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Jeannette Rankins was elected to Congress in 1916 and served from 1917 to 1919 during the 65th Congress. She was re-elected in 1940 and served a second term from 1941 to 1943 in the 77th Congress.

Jeannette Rankin was the first woman elected to the US Congress in 1916. She represented Montana and served from 1917 to 1919 and again from 1941 to 1943.

She was a strong advocate for women’s suffrage, she guaranteed women the right to vote. she is known for her bravery, voting against US entry into both Ww1 and Ww2 making her a unique and controversial figure in Congress.

Jeannette Rankins's elections were important because she was the first woman in Congress, inspiring more women to get involved in politics, and her stand on peace and women's rights is still relevant today.

Primary source

https://www.nps.gov/articles/lobbyforsuffrage.htm

The author of this book is Dr Anna Howard Shaw, a key leader in the women's suffrage movement in the United States. She fought for women's voting rights,  helping lay the hard work for the 19th Amendment.

Anna Howard Shaw's main purpose was to secure women's rights to vote, believing that suffrage was essential for equality and democracy. What stood out to me was her leadership and determination to help women.

I learned that Anna Howard Shaw was a passionate leader who used advocacy, education, and determination to fight for women's suffrage.

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The U.S Philippine war lasted from 1899-1902

Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris.

On February 4, 1899, just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, fighting broke out between American forces.

Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers.

The US Philippine war was significant because it marked the first battle overseas establishing them as a pacific power. The war solidified the United States as an imperial power, acquiring the Philippines as a colony after the Spanish-American War.

Primary Sourcehttps://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/d8d732c9-c373-4e59-9526-4a4b5a80f84e/content

The author of the primary source in Alejandrino Joaquin Natividad.

Something we should know about them is that he was a Lieutenant Colonel who fought under General Manuel Tinio in the Greater llocos region.

The main idea was is that Alejandrino is asking general Tinio to give him the command of the companies.

Some key details that stand out is that he is asking to let his brother to take command.

Something I learned from this document was that Alejandrinos brother wants control of the companies.

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This is a photograph of the 17th infantry going to the front.

It relates to my content because the group is apart of the U.S. army and they are about to go fight in the front lines.

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WWI began in Europe on July 28, 1914, when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. The battle lasted over four years, ending on November 11, 1918, when Germany signed the armistoce at Compiegne.

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, triggering alliances into action

Military buildup, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism increase tension in Europe.

The war saw trench warfare, and massive casualties and ended with an armistice on November 11, 1918.

It was important because ww1 caused the fall of big empires and led to the start of ww2

WW1 introduced new weapons and ways of fighting, which changed how wars are fought today.

Primary source

https://www.loc.gov/resource/2004540423/1914-08-17/ed-1/?sp=136&r=0.086,0.233,0.696,0.311,0

The author is Leslie,

He illustrated weekly documented World War 1 from 1914 to 1926 with detailed images and reports.

He's known for his illustrations, the publication used art to bring readers closer to the war events and shape public opinion.

The main idea was to capture major events of WW1 through images and daily reports

Leslie illustrated weekly showed the power of visuals in conveying historical events and shaping public opinion.

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I chose a photo of soldiers in the trenches to represent what they had to endure to protect themselves from enemy weapons like guns and bombs. Both sides couldn't move forward or push the others back, making them stay in these trenches long.

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As the first woman elected to Congress, her vocal opposition to both World War I and World War II highlights her commitment to peace and her unique role in advocating against war, which was controversial at the time.

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The Open Door Policy was proposed by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay in 1899 and reaffirmed in 1900, lasting throughout the early 20th century as a key aspect of U.S. foreign policy in China.

In 1899, the U.S. wanted to make sure that all countries could trade with China equally, without one country controlling everything. So, the U.S. asked other countries to let everyone have a fair chance to do business there.

The U.S. was worried that if China was divided up between other countries, they wouldn’t be able to trade with China, so they came up with the Open Door Policy to keep things fair for everyone.

The Open Door Policy was important because it helped the U.S. maintain access to China’s markets without having to fight for control, shaping America’s role in global trade. Today, it connects to ongoing issues about trade fairness, international influence, and the balance of power between countries.

Primary source

https://www.filepicker.io/api/file/IGJ3BcfpSNibcxcqHWyD

The author of this source is Wood Wilson, He was the 28th president known for his leadership during WWI and his push for the League of Nations. He idealized self-determination and free trade but he had difficulty with his post-war vision fully implemented.

Wilson's fourteen points outlined principles for just post ww1 promoting peace, self-determination, and free trade

He championed the League of Nations to prevent conflicts but failed to secure US participation due to Senate opposition.

Woodrow Wilson promoted peace and global cooperation but struggled with securing support for his vision.

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This 1898 drawing illustrates the tensions over China's trade, with the U.S., Britain, and Japan supporting open markets, while Russia, Germany, and France sought exclusive control, reflecting global power struggles and the importance of trade.

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Teddy Roosevelt Elected President 1901-1909

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Teddy Roosevelt Elected President 1901-1909

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Teddy Roosevelt was elected President in 1901 and stayed in office till 1909.

With the assassination of President McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, became the youngest President in the Nation’s history. He brought new excitement and power to the Presidency.

He led Congress and the American public toward progressive reforms and a strong foreign policy.

Roosevelt fought to break up these businesses through his trust busting policy.

In 1902 he enforced the Sherman Antitrust Act and brought a lawsuit that led to the division of a huge railroad corporation.

Roosevelt pressed Congress to create the US Forest Service in 1905 to manage government owned forest reserves.

Primary Source

https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1903/message-of-the-president

The author is Theodore Roosevelt

Something we should know about him is that he is the 26th President of the United States of America.

There was a lot of main ideas in this message but one of them was immigration.

A key detail that stands out is that he wanted to devise a system by which undesirable immigrants shall be kept out entirely while desirable immigrants are properly distributed throughout the country.

