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The space shuttle program in the US was started in 1981. It was started by the launch of Columbia. Space shuttles continued to host large numbers of experiments in orbit around the Earth. On July 21, 2011, the Space Shuttle program ended. It ended when the Shuttle Atlantis landed at the Kennedy Space Center. In 1990, the Hubble Space telescope was launched by NASA and the ESA. This was important because now, more than 20 years after the launch, this telescope continues to orbit to record and send images of objects that are millions of light year from earth. This not only marked a significant leap in astronomical research, but it also pushed the boundaries of understanding the universe.

(pg. 1267).

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1991: Soviet Union breaks into 15 republics

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1991: Soviet Union breaks into 15 republics

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The Soviet Union collapsed and became 15 independent nations.Most of these now known as independent nations used to make up the Soviet empire’s south- ern borders. These new nations are grouped into two geographic areas, but three different nations Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia make up the Transcaucasian Republics. East of the Caspian Sea and extending to the Tian Shan and Pamir mountains lie the five nations known as the Central Asian Republics. This republic contains Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. All of these nations face many Economic Struggles Since gaining independence, these nations have struggled so much that they are some of the poorest countries in the world. They each had a difficult time stand-ing on their own Economic practices during the Soviet era which created additional problems. The Soviets converted much of the available farmland in the Central Asian Republics to grow “white gold” which is cotton and Azerbaijan has the best chance to build a solid economy based on the income from oil and oil products. However, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan are working hard to tap their large reserves of oil and natural gas.

(pg. 1239).

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1991: Soviet Union breaks into 15 republics

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The Rwandan Genocide was a mass killing in Rwanda. Primarily, those of the Tutsi population. In the spring of 1994, the president of Rwanda, who was a Hutu, passed. He died in a suspicious plane crash. For months after he died, the Hutus killed almost 1 million Tutsis before the Tutsis were able to stop it. The Hutus aimed to eliminate anyone of the Tutsi population and people who disagreed with their genocide intentions. The United Nations gave the United Nations punished the people who did it for genocide (pg. 1192).

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2003: The Fall of Saddam Hussein and his Government

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2003: The Fall of Saddam Hussein and his Government

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Since the 1980s many people have speculated President Saddam Hussien had plans to develop biological and nuclear weapons. Iraq agreed to destroy its weapons of mass destruction as part of the ceasefire agreements in the Persian Gulf wars. In 2003 Bush ordered American troops to invade Iraq. Bush speculated Hussin were developing weapons of mass destruction, and building powerful weapons to use against the US and the allies. After 4 weeks of fighting Hussein's government fell (pg. 1285).

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2003: The Fall of Saddam Hussein and his Government

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"Nevermind" was the second album released by Nirvana and a huge hit. It was the first feature of the drummer David Grohl. More than 30 million copies were sold worldwide.

https://www.rs500albums.com/50-1/6#:~:text=The%20album%20would%20top%20the,of%2030%20million%20copies%20worldwide.

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The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill- Lauryn Hill 1998

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The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill- Lauryn Hill 1998

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This was the first solo debut album made by Lauryn Hill. It features the popular songs “Doo-wop” and “Ex-factor”. And it was released on August 19, 1998.

https://www.grammy.com/news/the-miseducation-of-lauryn-hill-facts-cover-controversy-records-anniversary-tour

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This album by the R&B artist Sade features the hit songs “Kiss of life”, “Like a Tattoo”, and “Pearls”. It sold 8.74 million copies worldwide.

https://books.google.com/books?id=2REEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q=love%20deluxe&f=false

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This album rose to popularity due to its unique blend of electric sounds in each of the songs. Some of the Hit songs of the album are “One more time”, “Something About Us” and “Digital Love”.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnpl_0WtkFo

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This album was released by the band Maroon 5 featuring Adam Levine. It features a total of 12 songs. With the most popular songs being “She will be loved”, “This love”, and “Sunday Morning”.

https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/maroon-5-songs-about-jane-anniversary-songs-ranked-7842203/

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“B’Day” is the second studio album by Beyonce. It only took her 3 weeks to record this funk and pop album. “B’Day” sold 541,000 copies in the first week of being released.

https://variety.com/2021/music/news/beyonce-bday-album-at-15-collaborators-remember-1235056285/

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2003: Human Genome Project is completed 

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2003: Human Genome Project is completed 

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Scientists employed on the Human Genome Project completed work on a map of the thousands of genes contained in human DNA—human genetic material. The information shown on the map helped in the development of a new field of medicine. One kind of medicine that was created was molecular medicine. This medicine focuses on how genetic diseases develop and progress. The map also gave help in gene therapy. This therapy uses genes to treat disease either by replacing a patient’s mutated genes with healthy ones, deactivating a mutated gene, or adding a gene that can fight disease (pg. 1271).

