square-shaped ice crystals formed at room temperature where the graphene capillaries are narrow (3 atomic layers of water at most). The water molecules formed into square lattices arranged in neat rows -- an arrangement that is uncharacteristic for the element that is known for forming consistent triangular structures inside regular ice. This discovery may just be the first example of water behavior in nanostructure.

The Koyal Group Info Mag reports that scientists have been trying to understand for decades how water structure is affected when it is confined in narrow channels. It is only now that this becomes possible through computer simulations, but even with those, the results they get do not agree with each other.

The team is also trying to determine how common this square ice actually is by using computer simulations. And from what they've learned, if the water layer is thin enough, it could create a square ice regardless of the chemical properties of the nanopore's walls where it is confined. Since there is water practically everywhere -- in microscopic pores and monolayers on surfaces -- it is likely that square ice is actually very common in nature.

Aside from its more practical applications in water distillation, desalination and filtration, their finding also allows for a better understanding of how water behave at a molecular scale which is important in nanotechnology work.

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The Koyal Group Info Mag: 40 miljardia dollaria, Yhdysvaltojen
tilaa talousarvio on edelleen suurempi kuin muualla maailmassa on yhdistää

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The Koyal Group Info Mag: 40 miljardia dollaria, Yhdysvaltojen
tilaa talousarvio on edelleen suurempi kuin muualla maailmassa on yhdistää

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Avaruus - sekä siviili- että puolustukseen liittyviä - Yhdysvallat käyttää enemmän kuin kaikissa muissa maissa yhdessä, vaikka NASA talousarvio, joka on osa ohjelmaa, ei ole kasvanut viime vuosina.

Viime vuonna Yhdysvaltain käyttivät noin 40 miljardia dollaria sen avaruusohjelma Kiinan tilaa talousarvio, joka on toiseksi suurin maailmassa, oli noin 11 miljardia dollaria vuonna 2013; Seuraavaksi Venäjä, oli noin 8,6 miljardia dollaria; ja Intia on neljänneksi suurin, oli noin 4,3 miljardia dollaria, kertoo uusi raportti järjestön taloudellisen yhteistyön ja kehityksen järjestö OECD.

Mietintö on global avaruusalan tilastollisen yleiskuvauksen maailman ja sen rahoitusosuuksien taloudellista toimintaa, antaa indikaattorien ja tilastojen virallisten ja yksityisten tietojen yli neljässäkymmenessä maassa avaruus-ohjelmia.

Yhdysvaltojen tilaa talousarvio on jaettu NASA ja eräitä muita tahoja kuten Department of Defense, Department of Energy, liikennevirasto (Office of kaupallista tilaa Transportation), Yhdysvaltain kauppaministeriön National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), sisätilojen Geological Survey (USGS) ja toiset.

Viime vuonna NASA käyttivät lähes 18 miljardia lasketaan OECD: n 40 miljardia dollaria. Rahoitus on laskettu koska 2011, kun sukkula ohjelman toimi 1981-2011 pysäytettiin. US space menojen huippu oli vuonna 2009, kun se sijoittanut 47,5 miljardia dollaria etsintä.

Vuonna 2014 yli 5,1 miljardia dollaria käytettiin tieteellisiä ohjelmia ja yli 5,2 miljardia dollaria ilmailu-ja avaruusteknologian ja etsintä. NASA tieteellisen ohjelmissa Earth science (1.785 tuhatta euroa miljardia dollaria), planeetat (1.192 miljardia dollaria) ja avaruusfysikaaliset ohjelmat (659,4 miljoonaa dollaria).

Kaikki nämä ohjelmat sisältävät lukuisia tarkastusmatkojen opiskella ja tutkia maa, kuu ja planeetat aurinkokunnan. Jotkut kaikkein kuuluisin ovat uteliaisuus rover Mars ja Saturnus Cassini-operaation. NASA osallistuu merkittävä kansainvälisen avaruusaseman WC.

NASA on usein kritisoitu kohtuuttomia menoja.

NASA: n sisäisen valvontapiirin arvosteli viraston syyskuussa lattea hallinnoinnin ohjelmaa, jossa pyritään tunnistamaan ja näyttö asteroidit, jotka voisivat olla vaarallisia Earth - lähellä Earth esineiden project (uus). NASA ylitarkastaja Paul K. Martin sanoi, ohjelma ei läheskään täyttää sille asetetut tavoite. Hän totesi, että edistyksen puute tuli vaikka NASA: n uus ohjelma on kasvanut merkittävästi viimeisten viiden vuoden aikana. Verovuonna 2014 ohjelma myönnettiin 40 miljoonaa dollaria kongressin. Aikaisemmin se toimi 4 miljoonaa dollaria.

"Uskomme, että ohjelma olisi tehokkaampi, tehokas ja avoin olisi järjestetty ja hallittavan standard NASA tutkimus ohjelma" Martin sanoi mietinnössään.