I learned from this message that Roosevelt had a lot of plans for the U.S.

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Historical Documents - Office of the Historian

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In this photo you can see President and Mrs. Coolidge, Teddy Roosevelt Jr and others on balcony watching procession at White House Washington D.C.

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The Pure Food and Drug Act was passed on June 30, 1906.

The law prohibited the addition of any ingredients that would substitute for the food, conceal damage, pose a health hazard, or constitute a filthy or decomposed substance.

It defined for the first time in a federal statute the terms “misbranding” and “adulteration” and gave the federal government the authority to seize adulterated or misbranded foods and punish violators with fines of up to $500 or imprisonment of up to 1 year for the first offense.

It was significant to history because it required companies to to accurately list ingredients and not mislead consumers about the product's quality or composition.

The act was the first federal law to protect consumers from unsafe food and drugs.

Primary Source https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/artifact/s-88-bill-preventing-manufacture-sale-or-transportation-deleterious-foods-drugs-medicines

The author or the one that introduced the bill was Weldon Heyburn.

Something we should know about Mr Heyburn is that he was an American attorney and politician who served as a United States Senator from Idaho from 1903 to 1912.

The main idea of the bill is saying that is will be unlawful to be able to transport or sell anything that is adulterated or misbranded.

Key details that stand out to me is that he says association of persons and any coperation.

I learned that even just one person can get in trouble and not just corperations.

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While Wiley was stumping for a law, muckraking journalists such as Samuel Hopkins Adams exposed in vivid detail the hazards of the marketplace. In fact, the nauseating condition of the meat-packing industry that Upton Sinclair captured in The Jungle was the final precipitating force behind both a meat inspection law and a comprehensive food and drug law. (A poster of the 1913 movie adaptation of Sinclair's novel is pictured at right, courtesy of the Sinclair Archives, Lilly Library, Indiana University, through James Harvey Young's Pure Food: Securing the Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906.) Since 1879, nearly 100 bills had been introduced in Congress to regulate food and drugs; on 30 June 1906 President Roosevelt signed the Food and Drugs Act, known simply as the Wiley Act, a pillar of the Progressive era.

This act, which the Bureau of Chemistry was charged to administer, prohibited the interstate transport of unlawful food and drugs under penalty of seizure of the questionable products and/or prosecution of the responsible parties. The basis of the law rested on the regulation of product labeling rather than pre-market approval. Drugs, defined in accordance with the standards of strength, quality, and purity in the United States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary, could not be sold in any other condition unless the specific variations from the applicable standards were plainly stated on the label. Foods were not defined according to analogous standards, but the law prohibited the addition of any ingredients that would substitute for the food, conceal damage, pose a health hazard, or constitute a filthy or decomposed substance. Interpretations of the food provisions in the law led to many, sometimes protracted, court battles. If the manufacturer opted to list the weight or measure of a food, this had to be done accurately. Also, the food or drug label could not be false or misleading in any particular, and the presence and amount of eleven dangerous ingredients, including alcohol, heroin, and cocaine, had to be listed.

The bureau's regulatory emphasis under Wiley centered on foods, which he believed posed a greater public health problem than adulterated or misbranded drugs. Wiley generally held a dim view of chemical additives to foods, championing an approach that considered most to be unnecessary adulterants. On this he clashed often with Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson, and on occasion President Roosevelt himself had to decide government policy on food regulation. Wiley's personal administrative authority under the act was diluted early on when Wilson created a Board of Food and Drug Inspection in 1907 to establish agency policy in enforcing the law. Similarly, the creation of the Referee Board of Consulting Scientific Experts in the following year to advise the department on safety issues associated with food additives undercut Wiley's scientific authority. The bureau had been developing informal standards for many foods in collaboration with outside experts since 1903, an activity that continued after the 1906 act. However, courts differed on the role these informal standards could play in cases. Separate laws established standards for some specific foods, such as apples and butter, as well as for canned foods.

Burton J. Howard, chief of the Bureau of Chemistry's microchemical laboratory, is shown in the right foreground in this photo from the 1920s. Howard developed a quantitative method to detect mold in ketchup that proved to be indispensable in establishing food adulteration in court.

After Wiley's resignation in 1912, the bureau devoted more effort to drug regulation, with some emphasis on the so-called patent medicines. While the law was much clearer about drug standards than standards for foods, misbranding was the source of considerable controversy in the regulation of drugs. A year earlier the Supreme Court ruled that the law did not--contrary to the government's interpretation--apply to false therapeutic claims. An amendment in the year of Wiley's resignation attempted to correct the language of the law. But it put the bureau in the difficult position of attempting to prove in court that manufacturers of drugs labeled with false therapeutic claims intended to defraud consumers. The bureau lost several cases against egregious products, but seizures of misbranded and adulterated drugs nevertheless increased in the 1920s and 1930s.
Next: The 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

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Part I: The 1906 Food and Drugs Act and Its Enforcement

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Continuing information on the History of FDA which includes the securing of the 1906 Food and Drugs Act.

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In this photo you can see a man carefully examining his food before eating it. It relates to my even because it is a propaganda poster someone made at the time for the pure food act.

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 Ratification of the 19th Amendment (1920)

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 Ratification of the 19th Amendment (1920)

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The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest.

The women’s suffrage movement began in the mid-1800s with leaders like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton advocating for voting rights.

Women’s contributions during World War I (1914–1918) helped strengthen the argument for their right to vote.

On June 4, 1919, the U.S. Senate passed the 19th Amendment ratified by the states

The 19th Amendment was a major step toward gender equality, allowing women to participate in democracy.

