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My favourite sportswoman is simone biles because;.(1)

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My favourite sportswoman is …. because;. I really liked …. because …..

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My favourite sportswoman is …. because;. I really liked …. because …..

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Create your flashcards about rugby and football

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Create your flashcards about rugby and football

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MN5 English speaking countries and flags 

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Break the code: guess where we are going:)

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Break the code: guess where we are going:)

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TEASER: find what project n°1 is about and copy the title in your copybook!!

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TEASER: find what project n°1 is about and copy the title in your copybook!!

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MN5 write an article about your visit to the sports museum

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Intermediate Task: debriefing about your visit at the sports museum in Nice.

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Intermediate Task: debriefing about your visit at the sports museum in Nice.

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Let's meet Simone BILES: example class activity

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Let's meet Simone BILES: example class activity

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Intermediate Task: create your memory game flashcards

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Intermediate Task: create your memory game flashcards

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Le 8 mars, nous célébrons la Journée internationale des droits des femmes. Cette journée est l'occasion de rappeler les progrès qui ont été réalisés en matière d'égalité entre les hommes et les femmes, mais aussi de souligner les inégalités qui persistent encore. Dans le domaine du sport, les femmes ont longtemps été marginalisées. Elles ont dû lutter pour avoir accès aux mêmes opportunités que les hommes, et pour être reconnues pour leurs performances.

Cet article met en lumière six figures féminines qui ont marqué l'histoire du sport. Ces femmes ont été des pionnières, des militantes et des championnes. Elles ont contribué à faire avancer l'égalité dans le sport, et elles inspirent encore aujourd'hui les femmes du monde entier. C'est en partie grâce à elles, que les femmes peuvent pratiquer librement du sport, quand et où elle le souhaite et notamment en entreprise.
Alice Milliat, pionnière du sport féminin :
Au début du 20e siècle, Alice Milliat a gagné en notoriété en plaidant pour la participation des femmes aux Jeux Olympiques. En 1922, Pierre de Coubertin a relancé les Jeux Olympiques à Paris, mais ils étaient exclusivement réservés aux hommes. Cependant, un an auparavant, Alice Milliat avait créé la Fédération sportive féminine internationale. De manière naturelle, elle a pris l'initiative d'organiser les premiers Jeux olympiques féminins, malgré les refus du Comité international olympique et l'opposition d'une grande partie du public. Trois autres éditions de ces Jeux féminins ont eu lieu à Göteborg en 1926, à Prague en 1931, puis à Londres en 1934.

C'est finalement en 1928, à Amsterdam, que les femmes ont obtenu l'autorisation de participer aux épreuves d'athlétisme. Ce fut le résultat d'un effort soutenu de la part d'Alice Milliat, une pionnière du sport féminin. En tant que sportive elle-même, elle a excellé dans l'aviron de haut niveau, la natation et le hockey sur gazon.
Alice Coachman, première afro-américaine sacrée or aux Jeux Olympiques
En 1948, Alice Coachman inscrivit son nom dans l'histoire en devenant la première femme noire à remporter une médaille d'or olympique en athlétisme. Malgré des débuts modestes en Géorgie et un soutien parental limité, elle surmonta la ségrégation en forgeant seule son destin, utilisant une corde et deux piquets pour s'entraîner au saut en hauteur. Elle excella également dans d'autres épreuves, remportant des titres nationaux et démontrant son talent au basketball.

Bien qu'hésitante initialement à participer aux Jeux Olympiques, Alice Coachman brisa le record national au saut en hauteur malgré des problèmes de dos. À Londres, elle partagea la victoire avec Dorothy Tyler, devenant ainsi la première femme noire américaine à décrocher une médaille d'or olympique. Acclamée par 83 000 spectateurs, elle reçut sa médaille des mains du roi d'Angleterre et fut célébrée à son retour aux États-Unis.

Le président Truman la reçut en audience, et sa ville organisa une "Journée Alice Coachman" avec un défilé de 282 kilomètres, rassemblant une foule diversifiée. Quatre ans plus tard, elle marqua un autre jalon en signant un contrat avec Coca-Cola, devenant ainsi la première athlète féminine noire à représenter un produit à l'échelle mondiale.

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Kathrine Switzer, première femme à courir un marathon
Le 19 avril 1967, Kathrine Switzer marqua l'histoire en devenant la première femme à courir un marathon. À l'âge de 20 ans, cette écrivaine et consultante sportive allemande réussit à s'inscrire au marathon de Boston en utilisant seulement ses initiales. À l'époque, les femmes étaient interdites de participation au marathon, invoquant divers prétextes, dont celui de présumés dangers pour leur santé.

Accompagnée de son entraîneur Arnie Briggs et de son compagnon Tom Miller le jour de la course, Kathrine Switzer, malgré les encouragements de la foule, fit face aux organisateurs qui tentaient de l'arrêter et de lui retirer son dossard. Elle franchit finalement la ligne d'arrivée à la 3e position, réalisant un temps de 4 heures et 20 minutes, un exploit marquant.

Bien qu'elle ait été disqualifiée et suspendue, Switzer persista dans sa lutte pour le droit des femmes à participer aux marathons, contribuant ainsi à l'ouverture officielle du marathon de Boston aux sportives en 1972. Il faudra attendre 1984 pour voir le premier marathon féminin olympique organisé. Aujourd'hui, elle continue de participer activement à des marathons, demeurant une figure emblématique de la lutte pour l'égalité dans le sport.

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Billie Jean King, tenniswoman gagnante
Billie Jean King a marqué son empreinte dans le domaine sportif en militant activement pour l'avancement des droits des femmes. Sa notoriété culmine avec sa victoire lors de la " Bataille des sexes" contre Bobby Riggs en 1973, un événement qui a profondément influencé l'évolution du tennis et été suivi par des 11 millions de téléspectateurs.