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Putin became president in 2000 when Yeltsin resigned. He was president during 2000, 2004, and was Prime Minister during 2008. Due to a previous war in Chechnya the people of Russia were enraged about the death and destruction. Putin forcefully dealt with the rebellion which ultimately helped him in his elections. When Putin was at War in Chechnya it helped draw terrorism into Russia's capital Moscow. In 2002 Chechens seized a threat in Moscow, over 150 people died in the rescue attempt by Russian forces. As the war carried on Russia began to lose support, and Putin suppressed his critics. Order was restored in 2005, during the Chechen elections (pg. 1241).

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In 2007, the iPhone was created and in this photo, Steve Jobs speaks out about his invention and its features. How the phone is convenient and it is something not many people have seen prior.The creation of the iPhone was a pivotal event in the 2000s because it has allowed humans to access information with the click of a button. In 2024, the iPhone has made about $201 billion in revenue. https://www.businessinsider.com/watch-steve-jobs-first-iphone-10-years-ago-legendary-keynote-macworld-sale-2017-6

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2007 CEO James Park (of Fitbit) along with Brad Feld (CEO of Foundry group) led a fireside chat about the ups and downs they've experienced running a company. Fitbit was one of the main introductions to keep track of steps, health and all things fitness. Fitbit was at its peak in 2015-2016 and influenced many other companies to create health apps/trackers that are still used today. https://medium.com/techstars/fireside-chat-with-fitbit-from-inspiration-to-ipo-bb93758ff46f

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During the rise of social media, Facebook was one of the main apps that did particularly well. The graph above shows the amount of money Facebook Ads have generated in revenue from 2018 up until 2024. Facebook was one of if not the most influential social media platforms with millions of users. This has changed the direction of technology in the 2000s when influencing people to connect with others and find a quick way to comment, like and post whenever and wherever. https://www.yaguara.co/facebook-ad-revenue/

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Google was the second search engine created after ‘Archie Query Form’. The creation of Google stemmed in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. The image above shows the evolution of the Google logo from the time of its origin up to now. Google has become a major turning point in the early 2000s because it transformed online advertising, gives quick results, etc.

https://www.virtualsocialmedia.com/google-in-1998/#:~:text=What%20Was%20Google%20in%201998,what%20they%20needed%20without%20distractions.

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Henry Hill has been working in the Italy mafia since he was 13. He and his mob partners Jimmy Conway and Tommy DeVito face many challenges, and buy their way out of almost all of them. They have everyone wrapped around their fingers and are even willing to put their families in front of them to save themselves. Henry is wrapped up in a drug scheme and unfortunate events force him to live a normal life, and leave behind his riches.

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099685/plotsummary/

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Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction takes place in LA, and follows 2 hitmen, Vincent Vega, and Jules Winnfield. Their story is intertwined with their Gangster Boss Marsellus Wallace, and his wife Mia. Pulp Fiction also follows a boxer, and 2 dinner bandits. All these stories connect and make a story of violence and redemption.

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110912/plotsummary/

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Will Hunting has genius level IQ but wastes his potential working as a janitor at MIT. His talents are discovered by Professor Gerald Lambeau who tries to help him reach his potential. Will is extremely stubborn and does not want to accept any help. He meets with a therapist Sean Maguire who sees his potential, Will is scared of change, but ultimately decides to make something of himself.

https://www.thechannels.org/ae/2022/04/04/the-older-i-get-the-more-good-will-hunting-resonates-with-me/#:~:text=The%20story%20follows%20Will%20Hunting,through%20his%20deep%2Drooted%20trauma.

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Troubled teen Donnie Darko meets a giant demonic rabbit Frank when he sleepwalks out of his house. Frank warns him that the world will end in 28 days. When he returns home he sees a jet engine has crashed through the roof of his room. The movie follows Donnie through each of the days where mysterious things keep happening, will the world really end, or is Donnie mentally ill?

https://medium.com/@usaelitewriters/semiotic-analysis-of-donnie-darko-d63246ebe599

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Male model Derek Zoolander is at the top of the fashion world, but his rival Hansel is going against him to win Male Model of the Year. Derek is easily upset when he loses, making him a vulnerable and easy victim. Fashion designer Jacobim Mugatu asks Derek to star in his show. But it is just a scheme to brainwash him, and get him to kill Malaysia's Prime Minister.

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0196229/plotsummary/

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When a former assassin wakes up from her 4 year coma after her ex lover Bill tried to kill her on her wedding day, she has a vendetta and a plan for revenge. She has a goal to hunt down every person who contributed to the loss of her child, and wedding party. She sets off on her mission to hunt down those who took away 4 years of her life.

https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0266697/plotsummary/

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Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989. It's a system of interlinked documents and resources accessible over the internet. Here, Tim Berners-Lee is pictured next to his device. Having the World Wide Web accessible is a huge advancement for technology because it expands globally, allowing everyone in the world to be able to search.

https://ourworldindata.org/internet-history-just-begun#:~:text=But%20it%20was%20the%20creation,CERN%20in%20the%20Swiss%20Alps.