It covered the way for future movements like the Civil Rights Movement and ongoing fights for voting rights and gender equality today.

https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/19th-amendment-1

Primary source

https://www.loc.gov/collections/carrie-chapman-catt-papers/about-this-collection/

The author is Carrie Chapman Catt's papers

Carrie Chapman Catt was a leader in the fight to get women the right to vote in the United States. She helped make the 19th Amendment happen in 1920.

She created the League of Women Voters to help women stay involved in politics even after they got the right to vote.

Carrie Chapman Catt’s leadership helped pass the 19th Amendment, allowing women to vote in the U.S.

She started the League of Women Voters and worked for peace and equality around the world.

I learned that Carrie Chapman was a leader who fought for women's rights and equality.

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I chose this photo because it was taken during the women's suffrage movement, a decades-long fight to win the right to vote for women in the United States. Activists spent almost 100 years fighting for this right, and the campaign was not easy.

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The 18th amendment was ratified on January 16 1919. It took effect on January 17 1920.

The Eighteenth Amendment which made it illegal to manufacture, transport, and sell alcohol.

The 18th Amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933 because criminal organizations made money from illegal alcohol, which they used to bribe police, businesses, and political leader and also because the ban on alcohol hurt domestic industry and prevented the government from collecting tax revenue and more reasons.

The 18th amendment was significant because it prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquours but not the consumption, private possession, or production for one’s own consumption.

The Amendment was in effect for 13 years. It was repealed in 1933 by ratification of the twenty first amendment. This was the one time in American history that a constitutional amendment was repealed in its entirety

Primary Source https://www.loc.gov/resource/rbpe.1380240c/?st=text

The author is Wayne B. Wheeler.

Wayne Bidwell Wheeler was an American attorney and longtime leader of the Anti Saloon League. The leading advocate of the prohibitionist movement in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

The main idea is the enforcement of the 18th amendment and the prohibition of alchohol.

Key details that stand out to me is that in the first paragraph he states that "thirty-seven states have now enacted state Prohibition laws."

I learned that Wayne B. Wheeler is largely responsible for help making the 18th amendment.

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Constitutional Amendments – Amendment 18 – “The Beginning of Prohibition”

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Constitutional Amendments – Amendment 18 – “The Beginning of Prohibition”. Archived copy of “The New York Times” reporting on the states voting for the Nineteenth Amendment, prompting its formal ratification, 1919. (Public Domain) Amendment Eighteen to the Constitution was ratified on January 16, 1919.

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In this photo there are people protesting on the street because they want beer once again. It relates to my event because they are protesting because of the ratification of the 18th amendment.

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NAACP https://naacp.org/about/our-history https://modjourn.org/journal/crisis/

On February 12, 1909 the NAACP was created

A deadly race riot in the city of Springfield and the Niagara Movement for civil rights. Which influenced the creation of the NAACP.

This organization aimed to get all people the rights in the 13th, 14th, and the 15th amendments.

Their goals have always been to help people of color, gender equality and much more even back in the day.

The NAACP is still important to this very day because they continue to fight to remove barriers of racial discrimination.

Primary Source

The author is W. E. B. Du Bois. He was an American socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist.

He is best known for being one of the foremost Black intellectuals of his era. He eventually became the NAACP’s director of publicity and research before starting the NAACP’s official journal, The Crisis, in 1910

The main idea is that these articles helped advocate for black americans. It corrected racial stereotypes, educated others on these issues, and addressed topics like women’s suffrage, education, labor and also the war.

Some key details that point are they published every month, covered reports of lynchings, and also actively promoted the arts.

I learned that this articles brought attention to issues that the regular press would hide

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The Crisis magazine is the official publication of the NAACP and the nation's oldest African American publication.

A record of the darker races

The Crisis magazine is the official publication of NAACP. It was created in 1910 by renowned historian, civil rights activist, sociologist and NAACP co-founder W. E. B. Du Bois.

Du Bois founded The Crisis in one room of the New York Evening Post building in New York City and edited the publication until 1934. A group of NAACP leaders, who included Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, and William English Walling, decided to adapt the name from James Russell Lowell's poem The Present Crisis, written at the height of the Civil War.
"It will first and foremost be a newspaper: it will record important happenings and movements in the world which bear on the great problem of inter-racial relations, and especially those which affect the Negro-American. Secondly, it will be a review of opinion and literature, recording briefly books, articles, and important expressions of opinion in the white and colored press on the race problem. Thirdly, it will publish a few short articles. Finally, its editorial page will stand for the rights of men, irrespective of color or race, for the highest ideals of American democracy, and for reasonable but earnest and persistent attempts to gain these rights and realize these ideals. The magazine will be the organ of no clique or party and will avoid personal rancor of all sorts. In the absence of proof to the contrary it will assume honesty of purpose on the part of all men, North and South, white and black."
In the November 1910 premier issue of The Crisis, Du Bois wrote that the goal of the publication was to "set forth those facts and arguments which show the danger of race prejudice, particularly as manifested today toward colored people." DuBois noted that The Crisis would be a "a record of the darker races."

At the time, Du Bois noted, "it was the rule of most white papers never to publish a picture of a colored person except as a criminal and the colored papers published mostly pictures of celebrities who sometimes paid for the honor. In general, the Negro race was just a little afraid to see itself in plain ink."

But The Crisis was different.

"In its pages was the first encouragement of Negro writers and artists," wrote former Crisis business manager George S. Schuyler in 1951. "Here [were] the first literary contests, the first section devoted to Negro children, the first presentation of Negro artwork, the first feature stories about successful Negroes, the first full-fledged drive for Pan-Africanism, the first special numbers devoted to Negro educational advancement, the first articles on consumers cooperation. Here were scathing denunciations and flaming defense."

The Crisis, Schuyler wrote, created an intellectual revolution.

"Here for the first time with brilliance, militancy, facts, photographs and persuasiveness, a well-edited magazine [that] challenged the whole concept of white supremacy then nationally accepted," Schuyler wrote. The Crisis "became the bible of the militant Negro of the day" and "... was the rallying point for the new interracial deal."