Son parcours de succès commence en 1961 avec sa victoire au tournoi de Wimbledon en simple dames, suivi d'une série de triomphes s'étalant sur plus de vingt ans. En 1968, lors de l'ouverture du tournoi de Wimbledon aux professionnels, Billie Jean King remporte le titre pour la troisième fois consécutive. Malgré cela, elle reçoit une récompense équivalant à moins de la moitié de celle du champion masculin, déclenchant ainsi son combat pour l'égalité des prix entre hommes et femmes. Elle devient la première femme athlète à recevoir un prix de 100 000 dollars.

Malgré ses succès, les inégalités persistent. En remportant l'US Open en 1972, elle constate une disparité salariale de 15 000 dollars par rapport au champion masculin, Ilie Nastase. Déterminée, elle annonce qu'elle ne participera pas l'année suivante à moins que l'équité des prix soit établie. L'US Open devient ainsi le premier tournoi à offrir un traitement financier équitable aux femmes et aux hommes. De plus, Billie Jean King fait preuve de courage en devenant la première sportive à rendre publique son homosexualité.
Serena Williams, championne engagée
En août 2022, Serena Williams a officiellement annoncé sa retraite, exprimant son désir de se consacrer davantage à sa vie de famille et à d'autres projets. Durant sa carrière exceptionnelle de 27 ans, la championne a remporté 23 titres du Grand Chelem, quatre médailles olympiques, et a été classée n°1 mondiale pendant six années, de 2002 à 2017. En plus de ses exploits sportifs, Serena Williams est reconnue pour son engagement envers des causes sociales, s'exprimant notamment sur le sexisme, le racisme et les inégalités dans le monde du sport. À travers des choix vestimentaires audacieux, elle a su véhiculer des messages forts, brisant ainsi les conventions du tennis et du sport féminin en général.

Malgré son palmarès impressionnant, Serena Williams n'a pas échappé aux critiques et attaques. En 2017, lors d'une interview pour NPR, le joueur de tennis à la retraite John McEnroe a déclaré que si elle jouait dans la catégorie masculine, elle ne serait classée qu'à la 700e place mondiale.

Engagée dans le mouvement Black Lives Matter, Serena Williams a également pris position contre les violences policières aux États-Unis à travers de nombreux discours. À travers des lettres ouvertes et des vidéos, elle milite en faveur du féminisme, encourageant les femmes à s'affirmer et à "faire tomber les barrières". Ses choix vestimentaires sur les courts, tels que sa combinaison "Black Panther" ou ses tutus, sont également des moyens par lesquels elle exprime ses idées.

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Gertrude Ederle, retrousse ses manches
Première femme à traverser la Manche à la nage, Gertrude Ederle a réalisé cet exploit en 1926 à seulement 20 ans. Lors de cette traversée, elle a parcouru les 35 kilomètres qui séparent la côte anglaise de la côte française en seulement 14 heures et 31 minutes. Elle a même battu le record masculin de l'époque !

Cette performance a suscité l'admiration du monde entier et a fait d'elle une véritable icône du sport féminin. Gertrude a également remporté trois médailles d'or et une médaille de bronze aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1924 à Paris. En même temps, elle établit deux records du monde.

Gertrude Ederle est une grande sportive féminine et restera à jamais associée à l'un des plus grands exploits de l'histoire de la natation.

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Conclusion
Les femmes ont toujours joué un rôle important dans le sport, mais leur contribution a souvent été négligée. En mettant en lumière les histoires de ces six femmes extraordinaires, nous espérons contribuer à changer la perception du sport féminin.

Le sport est un vecteur d'inclusion et de diversité. Il est important de célébrer les réussites des femmes dans le sport, car elles inspirent et motivent les autres.

Kobi, en tant que solution de santé et de bien-être en entreprise, est engagé dans la promotion de l'égalité et de la diversité. Nous sommes fiers de soutenir les femmes dans leur pratique sportive.

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Les femmes qui ont marqué l'histoire à travers le sport

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Le 8 mars, nous célébrons la Journée internationale des droits des femmes. L'occasion de mettre en avant toutes les femmes sportives qui ont marqué l'histoire.

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À l'occasion de la Journée internationale du droit des femmes, Urban Sports Club revient sur les parcours sportifs de femmes qui ont marqué l'histoire. Le sport est un moyen d'émancipation pour lequel les femmes ont dû se battre. Du droit de concourir à celui d'avoir un salaire équivalent à celui des hommes, elles ont combattu les inégalités. Loin d'être exhaustif, cet article revient sur ces luttes de l'histoire, de femmes devenues des super-héroïnes.

Caster Semenya, meilleure coureuse du 800 mètres au monde.

Source : Caster Semenya

En 2009, 19 ans, Caster Semenya remporte le championnat du monde du 800 mètres à Berlin. Elle est alors interrogée par un journaliste qui lui demande si elle est " née garçon ". La rumeur, qui s'appuie sur son physique et son apparence " masculine " est vite démentie par son acte de naissance. La Fédération Internationale d'Athlétisme lui fait aussi passer des tests de féminité.

Alors qu'elle remporte 2 titres de championne Olympique et trois titres de championne de monde du 800 mètres, elle se voit interdire de concourir sans se soumettre à des modifications hormonales. La raison ? Hyperandrogène, Caster Semenya produit une grande quantité d'androgènes, les hormones sexuelles mâles. Ces hormones comprennent notamment la testostérone. Générée en grande quantité chez les hommes, elle l'est aussi, mais en quantité moins importante chez les femmes.

En 2011, des seuils de testostérone sont imposées aux athlètes femmes par la Fédération Internationale d'Athlétisme. Caster Semenya n'est pas la seule athlète à être critiquée. L'hyperandrogènie concerne aussi Francine Niyonsaba et Dutee Chand. Spécialiste du sprint, cette dernière lance un procès contre le tribunal arbitral du sport, qui reconnaît qu'il n'y a pas de lien scientifique prouvé entre l'hyperandrogénie et les performances sportives.

