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Packet switching is a method of grouping data into short messages in fixed format, i.e. packets, that are transmitted over a digital network

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Circuit switching is a communication method where a dedicated communication

path, or circuit, is established between two devices before data transmission

begins. The circuit remains dedicated to the communication for the duration of

the session, and no other devices can use it while the session is in progress.

Circuit switching is commonly used in voice communication and some types of

data communication.

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Packet switching is cheaper as it shares network resources. Circuit switching is more costly

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Circuit switching has 3 phases: 1) Connection establishment 2) Data Transfer 3) Connection released

In Packet Switching directly data transfer takes place

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Packet switching is used to optimize the use of the channel capacity available in digital telecommunication networks such as computer networks, to minimize the transmission latency, the time it takes for data to pass across the network. It is also used to increase robustness of communication.

1. Data Segmentation and Reassembly

• Splits large messages into smaller packets.

• Reassembles packets in the correct order at the destination.

2. Routing and Forwarding

• Determines the best path for each packet based on network conditions.

• Forwards packets from one node to another toward the destination.

3. Error Detection and Correction

• Includes error-checking mechanisms (e.g., checksums) to detect corrupted packets.

• Requests retransmission of lost or damaged packets.

4. Traffic Management and Congestion Control

• Manages network traffic to prevent congestion.

• Uses techniques like queue management and flow control.

5. Multiplexing and Resource Efficiency

• Allows multiple communications to share the same network resources.

• Improves efficiency compared to circuit switching.

6. Adaptive Transmission

• Adjusts routing dynamically in response to network failures or congestion.

• Ensures reliability and efficient data delivery.

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The three main functions of circuit switching are:

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The three main functions of circuit switching are:

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1. Call Establishment – A dedicated communication path is set up between the sender and receiver before data transmission begins.

2. Data Transmission – Once the circuit is established, data flows continuously and exclusively through the dedicated channel.

3. Call Termination – After communication is complete, the circuit is disconnected, freeing up network resources for other users.

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In circuit switching, each data unit knows the entire path address which is provided by the source.

In Packet switching, each data unit just knows the final destination address intermediate path is decided by the routers

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Packet switching is highly scalable as it can accommodate large amounts of data and many users while circuit switching is less scalable due to the need for dedicated paths for each communication.

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1. Efficient Use of Bandwidth – Network resources are used optimally since packets take different routes based on availability.

2. Scalability – Can handle large amounts of data and network users without major issues.

3. Fault Tolerance – If a particular route fails, packets can be rerouted, ensuring communication continues.

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The delay between data units in circuit switching is uniform.

The delay between data units in packet switching is not uniform.

Circuit switching is more reliable.

Packet switching is less reliable.

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1. Latency and Delay – Packets may take different paths, causing varying delays and requiring reassembly.

2. Overhead – Each packet carries additional information (headers), increasing the data size and requiring more processing power.

3. Potential for Packet Loss – Congestion and network failures can lead to dropped packets.

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Wastage of resources i more in Circuit Switching, whereas Packet Switching has less wastage of resources that Circuit Switching.

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The circuit switching network is implemented at the physical layer.

Packet switching is implemented at the datalink layer and network layer

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1. Stable Connection – The connection stays active until the communication ends, making it good for phone calls.

2. Fast Once Connected – No delays once the circuit is set up, so voice and video work smoothly.

3. No Data Loss – Since the path is fixed, data is sent in order without getting lost or mixed up.

4. More Secure – The dedicated line makes it harder for others to access the data

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1. Wastes Resources – The line stays busy even when no one is talking, which is inefficient.

2. Takes Time to Connect – Setting up the circuit before sending data can be slow.

3. Hard to Handle Many Users – Needs a lot of infrastructure, making it difficult to serve a large number of people at once.

4. Expensive – Requires dedicated cables and equipment, which costs more than newer technologies like packet switching.