Former NAACP executive director Roy Wilkins, who edited The Crisis from 1934-1949, pointed out that The Crisis was "one of the first, if not the first, magazine in America to carry an article of protest on the internment of American citizens of Japanese ancestry in concentration camps."

"Our content concerned itself with the problems of the day..." Wilkins wrote. He also noted that, "Its pages contain serious discussion of the problems of a group, enunciate a philosophy, and record progress in the struggle toward full citizenship."

For more than a century, The Crisis has chronicled the journey of Black America and is a sought-after resource for researchers, scholars, and others seeking information on the African-American experience. The Crisis/NAACP digital archive at the Library of Congress is the largest and most used collection, totaling over five million pieces.

Today The Crisis focuses on social justice issues, Black history, and African American art and culture. As DuBois intended, it remains committed to:

We can achieve greater in the fight against structural racism and inequality by honoring Black history all year long.

Learn More

Battling tirelessly for the rights of humanity and the highest ideals of democracy

Telling the world the facts

Exposing injustice and propose solutions

Speaking for ourselves and to speak the truth to power

Serving as a trustworthy record of the darker races and a reliable antidote to ignorance

Shaping and strengthen our collective consciousness

Serving humbly and forthrightly as memory and conscience, as spirit and heart.

A record of the darker races

The Crisis magazine is the official publication of NAACP. It was created in 1910 by renowned historian, civil rights activist, sociologist and NAACP co-founder W. E. B. Du Bois.
"It will first and foremost be a newspaper: it will record important happenings and movements in the world which bear on the great problem of inter-racial relations, and especially those which affect the Negro-American. Secondly, it will be a review of opinion and literature, recording briefly books, articles, and important expressions of opinion in the white and colored press on the race problem. Thirdly, it will publish a few short articles. Finally, its editorial page will stand for the rights of men, irrespective of color or race, for the highest ideals of American democracy, and for reasonable but earnest and persistent attempts to gain these rights and realize these ideals. The magazine will be the organ of no clique or party and will avoid personal rancor of all sorts. In the absence of proof to the contrary it will assume honesty of purpose on the part of all men, North and South, white and black."
Du Bois founded The Crisis in one room of the New York Evening Post building in New York City and edited the publication until 1934. A group of NAACP leaders, who included Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, and William English Walling, decided to adapt the name from James Russell Lowell's poem The Present Crisis, written at the height of the Civil War.

In the November 1910 premier issue of The Crisis, Du Bois wrote that the goal of the publication was to "set forth those facts and arguments which show the danger of race prejudice, particularly as manifested today toward colored people." DuBois noted that The Crisis would be a "a record of the darker races."

At the time, Du Bois noted, "it was the rule of most white papers never to publish a picture of a colored person except as a criminal and the colored papers published mostly pictures of celebrities who sometimes paid for the honor. In general, the Negro race was just a little afraid to see itself in plain ink."

But The Crisis was different.

"In its pages was the first encouragement of Negro writers and artists," wrote former Crisis business manager George S. Schuyler in 1951. "Here [were] the first literary contests, the first section devoted to Negro children, the first presentation of Negro artwork, the first feature stories about successful Negroes, the first full-fledged drive for Pan-Africanism, the first special numbers devoted to Negro educational advancement, the first articles on consumers cooperation. Here were scathing denunciations and flaming defense."

The Crisis, Schuyler wrote, created an intellectual revolution.

"Here for the first time with brilliance, militancy, facts, photographs and persuasiveness, a well-edited magazine [that] challenged the whole concept of white supremacy then nationally accepted," Schuyler wrote. The Crisis "became the bible of the militant Negro of the day" and "... was the rallying point for the new interracial deal."

Former NAACP executive director Roy Wilkins, who edited The Crisis from 1934-1949, pointed out that The Crisis was "one of the first, if not the first, magazine in America to carry an article of protest on the internment of American citizens of Japanese ancestry in concentration camps."

"Our content concerned itself with the problems of the day..." Wilkins wrote. He also noted that, "Its pages contain serious discussion of the problems of a group, enunciate a philosophy, and record progress in the struggle toward full citizenship."

For more than a century, The Crisis has chronicled the journey of Black America and is a sought-after resource for researchers, scholars, and others seeking information on the African-American experience. The Crisis/NAACP digital archive at the Library of Congress is the largest and most used collection, totaling over five million pieces.

Today The Crisis focuses on social justice issues, Black history, and African American art and culture. As DuBois intended, it remains committed to:

Battling tirelessly for the rights of humanity and the highest ideals of democracy

Telling the world the facts

Exposing injustice and propose solutions

Speaking for ourselves and to speak the truth to power

Serving as a trustworthy record of the darker races and a reliable antidote to ignorance

Shaping and strengthen our collective consciousness

Serving humbly and forthrightly as memory and conscience, as spirit and heart.

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The Crisis magazine is the official publication of the NAACP and the nation's oldest African American publication.

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I chose this photo because it relates to my topic since it is leaders of the NAACP holding what looks like a poster to promote their organization.

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Triangle shirtwaist Factory Fire - https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/triangle-shirtwaist-fire https://trianglefire.ilr.cornell.edu/primary/newspapersMagazines/nyt_032611_2.html

On March 25, 1911 in New York City

It killed 146 workers and the deaths were preventable but they died because of neglected safety features.

It was a sweatshop that employed young immigrant women that worked in a cramped space of sewing machines in lines.

Most workers were teenage girls that didn’t speak english. They worked for 12 hours each day.

It’s important because it brought widespread attention to the dangerous sweatshop conditions of factories and led to the development of laws and regulations that protected the safety of workers better.

This impacted the future because it helped create laws that are still used to this day to help protect workers.

Primary Source

This primary source is a newspaper article from the New York Times about the stories from witnesses and survivors of this fire.