Mais en 2018, la Fédération Internationale d'Athlétisme veut tenter de réintroduire un règlement, disant vouloir préserver l'équité des courses. Caster Semenya attaque le tribunal du sport mais elle perd le procès. Elle ne peut donc plus concourir, sans se soumettre à un traitement hormonal. Si elle a perdu cette bataille, Caster Semenya n'a pas cessé de se battre. Elle profite de sa notoriété et du support de l'opinion pour promouvoir le sport et les droits LGBT.

Sarah Ourahmoune, championne de boxe

Crédit : Marie Lopez Vivanco - Sarah Ourahmoune à Boxer Inside

Avec 265 combats de boxe à son actif, Sarah Ourahmoune affiche un palmarès incroyable. Elle a notamment été 10 fois championne de France, 3 fois championne de l'Union Européenne et même vice-championne Olympique en 2016. Sarah Ourahmoune a aussi été décorée de la Légion d'honneur en 2012 et de l'ordre national du mérite en 2016.

À 14 ans, elle pousse les portes d'un club de boxe par hasard, alors qu'elle cherche un cours de Taekwondo. Elle a la chance de faire la rencontre d'un entraîneur qui va l'accueillir et la soutenir. Mais elle se heurte aussi à de nombreux rejets. À ses débuts, la boxe est un sport normalement réservé aux hommes. D'ailleurs, ce n'est qu'à partir de 1999 que le championnat de boxe anglaise est ouvert aux femmes. On lui propose alors de participer à un combat.

Championne de France à 17 ans, elle domine en demi-finale du championnat du monde amateur en Chine en 2008. Cependant elle n'arrache pas la victoire. Son adversaire, Chen Ying est par la suite contrôlée positive au dopage. Sarah Ourahmoune reçoit la médaille d'or qui lui revient.

En 2012, 3 catégories de poids féminins sont ouverts pour les Jeux Olympiques. Elle ne parvient pas à se qualifier. Elle prend une pause, devient mère, et reprend le combat en 2014.

Aujourd'hui, si elle a arrêté de concourir, elle poursuit son combat en menant ses casquettes de mère, d'entraîneuse et de médiateur dans l'univers de la boxe. Vice-présidente en charge des athlètes et des mixités du Comité National Olympique et Sportif Français elle travaille notamment à l'inclusion des quartiers et de la Seine-St Denis aux Jeux Olympiques de 2024. Elle a aussi ouvert sa propre salle de boxe, Boxer Inside.

Serena Williams, championne badass

Crédit : Serena Williams

Première joueuse n°1 de tennis de l'histoire à 35 ans, Serena Williams a remporté 39 titres du Grand Chelem, le premier à l'âge de 17 ans. Avec sa soeur aînée Venus, elle a révolutionné le tennis féminin, s'imposant par son physique et par son mental.

Son palmarès impressionnant ne l'a pas empêchée d'être régulièrement attaquée et critiquée. En 2017, lors d'une interview pour NPR, John Mc Enroe, joueur de tennis à la retraite déclare que si elle jouait dans la catégorie masculine elle ne serait qu'à la 700ème place mondiale.

En 2018, Serena Williams fait son retour à Roland-Garros dans une combinaison noire moulante, dans laquelle elle déclare se sentir " comme une super-héroïne ". Cela lui vaut d'être la cible de moqueries. Ces critiques éclipsent la performance de la championne, qui une fois de plus remporte le match. Le président de la Fédération Française de Tennis déclare que ce type de combinaison ne sera plus accepté à Roland Garros.

En plus de sa carrière de championne, Serena Williams est aussi une mère, et une entrepreneuse, créatrice de sa propre marque de vêtements.

Billie Jean King, tenniswoman battante

Crédit : CSU Archives/Everett Collection/Picture Alliance - Deutschlandfunkkultur.de

Autre championne de tennis au palmarès incroyable, Billie Jean King s'est aussi imposée dans le monde du sport pour faire progresser les droits des femmes.

Elle est notamment célèbre pour avoir gagné le match de la " Bataille des sexes " , contre Bobby Riggs en 1973. Cette victoire contre un joueur plusieurs fois n°1 mondial dont sont témoins des millions de téléspectateurs est une étape particulièrement importante de l'avancée du tennis.

En 1961, Billie Jean King commence son palmarès en remportant le tournoi de Wimbledon en simple dames. Elle enchaîne alors les succès pendant plus de vingt ans.

En 1968, alors que le tournoi de Wimbledon s'ouvre aux professionnels, Billie Jean King le remporte pour la troisième fois consécutive. Elle reçoit un prix qui équivaut à moins de la moitié de celui du champion masculin. Son combat commence pour obtenir l'égalité des prix entre les hommes et les femmes. Elle deviendra la première femme athlète à recevoir une prix de 100 000 dollars.

Cependant, les inégalités continuent et alors qu'elle remporte l'US Open en 1972, elle reçoit 15 000 dollars de moins que le champion Ilie Nastase. Elle déclare alors qu'elle ne jouera pas l'année suivante si les prix ne deviennent pas égaux et l'US Open devient le premier tournoi qui offre un prix équitable aux femmes et aux hommes. Elle est aussi la première sportive à rendre publique son homosexualité.

Kathrine Switzer, première marathonienne

Crédit : Getty Images

Née en Allemagne en 1947, Kathrine Switzer grandit passionnée par le sport. À cette époque, le marathon est alors interdit aux femmes. Beaucoup de prétextes sont invoqués pour les empêcher de courir. Les détracteurs déclaraient notamment que cela pourrait être dangereux pour leur santé.

