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California Gold Rush

Date: 1848-1855

Description: Happened when Gold was found at Sutter's Mill. Thousands then headed west, rapidly increasing California's population which helped play a major role in California becoming a state.

Cause/Effect

Cause: Gold being found by James Marshall at Sutter's Mill.

Effect: Quickly boosted industrial and agricultural development, shaped California's economic growth, keyed its transition to statehood.

Perspective

Anti-slavery settlers: Saw the Gold Rush as a opportunity to make California a free state, to hopefully put slavery to an end.

Pro-slavery settlers: Wanted to expand slavery into California, for a political power boost on slave states.

The federal government: Viewed the Rush as an opportunity for economic growth, supporting California in becoming a state.

Connection

Connects to: The Westward Expansion (1801-1861), both which followed in the footsteps of a leader or founder to expand west.

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Pottawatomie Massacre

Date: 1856

Description: An event where John Brown led his followers who were abolitionists to kill five pro-slavery settlers in Kansas.

Cause/Effect

Cause: The violence between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in Kansas intensifying.

Effect: Increased the conflict violently causing a more harsh division between the pro- and anti-slavery settlers and contributed tensions that led to the Civil War.

Perspective

Anti-slavery settlers: Was seen as a necessary take of action and a justified response against pro-slavery settlers.

Pro-slavery settlers: Saw it as a unjustified attack and viewed John Brown as a threat who escalated conflict.

The federal government: Viewed John as a trouble to the rise of violence, which censored concerns about the maintenance of Kansas.

Connects to: Bleeding Kansas (1854-1861), which was a political period of violence mainly between pro- and anti-slavery settlers.

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Raid on Harpers Ferry

Date: 1859

Description: Attempt by John Brown to start a armed slave revolt by seizing federal weapons located in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, but they were shortly taken down by the U.S. Army.

Cause/Effect

Cause: John Browns desire to had a revolt of armed slaves, to put an end to slavery.

Effect: Pulled tension over slavery to the max, which later contributed to the Civil War.

Perspective

Anti-slavery settlers: Viewed the raid as a act of courage and extreme effort to fight against slavery by John Brown.

Pro-Slavery settlers: Saw the raid as a dangerous and violent attack of aggression, viewed John as a criminal and a terrorist.

The federal government: Viewed it as an act of treason and a severe threat to national security.

Connects to: American Civil War (1861-1865), because the raid led to the Civil War which is where the North and the South battled their conflicts over slavery out.

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Emancipation Proclamation

Date: 1863

Description: A document that was put in to play by President Lincoln That declared all people that were enslaved and being held in Confederate territories were to be free.

Cause/Effect

Cause: To weaken the Confederacy and set those that were enslaved free, while also allowing African Americans to Join the Union Army.

Effect: Led to the enslaved people having liberty who were in the Confederates area, and abolished slavery.

Perspective

Anti-slavery settlers: Saw this as a positive step towards what they believed in.

Pro-slavery settlers: Set their view as negative towards their "way of life" and economic interest/support.

The federal government: Saw it as a need for their goals to weaken the Confederates and abolish slavery.

Connects to: 13th Amendment being passed (1865), while the Emancipation Proclamation liberated the enslaved people who were in the Confederate territory, the amendment abolish slavery as a whole.

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Battle of Gettysburg

Date: 1863

Description: A three day fight between General Meade supported by The Union Army and General Lee supported by Confederate forces, General Lee was defeated which stopped the northern invasion.

Cause/Effect

Cause: The Confederate "leader" General Lee invaded the North in attempt to relax the pressure that was being put on the South and gather supplies.

Effect: Includes a huge turning point for the Civil War, a higher profile on the Unions morale, and president Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.

Perspective

Anti-slavery settlers: Saw it as a huge victory for the Union. They viewed it as a major steeping stone on putting an end to slavery.

Pro-slavery settlers: Viewed this battle as a major step back and defeat, which crushed their idea on achieving independence and moving forward with slavery.

The federal government: Saw this as a win for the Union and a loss for the confederacy, which helped President Lincoln and his administrators war efforts.

Connects to: Gettysburg address (1863), the speech that was given by president Abraham Lincoln to announce that the purpose of the Civil War has been redefined, putting an emphasis on national unity and the principle to equality.

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Freedmen’s Bureau

Date: 1865

Description: Helped those who were enslaved but now with liberty by providing them with shelter, food, water, education, etc.

Cause/ Effect

Cause: To assist freed slaves and those who were poor by provided them with basic human necessities.

Effects: Former Slaves were now with shelter, food, water, education, and more, they were also given support and help on other things.

Perspective

Anti-slavery settlers: Supported the cause and seeing this aid and support as essential.

Pro-slavery settlers: Didn't agree with the help and support and viewed it as unwelcoming.

The federal government: Viewed the cause as good aid, but they also faced difficulties with limits on funding and a political objection.

Connects to: Reconstruction period (1865-1877), the period that followed the Civil War in hopes and orders to rebuild the South and America as a whole.

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15th Amendment

Date: 1869

Description: Allowed African Americans the right to vote, and prohibited states from denying the right based "on account of race, color, or previous conditions of servitude."

Cause/Effect

Cause: To address racial discrimination connecting to voting rights, giving African American men endurance of participating in electoral processes.

Effect: Expanding electoral layouts for future Civil rights movements in giving rights to other groups on the opportunity to vote.

Perspective

Anti-slavery settlers: Saw it as a good opportunity for African Americans gaining rights.

Pro-slavery settlers: Opposed it as they viewed the amendment as hurtful, because they wanted to maintain white supremacy.

The federal government: Viewed it as a important step in maintaining equal voting rights, which strengthened democracy by putting a end on racial discrimination when it came to voting.

Connects to: 14th amendment (1868), granted citizenship and equal protection under the law, which formatted a further path of voting rights.

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Wounded Knee Massacre

Date: 1890

Description: When the Lakota Sioux came together to do a dance, known as the Ghost Dance to scare away the white men in order for the natives to have peace. Unfortunately it went south as the government saw it as a threat, gathered soldiers and opened fire on the Lakota killing hundreds.

Cause/Effect

Cause: The U.S. government in an attempt to restrain the Ghost Dance movement and unarm the Lakota Sioux which ultimately failed.

Effect: Ended in hundreds of Lakota men, women and children dead.

Perspective

Anti-slavery settlers: Most likely saw this event as gruesome and brutal treatment towards minoritized group, reflecting injustices.

Pro-slavery settlers: Probably Viewed this Massacre as a required stand of action to maintain and take control of the breakout from the massacre, reflecting their support for the suppression.

The federal government: Saw it as a necessary take of action to stop a potential revolt.

Connection: Sand Creek Massacre (1864), both were Massacres by which hundreds of Native Americans were killed by military force.