It doesn’t say specifically who the author of this newspaper is so I’m assuming the author would just be the New York Times.

The New York Times has been around since 1851 and seeks the truth and to help people understand the world.

The Main Idea of this article is to learn truthful information to educate people who are learning about this accident.

Some key details were hearing about the girls trying to find a way out from the fire even going as far as jumping out of the window. Basically all girls who jumped from the window were dead from the impact except for one but she did not survive until the hospital.

Also anyone who was passing by immediately went to help, one was an elevator operator, another a person from a nearby shop and obviously firefighters.

This was a tragic fire that could’ve been prevented but helped create working safety laws.

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Table of Contents

1. Working Conditions in The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

2. What Started The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire?

3. Importance of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory in New York City burned, killing 146 workers. It is remembered as one of the most infamous incidents in American industrial history, as the deaths were largely preventable-most of the victims died as a result of neglected safety features and locked doors within the factory building. The tragedy brought widespread attention to the dangerous sweatshop conditions of factories, and led to the development of a series of laws and regulations that better protected the safety of workers.

Working Conditions in The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

The Triangle factory, owned by Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, was located in the top three floors of the Asch Building, on the corner of Greene Street and Washington Place, in Manhattan. It was a true sweatshop, employing young immigrant women who worked in a cramped space at lines of sewing machines. Nearly all the workers were teenaged girls who did not speak English and worked 12 hours a day, every day. In 1911, there were four elevators with access to the factory floors, but only one was fully operational and the workers had to file down a long, narrow corridor in order to reach it. There were two stairways down to the street, but one was locked from the outside to prevent stealing and the other only opened inward. The fire escape was so narrow that it would have taken hours for all the workers to use it, even in the best of circumstances.

Did you know? Exactly 79 years to the day after the Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire, another tragic fire occurred in New York City. The blaze, at the Happy Land Social Club in the Bronx, killed 87 people, the most deadly fire in the city since 1911.

The danger of fire in factories like the Triangle Shirtwaist was well-known, but high levels of corruption in both the garment industry and city government generally ensured that no useful precautions were taken to prevent fires. Blanck and Harris already had a suspicious history of factory fires. The Triangle factory was twice scorched in 1902, while their Diamond Waist Company factory burned twice, in 1907 and in 1910. It seems that Blanck and Harris deliberately torched their workplaces before business hours in order to collect on the large fire-insurance policies they purchased, a not uncommon practice in the early 20th century. While this was not the cause of the 1911 fire, it contributed to the tragedy, as Blanck and Harris refused to install sprinkler systems and take other safety measures in case they needed to burn down their shops again.

Added to this delinquency were Blanck and Harris' notorious anti-worker policies. Their employees were paid a mere $15 a week, despite working 12 hours a day, every day. When the International Ladies Garment Workers Union led a strike in 1909 demanding higher pay and shorter and more predictable hours, Blanck and Harris' company was one of the few manufacturers who resisted, hiring police as thugs to imprison the striking women, and paying off politicians to look the other way.

What Started The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire?

On March 25, a Saturday afternoon, there were 600 workers at the factory when a fire began in a rag bin. The manager attempted to use the fire hose to extinguish it, but was unsuccessful, as the hose was rotted and its valve was rusted shut. As the fire grew, panic ensued. The young workers tried to exit the building by the elevator but it could hold only 12 people and the operator was able to make just four trips back and forth before it broke down amid the heat and flames. In a desperate attempt to escape the fire, the girls left behind waiting for the elevator plunged down the shaft to their deaths. The girls who fled via the stairwells also met awful demises-when they found a locked door at the bottom of the stairs, many were burned alive.

Those workers who were on floors above the fire, including the owners, escaped to the roof and then to adjoining buildings. As firefighters arrived, they witnessed a horrible scene. The girls who did not make it to the stairwells or the elevator were trapped by the fire inside the factory and began to jump from the windows to escape it. The bodies of the jumpers fell on the fire hoses, making it difficult to begin fighting the fire. Also, the firefighters ladders reached only seven floors high and the fire was on the eighth floor. In one case, a life net was unfurled to catch jumpers, but three girls jumped at the same time, ripping the net. The nets turned out to be mostly ineffectual.

Within 18 minutes, it was all over. Forty-nine workers had burned to death or been suffocated by smoke, 36 were dead in the elevator shaft and 58 died from jumping to the sidewalks. With two more dying later from their injuries, a total of 146 people were killed by the fire.

Importance of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

The fire helped unite organized labor and reform-minded politicians like progressive New York Governor Alfred E. Smith and Senator Robert F. Wagner, one of the legislative architects of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal agenda. Frances Perkins, who served on a committee that helped to set up the Factory Investigating Commission in New York in the wake of the fire, would later become Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor. The workers union set up a march on April 5 on New York's Fifth Avenue to protest the conditions that had led to the fire. It was attended by 80,000 people.

Despite a good deal of evidence that the owners and management had been horribly negligent in the fire, a grand jury failed to indict them on manslaughter charges. To settle lawsuits against them, they eventually paid $75 in compensation to each victim's family-a fraction of the $400 per death that they were paid by their insurer.

Still, the massacre for which they were responsible did finally compel the city to enact reform. In addition to the Sullivan-Hoey Fire Prevention Law passed that October, the New York Democratic set took up the cause of the worker and became known as a reform party. Both were crucial in preventing similar disasters in the future.

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On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory in New York City burned, killing 146 workers. It is remembered as one of the most infamous incidents in American industrial history, as the deaths were largely preventable.

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Ratification of the 17th Amendment

It was ratified on April 8, 1913

This amendment was first passed on May 13th 1912. They included a race rider to stop federal intervention in cases of racial discrimination among the voters. Then a substitute amendment was provided for the direct election of senators without needing a race rider. This resolution is what became the 17th amendment.