Unique femme dans son équipe de cross-country, elle décide de participer au marathon à 20 ans. Elle réussit à s'inscrire en ne donnant que ses initiales. Les organisateurs de la course tentent de lui arracher son dossard mais elle résiste. Elle devient alors la première femme à franchir la ligne d'arrivée. Mais elle est disqualifiée, puis suspendue de la Fédération américaine d'athlétisme.

La coureuse commence alors son combat pour que les femmes aient le droit de courir le marathon. Elle obtient victoire en 1972. Le marathon de Boston est finalement ouvert aux femmes et Kathrine Switzer finit 3ème de la course. Kathrine Switzer a été inscrite au National Women's Hall of Fame en 2011.

L'histoire du droit des femmes est celle d'un combat. Les parcours de ces femmes dans le monde du sport ont été des révolutions sportives et sociales. Vous aussi, en vous entraînant régulièrement, vous faites avancer votre parcours chaque jour un peu plus. C'est aussi votre courage et votre endurance que nous célébrons.

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Ces parcours de femmes qui ont changé l'histoire I Urban Sports Club

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À l'occasion de la Journée internationale du droit des femmes, Urban Sports Club revient sur les parcours sportifs de femmes qui ont marqué l'histoire. Le sport est un moyen d'émancipation pour lequel les femmes ont dû se battre. Du droit de concourir à celui d'avoir un salaire équivalent à celui des hommes, elles ont combattu les inégalités.

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Write an article about your visit to the sports Museum in Nice

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Write an article about your visit to the sports Museum in Nice

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Intermediate Task

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Gaelic Football ( Irish: Peil, Peil Ghaelach or Caid ), commonly referred to as " football", or " Gaelic", is a form of football played mainly in Ireland. It, along with Hurling, is the most popular spectator sport in Ireland.

Gaelic football is played by teams of 15 on a rectangular grass pitch with H-shaped goals at each end. The object is to score by kicking/striking the ball with your hand and getting it through the goals. The team with the highest score at the end of the match wins.

Players advance the ball up the field with a combination of carrying, soloing (dropping and then toe-kicking the ball upward into the hands), kicking, and hand-passing to their team-mates.

Gaelic football is one of four Gaelic Games run by the Gaelic Athletic Association, the largest sporting organization in Ireland. It has strict rules on player amateurism. The game is believed to have come from ancient Irish football known as caid which dates back to 1537, although the modern game took shape in 1887.

Playing field

The grass pitch is rectangular, stretching 130-145 metres long and 80-90 metres wide. There are H-shaped goalposts at each end with a net on the bottom section. The same pitch is used for hurling; the GAA, which organizes both sports, decided this to facilitate dual usage. Lines are marked at distances of 13m, 20m and 45m from each end-line. Shorter pitches and smaller goals are used by under-12s and under 10s.

All Gaelic football matches last for 60 minutes, divided into two halves of thirty minutes, with the exception of senior inter-county games which last for 70 minutes (two halves of 35 minutes). Draws are decided by replays or by playing 20 minutes of extra time (two halves of 10 minutes).

Teams consist of fifteen players (a goalkeeper, two corner backs, a full back, three half backs, two mid fielders, three half forwards, two corner forwards and a full forward) plus up to fifteen substitutes, of which five may be used. Each player is numbered 1-15, starting with the goalkeeper, who must wear a different coloured jersey.

The game is played with a round leather football, similar to a soccer ball, but heavier, and with horizontal stitching rather than the hexagon and pentagon panels often used on soccer balls, and similar to a standard volleyball.

Images for kids

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Gaelic Football ( Irish: Peil, Peil Ghaelach or Caid ), commonly referred to as " football", or " Gaelic", is a form of football played mainly in Ireland. It, along with Hurling, is the most popular spectator sport in Ireland. Gaelic football is played by teams of 15 on a rectangular grass pitch with H-shaped goals at each end.

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Ireland's Call : Irish national Anthem 🇮🇪

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Ireland's Call : Irish national Anthem 🇮🇪

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'Ireland's Call' before kick off in Dublin!    Guinness Six Nations.mp4

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Find the words that correspond to the images!

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Being a "sport" - many argue it is a game - mainly played in pubs and requiring little or no physical fitness, darts is one activity at which Britain excels! Darts is thought to have been created when soldiers began throwing short arrows at cut tree trunks or alternatively at the bottom of the cask. As the wood dried cracks appeared, creating sections which, steadily, over time became set scores, albeit with much regional and international variation.

Darts is now widely played in many parts of the world, but especially in former Commonwealth countries, the Netherlands and Belgium, the United States and Scandinavia. There are two main professional governing bodies, the PDC and BDO, the latter being the longer running of the two. Given the presence of the sport in pubs and bars it is probably one of the largest participatory sports in the world.

Object of the Game

501 is the standard version of the game in competition and the object is to "check out" by getting your score down to 50 or less before ending the game by reaching zero by either throwing a double or a bullseye with your final dart.

Players & Equipment

Darts only requires a board and the darts themselves, this limited list of equipment being one of the reasons for its success. The board that is now used as standard was created in 1896 by a Lancashire carpenter with the aim of penalising inaccurate throwing by keeping large numbers apart and bordering them with small numbers. Whilst mathematicians have long argued over the best board layout to minimise the reward for inaccurate efforts, the current design is actually pretty good.

The board itself is made from compressed sisal fibres and despite modern electronic versions is now the accepted norm. In the early days after the First World War darts was played using a heavy, solid wood board, normally made from elm and subsequently clay versions were trialled.

The standard board is 17¾ inches (451mm) in diameter and is divided into 20 radial sections by thin metal wire. The sections are numbered from 1-20 and contain a thin section at the outer edge (double) and slightly smaller area midway towards the centre (treble). The bullseye or "bull" is a small circle, usually red, at the very centre of the board and is surrounded by the larger, green, outer bull.