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Large hats were very popular in the 1990's, especially within hip-hop and streetwear culture. Some of these hats include bucket hats, top hats, snapback hats, and beanie hats.

https://www.snagcollective.com/blogs/news/90s-hat-styles-reliving-iconic-fashion-trends

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Throughout the 1990's choker were very fashionable to wear and became a very big trend. Chokers were associated with the grunge movement and various subcultures which was a way of showing individuality. Chokers were worn in many different forms, simple black chokers, and even ones with pendants, charms, or gemstones.

https://smulook.com/2019/12/04/look-back-choker-necklace/#:~:text=In%20the%201990s%2C%20chokers%20made,the%20grunge%20or%20punk%20scene.&text=Chokers%20have%20been%20popular%20on,Ariana%20Grande%2C%20and%20Hailey%20Baldwin.

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Plaid Skirts were very fashionable in the 1990's. They reflected the decade's diverse styles and subcultures as well as were apart of what was known to be like style of "Preppy" and "Grunge". This trend also became well known because of the movie "Clueless" made in 1995 where the main character's signature outfit is a plaid skirt and top.

https://www.cnn.com/style/article/1990s-fashion-history#:~:text=Meanwhile%2C%20for%20a%20generation%20of,of%20Kurt%20Cobain%2Denamored%20kids.

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Low-rise jeans were very popular in the 2000s were they were pants that sat well with a waistband below the natural waist, which were at or near the hips. These pants were introduced by Levi Strauss & Co. in the year of 2000. They has shorter zippers and was a signature of the era, offering a more relaxed and youthful vibe.

https://www.newsweek.com/millennial-explains-gen-z-true-meaning-low-rise-jeans-1994610#:~:text=Low%2Drise%20jeans%2C%20which%20gained%20cultural%20prominence%20in,with%20ultra%2Dlow%20waistlines%20that%20often%20exposed%20midriffs.&text=Millennial%20low%2Drise%20jeans%20often%20featured%20one%2Dinch%20zippers,key%20reason%20thongs%20became%20a%20fashion%20staple.

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Shoulder bags are purses that have a strap which lays on your shoulder and makes the end of your bad drop to your hips. These bags defined the Y2K era in the 2000's. These bags included many prominent styles including logomania, cool girl vibes, and enduring appeal.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWN07TwB9gc

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Jelly Sandals were a hit in the 2000's and were a must have at that time. These sandals came in very different ways such as glitery colors, colorful, closed toe, and open toe.

https://www.thecut.com/article/ancient-greek-sandals-jelly-shoes-review.html#:~:text=How%20do%20they%20feel?,was%20comfortable%20the%20entire%20time.

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1991-1998: Michael Jordan and the Chicago Bulls Championships

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1991-1998: Michael Jordan and the Chicago Bulls Championships

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Michael Jordan lead the Chicago Bulls won six NBA championships. Jordan made the Bull's look very successful after this big achievement that he made happen.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chicago-Bulls

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Michael Jordan and the Chicago Bulls Championships

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The U.S. won the Women's World Cup in 1991, playing against Norway, defeating them 2-1 in the final held in Guangzhou, China. Michelle Akers secured the victory with her 2 game winning shots.

https://www.teamusa.com/news/2022/august/05/since-the-first-fifa-womens-world-cup-in-1991-the-uswnt-has-had-a-wide-impact#:~:text=The%20USWNT%20won%20the%20first,Golden%20Ball%20as%20best%20player.

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Tiger Woods had a master win which made him look very good as a golfer. It demonstrated his incredible athleticism, innovative swing, mental focus were all key to his success, physically over achieving what is possible for a golfer. He was a role model of so many people making them want to be just like him.

https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/sports-and-leisure/tiger-woods-becomes-worlds-top-rated-golfer#:~:text=In%20addition%20to%20his%20cultural,the%20realm%20of%20professional%20golf.

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Tiger Woods' has major dominance in 2000 which was a result of a combination of factors including his physical and mental abilities, strategy when approaching to the game, and a his mindset. He is able to be under pressure and still have a successful game. His swing changes and physical conditioning also contributed to his game, making him more powerful and stable.

https://www.pgatour.com/article/news/latest/2020/05/21/tiger-woods-dominance-par-5s

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2008: Usain Bolt's World Record-Breaking Runs

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2008: Usain Bolt's World Record-Breaking Runs

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Usain Bolt established himself as a major force in track and field. At the Reebok Grand Prix in New York, he first broke the 100m world record with a time of 9.72 seconds. This was followed by a 9.69 seconds at the Beijing Olympics, which set a new Olympic record and broke the 200m world record with a time of 19.30 seconds at the Beijing Olympics.

https://www.olympics.com/en/news/back-to-beijing-usain-bolt-s-100m-world-record-with-an-untied-shoelace

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Serena Williams achieved what is known as the "Serena Slam". This name was created when she held all four Grand Slam titles. This was a was a significant accomplishment and caused the "Serena Slam" to be created.

https://ausopen.com/history/memorable-moments/2003-serena-slam

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Though digital cameras are making their comeback now, they were once very popular amongst teens/adults years ago. Before smartphones, this is how memories were captured. In the image above, many digital cameras are seen. They have created a changed narrative for people because before filters and beauty apps, everyone was captured in the purest way.

https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/history-of-digital-cameras-from-70s-prototypes-to-iphone-and-galaxys-everyday-wonders/