The 17th amendment essentially announces the regulations of the Senate. It states that each state is allowed two senators, the qualifications needed and what happens if there is a vacancy.

Primary Source https://catalog.archives.gov/id/1408966

The author is the U.S Senate.

Something we should know about them is that The Senate shares full legislative power with the House of Representatives.

The main idea is that it proposes the amendment that changes how the U.S. senators are selected.

A key detail that stands out is that it is changing the ways senators are selected.

Something I learned is that the 17 Amendment does not take effect of sitting senators

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Passed by Congress on May 13, 1912, and ratified on April 8, 1913, the 17th Amendment modified Article I, Section 3, of the Constitution by allowing voters to cast direct votes for U.S. senators. Prior to its passage, senators were chosen by state legislatures.

The Constitution, as it was adopted in 1788, made the Senate an assembly where the states would have equal representation. Each state legislature would elect two senators to six-year terms. Late in the 19th century, some state legislatures deadlocked over the election of a senator when different parties controlled different houses - Senate vacancies could last months or years. In other cases, special interests or political machines gained control over the state legislature. Progressive reformers dismissed individuals elected by such legislatures as puppets and the Senate as a "millionaires' club" serving powerful private interests.

One Progressive response to these concerns was the "Oregon system," which utilized a state primary election to identify the voters' choice for senator while pledging all candidates for the state legislature to honor the primary's result. Over half of the states adopted the "Oregon system," but the 1912 Senate investigation of bribery and corruption in the election of Illinois Senator William Lorimer indicated that only a constitutional amendment mandating the direct election of senators by a state's citizenry would satisfy public demands for reform.

In 1910 and 1911, the House passed proposed amendments for the direct election of senators. This would be done by vesting complete control of Senate elections in state governments. They included, however, a "race rider" meant to bar federal intervention in cases of racial discrimination among voters. Supporters of the clause claimed that it guaranteed state sovereignty, while opponents saw it as a workaround to override the will of Black Americans who had the right to vote as conferred by the 15th Amendment.

A substitute amendment by Senator Joseph L. Bristow of Kansas provided for the direct election of senators without the "race rider." The Senate adopted the amended joint resolution on a close vote in May 1911. Over a year later, the House accepted the change, and on April 8, 1913, the resolution became the 17th amendment.

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17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)

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EnlargeDownload Link Citation: Joint Resolution proposing 17th amendment, 1913. Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-. General Records of the U.S. Government, Record Group 11, National Archives. View All Pages in the National Archives Catalog View Transcript Passed by Congress on May 13, 1912, and ratified on April 8, 1913, the 17th Amendment modified Article I, Section 3, of the Constitution by allowing voters to cast direct votes for U.S.

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In this photo US senators are having a meeting about the 17th amendment

It relates to my event because my event is the ratification of the 17th amendment and in the photo they are having a meeting discussing that amendment

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The construction was during 1904-1914

The Panama Canal was built to create a water passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans allowing ships to avoid the long and dangerous journey around the southern tip of South America.

The Panama Canal is a maritime shortcut that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It's considered one of the greatest civil engineering achievements of the 20th century.

Primary Source- https://www.loc.gov/resource/llglrdppub.2019668883/?sp=1&r=-0.924,0.041,2.848,1.118,0

The author is Abbott, Eduardo G.

Eduardo Abbott was a lawyer who has worked at the World Bank, the U.S. Library of Congress, and in Chile.

The main idea is that the functions of the President of the Republic is to conduct foreign relations, receive diplomatic and consuler agents and to enter international treaties and agreements.

A key detail that stands out is that in order to ensure the fulfillment of the objectives of the revolutionary process.

That the constitution currently in force in Panama was enacted and came into effect on October 11 1972

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When Was the Panama Canal Built?

The idea of creating a water passage across the isthmus of Panama to link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans dates back to at least the 1500s: After explorer Vasco Nuñez de Balboa realized that a narrow strip of land separated the two oceans, King Charles I of Spain tapped his regional governor to survey a route along the Chagres River.

The realization of such a route across the mountainous, tropical terrain was deemed impossible at the time, although the idea remained tantalizing as a potential shortcut from Europe to eastern Asia. The only other route was to sail around South America via the stormy, unpredictable Strait of Magellan, or use the Panama Railroad to transfer goods and people from one ocean to another.

France was ultimately the first country to attempt the task. Led by Count Ferdinand de Lesseps, the builder of the Suez Canal in Egypt, the construction team broke ground on a planned sea-level canal in 1880.

The French quickly comprehended the monumental challenge ahead of them: Along with the incessant rains that caused heavy landslides, there was no effective means for combating the spread of yellow fever and malaria. De Lesseps belatedly realized that a sea-level canal was too difficult and reorganized efforts toward a lock canal, but funding was pulled from the project in 1888.

Teddy Roosevelt and the Panama Canal

Following the deliberations of the U.S. Isthmian Canal Commission and a push from President Theodore Roosevelt, the United States purchased the French assets in the canal zone for $40 million in 1902. When a proposed treaty over rights to build in what was then a Colombian territory was rejected, the U.S. threw its military weight behind a Panamanian independence movement, eventually negotiating a deal with the new government.

On November 6, 1903, the United States recognized the Republic of Panama, and on November 18 the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed with Panama, granting America exclusive and permanent possession of the Panama Canal Zone.

In exchange, Panama received $10 million and an annuity of $250,000 beginning nine years later. The treaty, negotiated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay and French engineer Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, was condemned by many Panamanians as an infringement on their country's new national sovereignty.

Seemingly not grasping the lessons from the French effort, the Americans devised plans for a sea-level canal along the roughly 50-mile stretch from Colón to Panama City. The project officially commenced with a dedication ceremony on May 4, 1904, but chief engineer John Wallace encountered immediate problems.