The darts are usually used using a combination of metal, nylon and plastic for the points, barrels, shafts and fletching. The exact style and make-up of the dart will vary according to the player's style and ability (or what pub you're in!) but they must weigh no more than 50g and be no longer than 300mm.

Scoring

A player scores points by throwing the darts at the board. Each player throws three darts on their turn with the maximum score being 180, achieved by hitting three treble 20s. The bull is worth 50 points, the outer bull 25 points and the various numbers score their own value, unless they are doubled (the outer rim) or trebled.

Winning the Game

To win a player must reach zero by hitting a double or a bull, having first got their score down from the 501 starting point. If they do that they win the leg and the first to three legs wins the set. Most matches are normally played "best of" a defined (odd) number of sets, with the sport's biggest prize, the PDC World Championship, involving a final that is best of 13 (therefore the winner is the first to seven sets).

Rules of Darts

The rules of darts are very simple and have basically been discussed in previous sections. Some key points to note are as follows:

Which player takes the first turn in a game is decided by throwing a single dart each with the nearest to the bull taking the first throw.

A throw consists of throwing three darts unless the game is won in fewer.

Only darts in the board at the end of the throw are counted and ones that bounce or fall out cannot be thrown again.

If a player scores more than their remaining points total their throw ends and is scored zero (for example if they have 16 remaining and accidentally hit a 20 with their first dart).

The centre of the bull should be exactly 5ft 8in (1.73 metres) high.

Darts are thrown from a clearly marked toe-line, often called the oche, at least 7ft 9 ¼ in from the board, measured horizontally.

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Darts Rules Photo credit: PeterPan23 (Source) Being a "sport" - many argue it is a game - mainly played in pubs and requiring little or no physical fitness, darts is one activity at which Britain excels! Darts is thought to have been created when sol...

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The origination of netball began in England in the 1890s when the game was derived from an early version of basketball. A set of standard rules for international play was devised by the 1960s and the International Federation of Netball Associations now has over 60 teams playing in five regions around the world.

Object of the Game

The object of netball is to score more points than your opponent.

A netball game lasts for a regulation 60 minutes. This is split into four quarters, with each quarter lasting 15 minutes. Between the first and second quarter, and the third and fourth quarter, there is an interval of three minutes. Between the second and third quarter -half-time - there is an interval of five minutes.

A referee or umpire is allowed to call time and when they do, the time keeper will stop the timer, which begins again when play starts again. There is a maximum of two minutes allowed for an injury.

Players & Equipment

The standard netball games features 7 players on each side although games can go ahead with a team having a minimum of 5 players.

There are set positions in a netball team and these positions will limit where the player can be on the court.

The netball court, which is just bigger than a basketball court, traditionally measures up at 30.5 metres (or 100ft) long and 15.25 metres (50 ft) wide.

The netball court is divided into three sections and this impacts on where players are allowed to move. The sections are referred to as the two goal thirds and the centre or middle-third.

A netball game can be played with a court, two goals and a ball. Regulation uniforms are part of the game in official matches but impromptu netball games can take place with a minimum amount of equipment.

Scoring

A goal is scored in netball when the ball is passed to a player in the goal third who shoots the ball through their opponent's goal ring. Only the Goal Shooter or Goal Attack can score goals in netball and they must be within the semi-circle when they shoot.

Winning the Game

To win in netball you must score more points than your opponent. The netball ball must be moved around the court by passing and there are a number of different passes available to a player. The ball must be worked to the Goal Shooter and Goal Attack players, who attempt to shoot from inside the semi-circle.

Rules of Netball

A match consists of four quarters lasting 15 minutes each.

Each team can have a maximum of 7 players and a minimum of 5.

The court must be divided unto 3 sections, with each player holding a specific position on the court.

If a player moves into a position that they shouldn't be in, they will be deemed to be offside.

Players cannot hold the ball for more than three seconds.

Players cannot take more than 1.5 steps when in possession of the ball.

The ball must go through the ringed hoop for a goal to be given.

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Netball Rules Photo credit: Orkneysports (Source) The origination of netball began in England in the 1890s when the game was derived from an early version of basketball. A set of standard rules for international play was devised by the 1960s and the ...

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Netball is a ball sport played on a court by two teams of seven players. It is among a rare number of sports which have been created exclusively for female competitors. The sport is played on indoor and outdoor netball courts and is specifically played in schools. Netball is most popularly played in Commonwealth nations.

A common misunderstanding of the sport's origins has resulted in the mistaken belief that netball was created to prevent women from playing basketball. However, the sport is the result of Clara Baer's misinterpretation of its rules. Baer had asked James Naismith, the inventor of basketball, to send her a copy of the rules, and Baer's errors resulted in what marked the beginning of the development of a separate sport.

Netball originated in England, UK, in the late 19th century. In the beginning it was described as 'women's basketball' but had emerged as a distinctly separate sport due to its different rules. It was not until the latter half of the 20th century that the name "netball" became the sport's commonly referred name. Netball differs greatly from its 'sister' sport of women's basketball due its bar on dribbling, bouncing, and running while in possession of the ball. In addition, netball not only identifies the different positions of its players, but also defines where and in which areas of the court specific players are allowed to be when they compete. As a consequence, netball more heavily emphasizes accurate passing and positioning than basketball and physical player contact is more controlled.

Its development, derived from early versions of basketball, began in England in the 1890s. By 1960, international playing rules had been standardised for the game, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball, later renamed World Netball, was formed. World Netball comprises more than 70 national teams organized into five global regions.

According to the sport's international governing body, World Netball, the sport is played by more than 20 million people in more than 80 countries. Major domestic leagues in the sport include the Netball Superleague in Great Britain, Suncorp Super Netball in Australia and the ANZ Premiership in New Zealand. Four major competitions take place internationally: the quadrennial World Netball Championships, the Commonwealth Games, and the yearly Quad Series and Fast5 Series.

