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1. Stephen Krashen Born on May 14, 1941 

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1. Stephen Krashen Born on May 14, 1941 

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He is an American linguist and educational researcher.

Much of his recent research has involved the study of non-English and bilingual language acquisition.

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Image of Stephen Krashen or a brain with language-related icons

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Krashen’s work (book) of "Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition."

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Also called the Monitor Model (Krashen’s framework for SLA).

Developed in the late 1970s, widely accepted in the 1980s.

Most comprehensive SLA theory at the time.

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Krashen’s work or a book cover of "Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition."

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Five hypotheses work together to explain language acquisition.

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According to Krashen 'learning' is less important than 'acquisition'

“Acquisition is the foundation of fluency.”

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Language Learning vs  Language Acquisition: Difference and Implications

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1. Acquisition:

Like L1 acquisition

Focus on communication, not grammar

2. Learning:

Explicit grammar instruction

Helps monitor accuracy

3. Implication:

Balance both for fluency + accuracy

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Language acquisition does not require extensive use of conscious grammatical rules and does not require tedious drill.

Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language. - natural communication - in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding.

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6. According to Krashen 'Learning' is less important than 'Acquisition'.

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6. According to Krashen 'Learning' is less important than 'Acquisition'.

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Summary:

Acquisition is key for fluency.

Learning supports accuracy.

Balanced approach is effective.

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Crystal David The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Krashen, Stephen D. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Prentice-Hall International, 1987.

Krashen, Stephen D. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Prentice-Hall International, 1988.

Difference and Implication of Learning vs Acquisition

https://www.thehyperpolyglotactivist.com/book-online