Much of the French equipment was in need of repair, while the spread of yellow fever and malaria was frightening off the workforce. Under pressure to keep construction moving forward, Wallace instead resigned after a year.

John Stevens

A railroad specialist named John Stevens took over as chief engineer in July 1905 and immediately addressed the workforce issues by recruiting West Indian laborers.

Stevens ordered new equipment and devised efficient methods to speed up work, such as the use of a swinging boom to lift chunks of railroad track and adjust the train route for carting away excavated material. He also quickly recognized the difficulties posed by landslides and convinced Roosevelt that a lock canal was best for the terrain.

The project was helped immensely by chief sanitary officer Dr. William Gorgas, who believed that mosquitoes carried the deadly diseases indigenous to the area. Gorgas embarked on a mission to wipe out the carriers, his team painstakingly fumigating homes and cleansing pools of water. The last reported case of yellow fever on the isthmus came in November 1905, while malaria cases dropped precipitously over the following decade.

Although construction was on track when President Roosevelt visited the area in November 1906, the project suffered a setback when Stevens suddenly resigned a few months later. Incensed, Roosevelt named Army Corps engineer Lt. Col. George Washington Goethals the new chief engineer, granting him authority over virtually all administrative matters in the building zone.

Goethals proved a no-nonsense commander by squashing a work strike after taking charge, but he also oversaw the addition of facilities to improve the quality of life for workers and their families.

Panama Canal Dangers

Goethals focused efforts on Culebra Cut, the clearing of the mountain range between Gamboa and Pedro Miguel. Excavation of the nearly 9-mile stretch became an around-the-clock operation, with up to 6,000 men contributing at any one time. Despite the attention paid to this phase of the project, Culebra Cut was a notorious danger zone, as casualties mounted from unpredictable landslides and dynamite explosions.

Construction of the locks began with the pouring of concrete at Gatún in August 1909. Built in pairs, with each chamber measuring 110 feet wide by 1,000 feet long, the locks were embedded with culverts that leveraged gravity to raise and lower water levels.

Ultimately, the three locks along the canal route lifted ships 85 feet above sea level, to man-made Gatún Lake in the middle. Hollow, buoyant lock gates were also built, varying in height from 47 to 82 feet. The entire enterprise was powered by electricity and run through a control board.
READ MORE: Why the Construction of the Panama Canal Was So Difficult-and Deadly
Panama Canal Completed

The grand project began drawing to a close in 1913. Two steam shovels working from opposite directions met in the center of Culebra Cut in May, and a few weeks later, the last spillway at Gatún Dam was closed to allow the lake to swell to its full height. In October, President Woodrow Wilson operated a telegraph at the White House that triggered the explosion of Gamboa dike, flooding the final stretch of dry passageway at Culebra Cut.

The Panama Canal officially opened on August 15, 1914, although the planned grand ceremony was downgraded due to the outbreak of WWI. Completed at a cost of more than $350 million, it was the most expensive construction project in U.S. history to that point.

Altogether, some 3.4 million cubic meters of concrete went into building the locks, and nearly 240 million cubic yards of rock and dirt were excavated during the American construction phase. Many people, however, died building the Panama Canal: Of the 56,000 workers employed between 1904 and 1913, roughly 5,600 were reportedly killed, though the actual number is probably much higher, since the French only recorded deaths that occurred in hospital.

The Panama Canal cost the United States around $375,000,000-this figure includes the $10,000,000 paid to Panama and $40,000,000 paid to the French when they abandoned the project. At the time, it was the most expensive construction project in U.S. history.

Impact of the Panama Canal

Bolstered by the addition of Madden Dam in 1935, the Panama Canal proved a vital component to expanding global trade routes in the 20th century. The transition to local oversight began with a 1977 treaty signed by U.S. President Jimmy Carter and Panama leader Omar Torrijos, with the Panama Canal Authority assuming full control on December 31, 1999.

Recognized by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the seven wonders of the modern world in 1994, the canal hosted its 1 millionth passing ship in September 2010.

The United States continues to be the heaviest user of the Panama Canal: 66 percent of the Canal's cargo traffic began or ended its journey at a U.S. port, while cargo from or to China made up 13 percent of its traffic, according to 2019 data.

Sources

Learn about the history of the Panama Canal. Panama Canal Authority.
Building the Panama Canal, 1903-1914. U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian.
Key Decision Point Coming for the Panama Canal. Center for Strategic & International Studies.

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Panama Canal: History, Definition & Canal Zone - HISTORY

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The Panama Canal is a massive engineering marvel that connects the Pacific Ocean with the Atlantic Ocean through a 50-mile series of shipping canals and locks.

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In this photo men and women unite to help build the Panama Canal

It relates to my event because the picture is people building the Panama Canal.

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The war took place between April 21, 1898 - July 17, 1898

The Spanish American War was a conflict between the United States and Spain, primarily over Cuba's struggle for independence.

It resulting in the U.S. gaining territories in the Western Pacific and Latin America.

The war was significant because The war solidified the United States position as a global power.

It acquired territories in the Western Pacific and Latin America.

Primary source https://www.macarthurmemorial.org/DocumentCenter/View/436/Spanish-American-War-Education-Resources?bidId= page 2

The author is the New York Journal

Something we should know about them is that they were founded by Albert Pulitzer and later owned by William Randolph Hearst.

The main idea is that Americas Worship ¨Main¨ was destroyed by an enemy.

A key detail that stands out is that they put a $50,000 reward for the detection of the perpetrator.

I learned that in 1898 the Spanish destroyed an american warship with a hidden mine.

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I chose this photo because it really stood out to me that they are going to fight on horses.

It relates to my event because the war they are fighting is the Spanish American War

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The Boxer rebellion lasted between 1899 and 1901.

The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900.

It began by peasants but was eventually supported by the government.

The Boxer Rebellion was significant because it marked a turning point in Chinese history, weakening the Qing dynasty, fueling nationalist sentiment.