In 1995, netball became an International Olympic Committee recognised sport federation, but it has not been played at the Olympics.

Games are played on a rectangular court with raised goal rings at each end. Each team attempts to score goals by passing a ball down the court and shooting it through its goal ring. Players are assigned specific positions, which define their roles within the team and restrict their movement to certain areas of the court. During general play, a player with the ball can hold on to it for only three seconds before shooting for a goal or passing to another player. The winning team is the one that scores the most goals. Netball games are 60 minutes long. Variations have been developed to increase the game's pace and appeal to a wider audience.

Description and rules

The objective of a game is to score more goals than the opposition. Goals are scored when a team member positioned in the attacking shooting circle shoots the ball through the goal ring. The goal rings are 380 millimetres (15 in) in diameter and sit atop 3.05-metre (10.0 ft)-high goal posts that have no backboards. A 4.9-metre (16 ft)-radius semi-circular "shooting circle" is an area at each end of the court. The goal posts are located within the shooting circle. Each team defends one shooting circle and attacks the other. The netball court is 30.5 metres (100 ft) long, 15.25 metres (50.0 ft) wide, and divided lengthwise into thirds. The ball is usually made of leather or rubber, measures 680 to 710 millimetres (27 to 28 in) in circumference (~22 centimetres (8.7 in) in diameter), and weighs 397 to 454 grams (14.0 to 16.0 oz). A normal game consists of four 15-minute quarters and can be played outdoors or in a covered stadium.

Each team is allowed seven players on the court. Each player is assigned a specific position, which limits their movement to a certain area of the court. A "bib" worn by each player contains a one- or two-letter abbreviation indicating this position. Only two positions are permitted in the attacking shooting circle, and can therefore shoot for a goal. Similarly, only two positions are permitted in the defensive shooting circle; they try to prevent the opposition from shooting goals. Other players are restricted to two-thirds of the court, with the exception of the centre, who may move anywhere on the court except for a shooting circle.

At the beginning of every quarter and after a goal has been scored, play starts with a player in the centre position passing the ball from the centre of the court. These "centre passes" alternate between the teams, regardless of which team scored the last goal. When the umpire blows the whistle to restart play, four players from each team can move into the centre third to receive the pass. The centre pass must be caught or touched in the centre third. The ball is then moved up and down the court through passing and must be touched by a player in each adjacent third of the court. Players can hold the ball for only three seconds at any time. It must be released before the foot they were standing on when they caught it touches the ground again. Contact between players is only permitted if it does not impede an opponent or the general play. When defending a pass or shot players must be at least 90 centimetres (35 in) away from the player with the ball. If illegal contact is made, the player who contacted cannot participate in play until the player taking the penalty has passed or shot the ball. If the ball is held in two hands and either dropped or a shot at goal is missed, the same player cannot be the first to touch it unless it first rebounds off the goal.

Netball's early development emerged from Clara Baer's misinterpretation of the early rules of James Naismith's new sport of basketball and eventually evolved into its own sport. Basketball was invented in 1891 by Naismith in the United States. The game was initially played indoors between two teams of nine players, using an association football that was thrown into closed-end peach baskets. Naismith's game spread quickly across the United States and variations of the rules soon emerged. At the same time, physical education instructor Senda Berenson developed modified rules for women in 1892. Berenson's rules eventually gave rise to women's basketball, and separate intercollegiate rules for basketball for men and women developed around the same time. However, though related to basketball's early formation period, netball emerged as an entirely separate sport.

Clara Baer was a sports teacher living in New Orleans when she wrote to Naismith asking for a copy of the rules for his game of basketball. Once she received them, they included a diagram of the court with lines across it which were meant to show the areas various players could best patrol. However, Baer misinterpreted the lines and believed they marked out restricted areas of play which players could not leave. Her mistake marks the beginning of netball. Baer's version for the rules of women's basketball defined these areas as restricted zones, an error which then became ratified into the rules for women's basketball in 1899 and proliferated.

Martina Bergman-Österberg introduced a version of basketball in 1893 to her female students at the Physical Training College in Hampstead, London. The rules of the game were modified at the college over several years: the game moved outdoors and was played on grass; the baskets were replaced by rings that had nets; and in 1897 and 1899, rules from women's basketball in the United States were incorporated. Österberg's new sport acquired the name "net ball". The first codified rules of netball were published in 1901 by the Ling Association, later the Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom. From England, netball spread to other countries in the British Empire. Variations of the rules and even names for the sport arose in different areas: "women's (outdoor) basketball" arrived in Australia around 1900 and in New Zealand from 1906, while "netball" was being played in Jamaican schools by 1909.

From the start, it was considered socially appropriate for women to play netball; netball's restricted movement appealed to contemporary notions of women's participation in sports, and the sport was distinct from potential rival male sports. Netball became a popular women's sport in countries where it was introduced and spread rapidly through school systems. School leagues and domestic competitions emerged during the first half of the 20th century, and in 1924 the first national governing body was established in New Zealand. International competition was initially hampered by a lack of funds and varying rules in different countries. Australia hosted New Zealand in the first international game of netball in Melbourne on 20 August 1938; Australia won 40-11. Efforts began in 1957 to standardise netball rules globally: by 1960 international playing rules had been standardised, and the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball, later the International Netball Federation (INF), was formed to administer the sport worldwide.

Representatives from England, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the West Indies were part of a 1960 meeting in Sri Lanka that standardised the rules for the game. The game spread to other African countries in the 1970s. South Africa was prohibited from competing internationally from 1969 to 1994 due to apartheid. In the United States, Netball's popularity also increased during the 1970s, particularly in the New York area, and the United States of America Netball Association was created in 1992. The game also became popular in the Pacific Island nations of the Cook Islands, Fiji and Samoa during the 1970s. Netball Singapore was created in 1962, and the Malaysian Netball Association was created in 1978.