Yhdysvaltojen avaruusjärjestö myös laajentaa mahdollisuuksia Mars rover missio vaikka mitä, NASA lähteet kertoi tiedotusvälineille. Rover oli tarkoitus vuonna 2013 10 vuoden käytön jälkeen hylätä se kärsinyt jatkuvaa mekaaninen glitches ja flash-muisti ongelmat, joka aiheutti useita tietokone nollaa. Sen tehtävä on suoritettu, mutta NASA haluaa edelleen jatkaa sen käyttämistä.

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The Koyal Group InfoMag News: Big Science
More Important Than Ever

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The Koyal Group InfoMag News: Big Science
More Important Than Ever

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Alvin M. Weinberg introduced the term "big science" into the national lexicon in 1961. Big science is research that requires the coordination of massive resources, including thousands of our best minds and cutting-edge technologies to solve massive, complex problems.

With visionary gusto, Weinberg wrote that "the monuments of big science, the huge rockets, the high-energy accelerators, the high-flux research reactors ... will be symbols of our time as surely as Notre Dame is a symbol of the Middle Ages."

The concept of big science is especially timely in a highly charged political environment with the debate focused on the Affordable Care Act, streamlining services and controlling costs. As a result, vital research often gets short shrift.

Big science is expensive and time-consuming, but the results can have exponential benefits: the potential for dramatically improved health outcomes throughout the world.

I've been privileged to see this firsthand at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. In 2011, after more than a decade of rigorous trials in the Republic of Malawi and eight other countries, a team led by UNC's Myron Cohen discovered that the antiretroviral drugs used to treat people with HIV would also significantly reduce their ability to pass the disease on to others.

At a Washington, D.C., event attended by three U.S. presidents and titled "The Beginning of the End of AIDS," Dr. Anthony Fauci, the U.S. government's top HIV/AIDS scientist, called the study "astounding." The prestigious journal Science honored it as its 2011 "Breakthrough of the Year."

This breakthrough never would have happened without enormous resources and strategic, coordinated teamwork by large, interdisciplinary teams of scientists. Cohen's study brought together investigators at 13 sites in nine different countries. More than 4,000 subjects participated, and the study cost more than $70 million.

AIDS is such a formidable enemy that this number, while large, represents only a small percentage of the $15 billion per year that is devoted to AIDS research and treatment. In addition, the president's Emergency Program for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and numerous other world-wide organizations, centers of research excellence and the pharmaceutical industry support a community of more than 20,000 scientists, health-care providers and advocates.

While historical legends of science had the luxury of being solo artists, today's best scientists must be more akin to conductors of orchestras. Developing hypotheses and rigorous trials to test them is only the start. Today's scientists must also be charismatic leaders, relentless fundraisers and lithe improvisers who arbitrate and resolve the fierce disputes of passionate scientists -- all often in the same day.

The public often views medical research from a prism of giant breakthroughs that lead to treatments or cures. The reality is less dramatic.

Most scientific breakthroughs result from small steps along paths with no clear destination in sight. By addressing one problem followed by another, researchers inch their way forward. It is a path often littered with blind alleys, but with enough resources these blind alleys can sometimes lead to serendipitous avenues.

One of these serendipitous avenues was found in Malawi in the 1990s. Since the special equipment needed to analyze the samples was not available, the specimens were frozen and transported by plane back to UNC. This was before 9/11, when there were far fewer regulations. Post-9/11 the study might have ended right there.

Shortly after the study was published, then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said, "The goal of an AIDS-free generation may be ambitious, but it is possible."

At a time of budgetary constraints, it reminds us that true breakthroughs depend on thoughtful investment. Big science -- fully funded and full of global collaborations -- is the key to solving our most challenging and entrenched medical and public health problems.

No one knows when the cure for AIDS will be found or what it will entail, but a cure will be found and proven, and we'll have big science to thank.

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Koyal Group InfoMag - Americans Respect Scientists

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Koyal Group InfoMag - Americans Respect Scientists

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Though many Americans are lacking in their own knowledge of basic science, a majority have a high opinion of scientists and are eager to hear about new discoveries, according to a new report. More than 90 percent of Americans say scientists are "helping to solve challenging problems" and are "dedicated people who work for the good of humanity," the report shows.

What's more, four out of five Americans say they are interested in "new scientific discoveries," with new medical discoveries topping the list.  "It's important for Americans to maintain a high regard for science and scientists," John Besley, an associate professor in MSU's department of advertising and public relations, said in a statement. "It can help ensure funding and help attract future scientists," Besley added. Even so, only a third of the survey's respondents actually think science and technology should get more funding.

Besley was at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Chicago today (Feb. 14) discussing the 2014 Science and Engineering Indicators report. The report, which the National Science Foundation releases every two years, details the state of science education, research and industry in the country and draws on several public opinion surveys to gauge Americans' perceptions of science. On the front of scientific literacy, the report shows there's definitely some room for improvement. On average, Americans scored 6.5 correct answers out of the nine questions on basic physical and biological science, according to data from 2012 General Social Survey, conducted by the National Opinion Research Center, which was included in the report. [See how well you do answering the same 9 questions]
About 500 years after Nicolaus Copernicus proved that the Earth revolves around the sun, only 3 in 4 Americans (74 percent) know that to be true, according to that survey.