It ultimately led to the collapse of the imperial system and the rise of the Republic of China

Primary Source https://www.loc.gov/item/2024774764/

The author is William Mckinley

Something we should know about him is that he served as the 25th president from 1897 until his assassination in 1901.

The main idea of the document is that the minister of China has joined the representatives.

A key detail that stands out is that they are demanding the execution of Prince Tuan or other Chinese officials.

Something I have learned about this document is that China joined the representatives at Pekin

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Boxer Rebellion, officially supported peasant uprising of 1900 that attempted to drive all foreigners from China. " Boxers" was a name that foreigners gave to a Chinese secret society known as the Yihequan ("Righteous and Harmonious Fists"). The group practiced certain boxing and calisthenic rituals in the belief that this made them invulnerable. It was thought to be an offshoot of the Eight Trigrams Society (Baguajiao), which had fomented rebellions against the Qing dynasty in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Their original aim was the destruction of the dynasty and also of the Westerners who had a privileged position in China.

In the late 19th century, because of growing economic impoverishment, a series of unfortunate natural calamities, and unbridled foreign aggression in the area, the Boxers began to increase their strength in the provinces of North China. In 1898 conservative, antiforeign forces won control of the Chinese government and persuaded the Boxers to drop their opposition to the Qing dynasty and unite with it in destroying the foreigners. The governor of the province of Shandong began to enroll Boxer bands as local militia groups, changing their name from Yihequan to Yihetuan ("Righteous and Harmonious Militia"), which sounded semiofficial. Many of the Qing officials at this time apparently began to believe that Boxer rituals actually did make them impervious to bullets, and, in spite of protests by the Western powers, they and Cixi, the ruling empress dowager, continued to encourage the group.

Christian missionary activities helped provoke the Boxers; Christian converts flouted traditional Chinese ceremonies and family relations; and missionaries pressured local officials to side with Christian converts-who were often from the lower classes of Chinese society-in local lawsuits and property disputes. By late 1899 the Boxers were openly attacking Chinese Christians and Western missionaries. By May 1900, Boxer bands were roaming the countryside around the capital at Beijing. Finally, in early June an international relief force of some 2,100 men was dispatched from the northern port of Tianjin to Beijing. On June 13 the empress dowager ordered imperial forces to block the advance of the foreign troops, and the small relief column was turned back. Meanwhile, in Beijing the Boxers burned churches and foreign residences and killed suspected Chinese Christians on sight. On June 17 the foreign powers seized the Dagu forts on the coast in order to restore access from Beijing to Tianjin. The next day the empress dowager ordered that all foreigners be killed. The German minister was murdered, and the other foreign ministers and their families and staff, together with hundreds of Chinese Christians, were besieged in their legation quarters and in the Roman Catholic cathedral in Beijing.

Imperial viceroys in the central Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) valley and in South China ignored government orders and suppressed antiforeign outbreaks in their jurisdiction. They thus helped establish the myth that the war was not the policy of the Chinese government but was a result of a native uprising in the northeast, the area to which the disorders were mainly confined.

An international force of some 19,000 troops was assembled, most of the soldiers coming from Japan and Russia but many also from Britain, the United States, France, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. On August 14, 1900, that force finally captured Beijing, relieving the foreigners and Christians besieged there since June 20. While foreign troops looted the capital, the empress dowager and her court fled westward to Xi'an in Shaanxi province, leaving behind a few imperial princes to conduct the negotiations. After extensive discussions, a protocol was finally signed in September 1901, ending the hostilities and providing for reparations to be made to the foreign powers.

Perhaps a total of up to 100,000 or more people died in the conflict, although estimates on casualties have varied widely. The great majority of those killed were civilians, including thousands of Chinese Christians and approximately 200 to 250 foreign nationals (mostly Christian missionaries). Some estimates cite about 3,000 military personnel killed in combat, the great bulk of them being Boxers and other Chinese fighters.

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Boxer Rebellion | Significance, Combatants, & Facts

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Boxer Rebellion, officially supported peasant uprising (1900) that attempted to drive all foreigners from China. 'Boxers' was a name that foreigners gave to a Chinese secret society known as the Yihequan ('Righteous and Harmonious Fists'). Learn more about the Boxer Rebellion here.

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In this photo International forces advancing toward Boxer soldiers outside the Imperial Palace in Beijing during the Boxer Rebellion.

It relates to my event because this is a battle from the Boxer Rebellion in 1900.

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The US Annexation of Hawaii took place in 1898.

The Us Annexation of Hawaii ended a long conflict between native Hawaiians and American businessmen.

The annexation made Hawaii a U.S. territory until it became the 50th state in 1959.

The annexation led to an industrial boom and investment in sugarcane plantations.

It was significant because it expanded U.S. territory into the Pacific, providing a strategic naval base.

Primary Source https://catalog.archives.gov/id/306653

The author of this document is Queen Liliuokalani

Something we should know about her is that she was the only queen regnant and the last sovereign monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom, ruling from January 29, 1891, until the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom.

The main idea is that she is protesting against the assertion of ownership by the U.S.

A key detail that stands out is that the amount of land the US wanted was about 1 million acres.

Something I learned that the US wanted to buy land but The Queen Liliuokalani denied.

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Joint Resolution to Provide for Annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States (1898)

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EnlargeDownload Link Citation: Joint Resolution to Provide for Annexing the Hawaiian Islands to the United States, July 7, 1898; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress; General Records of the United States Government, 1778-1992; Record Group 11; National Archives. View All Pages in the National Archives Catalog View the Letter from Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii, to the U.S. House of Representatives Protesting U.S. Assertion of Ownership of Hawaii View Transcript On July 7, 1898, the Hawaiian Islands were annexed by this joint resolution.

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This photo is a photograph of Queen Liliuokalani and she was the Queen of Hawaii during the time of the annexation.