In Australia, the term women's basketball was used to refer to both netball and basketball. During the 1950s and 1960s, a movement arose to change the Australian name of the game from women's basketball to netball in order to avoid confusion between the two sports. The Australian Basketball Union offered to pay the costs involved to alter the name, but the netball organisation rejected the change. In 1970, the Council of the All Australia Netball Association officially changed the name to "netball" in Australia.

In 1963, the first international tournament was held in Eastbourne, England. Originally called the World Tournament, it later became known as the World Netball Championships. Following the first tournament, one of the organisers, Miss R. Harris, declared,

England could learn from the mistakes in the past from the empty stands at Eastbourne. To get the right publicity and the right status desired, the game must emerge from the school playground. Netball should be part of a sports centre where social events could also be held.

The World Netball Championships have been held every four years since then. The World Youth Netball Championships started in Canberra in 1988, and have been held roughly every four years since. In 1995, the International Olympic Committee recognized the International Federation of Netball Associations. Three years later netball debuted at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur. Other international competitions also emerged in the late 20th century, including the Nations Cup and the Asian Netball Championship.

Sex category

The sport was created for girls and women and remains most popular among this demographic, with women's netball at elite and national levels receiving outside funding. Though male netball teams exist in some areas, men's and mixed-sex teams are largely self-funded. Men's netball started to grow in Australia during the 1980s, with the first men's championship being held in 1985. Other countries with men's national teams include Canada, Fiji, Jamaica, Kenya, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates.

In 2004, New Zealand and Fiji sent teams to compete in the Australian Mixed and Men's National Championships. By 2006, mixed netball teams in Australia had as many male participants as rugby union.

An all- transgender netball team from Indonesia competed at the 1994 Gay Games in New York City. The team had been the Indonesian national champions.

At the Gay Games VI in Sydney in 2000, netball and volleyball were the two sports with the highest rates of transgender athletes participating. There were eight teams of indigenous players, with seven identifying as transgender. They came from places like Palm Island in northern Queensland, Samoa, Tonga and Papua New Guinea. Teams with transgender players were allowed to participate in several divisions including men's, mixed and transgender; they were not allowed to compete against women's teams.

Indoor netball

Indoor netball is a variation of netball, played exclusively indoors, in which the playing court is often surrounded on each side and overhead by a net. The net prevents the ball from leaving the court, permitting faster play by reducing playing stoppages.

Different forms of indoor netball exist. In a seven-per-side version called "action netball", seven players per team play with rules similar to netball. However, a game is split into 15-minute halves with a three-minute break in between. This version is played in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and England.

A six-per-side version of the sport is also played in New Zealand. Two Centres per team can play in the whole court except the shooting circles; the remaining attacking and defending players are each restricted to one half of the court, including the shooting circles. The attacking and Centre players may shoot from outside the shooting circle for a two-point goal.

A five-per-side game is also common in indoor netball. Players can move throughout the court, with the exception of the shooting circles, which are restricted to certain attacking or defending players.

Fast5 (originally called Fastnet) is a variation on the rules of netball designed to make games faster and more television-friendly. The World Netball Series promotes it to raise the sport's profile and attract more spectators and greater sponsorship. The game is much shorter, with each quarter lasting only six minutes and only a two-minute break between quarters. The coaches can give instructions from the sideline during play, and unlimited substitutions are allowed. Like six-per-side indoor netball, attacking players may shoot two-point goals from outside the shooting circle. Each team can separately nominate one "power play" quarter, in which each goal scored by that team is worth double points and the centre pass is taken by the team that conceded the goal.

For children

Netball has been adapted in several ways to meet children's needs. The rules for children are similar to those for adults, but various aspects of the game (such as the length of each quarter, goal height, and ball size) are modified.

Fun Net is a version of netball developed by Netball Australia for five- to seven-year-olds. It aims to improve basic netball skills using games and activities. The Fun Net program runs for 8-16 weeks. There are no winners or losers. The goal posts are 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) high, and a smaller ball is used.

Netball Australia also runs a modified game called Netta aimed at 8- to 11-year-olds. The goal height and ball size are the same as for adults, but players rotate positions during the game, permitting each player to play each position. Netta was created to develop passing and catching skills. Its rules permit six seconds between catching and passing the ball, instead of the three seconds permitted in the adult game. Most players under 11 play this version at netball clubs.

A version called High Five Netball is promoted by the All England Netball Association. It is aimed at 9- to 11-year-old girls and includes only five positions. The players swap positions during the game. When a player is not on the court, she is expected to help the game in some other way, such as being the timekeeper or scorekeeper. High Five Netball has four six-minute quarters.

Governance

The recognised international governing body of netball is World Netball, based in Manchester, England. Founded in 1960, the organisation was initially called the International Federation of Netball and Women's Basketball. The INF is responsible for compiling world rankings for national teams, maintaining the rules for netball and organising several major international competitions.

As of July 2019, the INF has 53 full and 19 associate national members in five regions. Each region has an INF regional federation.

The INF is affiliated with the General Association of International Sports Federations, the International World Games Association and the Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations. It is also a signatory to the World Anti-Doping Code.

Netball in Canada

Netball was introduced to Canada in the early 1960s, a period when the organization of civic, municipal, and community recreational sports programs was a new emerging field. The first time organized Netball games are known to have taken place in Canada dates back to Montréal, Quebec, in 1962. Netball held its first international competition a year later in 1963, now called the " Netball World Cup", in Eastbourne, England. The Ontario Amateur Netball Association, now known as " Netball Ontario" (NBO), was incorporated as a not-for-profit organization on August 9, 1974. The first national Canadian netball championship was held in 1975 and is now known as the Netball Canada National Championships. Today, Netball in Canada is mainly played in Québec, Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia.

