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Pre-1492: Cahokia - North America's First City

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Pre-1492: Cahokia - North America's First City

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Cahokia was the largest pre-Columbian settlement north of Mexico, housing up to 20,000 people at its peak (1050-1150 CE). This sophisticated urban center featured massive earthwork mounds, including the 100-foot-tall Monks Mound, and demonstrated advanced architectural, astronomical, and agricultural knowledge. The site showcases the complexity and advancement of Indigenous civilization before European contact.

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Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site

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A tragic example of colonial violence, the Sand Creek Massacre saw U.S. troops attack a peaceful camp of Cheyenne and Arapaho people. Despite flying both an American flag and a white flag, hundreds of Indigenous people, mostly women, children, and elderly, were killed. This event represents a crucial moment in understanding the history of Indigenous-settler relations and continues to impact tribal communities today.

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Pre-1400s: Chaco Canyon - Ancient Pueblo Civilization

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Pre-1400s: Chaco Canyon - Ancient Pueblo Civilization

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Chaco Canyon was a major cultural center of the Ancient Pueblo peoples from 850 to 1250 CE. The site features sophisticated architecture including great houses, astronomical alignments, and extensive road systems. This UNESCO World Heritage site demonstrates the advanced engineering, astronomical knowledge, and architectural expertise of Indigenous peoples.

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For 71 days, members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) occupied Wounded Knee to protest corrupt tribal leadership and broken treaties. This significant act of Indigenous resistance brought national attention to Native American rights and sovereignty issues. The location holds additional historical significance as the site of the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre.

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The Mesa Verde cliff dwellings represent some of the most remarkable and best-preserved archaeological sites in North America. Built by the Ancestral Puebloan people, these sophisticated structures demonstrate advanced architectural knowledge and community planning. The site includes over 600 cliff dwellings and 5,000 known archaeological sites.

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The 19-month occupation of Alcatraz Island by Native American activists was a pivotal moment in the Indigenous rights movement. The occupiers, calling themselves 'Indians of All Tribes,' demanded the return of the island under treaty rights and aimed to establish an Indigenous cultural center. This action sparked a wave of Indigenous activism across the country.

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This UNESCO World Heritage site demonstrates the sophisticated hunting practices of Plains Indigenous peoples, particularly the Blackfoot. For nearly 6,000 years, Indigenous peoples used this cliff to hunt buffalo by herding them toward and over the precipice. The site showcases the deep understanding of animal behavior and communal hunting strategies.

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Standing Rock gained international attention during the 2016-2017 Dakota Access Pipeline protests, where thousands of Water Protectors gathered to oppose the pipeline's construction near tribal lands. This site represents both historical significance as the home of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and contemporary Indigenous resistance to protect sacred lands and water resources.