In 1996, Canada hosted the third World Youth Netball Championships, which is now known as the Netball World Youth Cup.

Canada national netball team

The Canada national netball team was eventually established in Canada.[when? ]

International competition

Netball is a popular participant sport in countries of the Commonwealth of Nations. Non-Commonwealth entities with full IFNA membership include Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Argentina, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands and the United States, along with former Commonwealth members Zimbabwe, Ireland and Hong Kong. According to the IFNA, over 20 million people play netball in more than 80 countries. International tournaments are held among countries in each of the five IFNA regions, either annually or every four years. School leagues and national club competitions have been organised in England, Australia, New Zealand and Jamaica since the early twentieth century. Franchise-based netball leagues did not emerge until the late 1990s. These competitions sought to increase the profile of the sport in their respective countries. Despite widespread local interest, participation was largely amateur.

Netball was first included in the 1998 Commonwealth Games and has been included ever since; it is currently one of the "core" sports that must be contested at each edition of the Games.

The Confederation of African Netball Associations organises a major African tournament, which invites teams from Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, Malawi, South Africa, Kenya, Lesotho, Eswatini, Zimbabwe and the Seychelles to take part. The tournament is hosted by a country within the region; senior and under 21 teams compete. The tournament has served as a qualifier for the World Championships. South Africa launched a new domestic competition in 2011 called Netball Grand Series. It features eight regional teams from South Africa and is aimed at increasing the amount of playing time for players. It runs for 17 weeks and replaces the National Netball League, which was played over only two weeks. According to Proteas captain Elsje Jordaan, it was hoped that the competition would create an opportunity for players to become professional.

The Americas Federation of Netball Associations (AFNA) hosts two tournaments each year: the Caribbean Netball Association (CNA) Under 16 Championship and the AFNA Senior Championship. The CNA championship involves two divisions of teams from the Caribbean islands. In 2010 five teams competed in two rounds of round robin matches in the Championship Division, while four teams competed in the Developmental Division. Jamaica, which has lost only once in the tournament, decided not to play the 2011 tournament. The AFNA Senior Championship includes Canada and the US along with the Caribbean nations. The tournament serves as a qualifier for the World Championship. Jamaica, with its high ranking, does not have to qualify; this leaves two spots to the other teams in the tournament.

The Asian Netball Championship is held every four years. The seventh Asian games were held in 2009 and featured Singapore, Thailand, Maldives, Taiwan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong, India and Pakistan. There is also an Asian Youth Netball Championship for girls under 21 years of age, the seventh of which was held in 2010.

The major netball competition in Europe is the Netball Superleague, which features teams from England, Wales and Scotland. The league was created in 2005. Matches are broadcast on Sky Sports.

Netball has been featured at the Pacific Games, a multi-sport event with participation from 22 countries from around the South Pacific. The event is held every four years and has 12 required sports; the host country chooses the other four. Netball is not a required sport and has missed selection, particularly when former French or American territories host the games.

The ANZ Championship was a Trans-Tasman competition held between 2008 and 2016 that was broadcast on television in both New Zealand and Australia. It was contested among ten teams from Australia and New Zealand. It began in April 2008, succeeding Australia's Commonwealth Bank Trophy and New Zealand's National Bank Cup as the pre-eminent netball league in those countries. The competition was held annually between April and July, consisting of 69 matches played over 17 weeks. The ANZ Championship saw netball become a semi-professional sport in both countries, with increased media coverage and player salaries. The competition was replaced by new leagues in 2017, the Suncorp Super Netball (Australia) and ANZ Premiership (New Zealand).

Major championships

There are four major international netball competitions; the Netball World Cup, Netball at the Commonwealth Games, Netball Quad Series and Fast5 Netball World Series. Netball is also played at large regional multi-sport events such as the Southeast Asian Games.

Netball's important competition is the World Netball Championships (also known as the Netball World Cup), held every four years. It was first held in 1963 at the Chelsea College of Physical Education at Eastbourne, England, with eleven nations competing. Since its inception the competition has been dominated primarily by the Australian and New Zealand teams, which hold ten and four titles, respectively. Trinidad and Tobago is the only other team to win a championship title. That title, won in 1979, was shared with New Zealand and Australia; all three teams finished with equal points at the end of the round robin, and there were no finals.

The Fast5 Series is a competition among the top six national netball teams, as ranked by the INF World Rankings. It is organised by the INF in conjunction with the national governing bodies of the six competing nations, UK Sport, and the host city's local council. The All England Netball Association covers air travel, accommodation, food and local travel expenses for all teams, while the respective netball governing bodies cover player allowances. It is held over three days, with each team playing each other once during the first two days in a round-robin format. The four highest-scoring teams advance to the semi-finals; the winners face each other in the Grand Final. The competition features modified fastnet rules and has been likened to Twenty20 cricket and rugby sevens. A new format featuring shorter matches with modified rules was designed to make the game more appealing to spectators and television audiences. The World Netball Series was held annually in England from 2009 to 2011.

Netball's governing federation gained Olympic recognition in 1995 after 20 years of lobbying. Although it has never been played at the Summer Olympics, politicians and administrators have been campaigning unsuccessfully to have it included. Its absence from the Olympics has been seen by the netball community as a hindrance in the global growth of the game by limiting access to media attention and funding sources. Some funding sources became available with recognition in 1995, including the International Olympic Committee, national Olympic committees, national sport organisations, and state and federal governments.

One study found that over 14 weeks of play about 5% of people develop an injury. The most common injury is of the ankle (usually lateral ligament ankle strain and less often an ankle fracture). Knee injuries were less common and included anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The main cause of these injuries is believed to be due to incorrect landing. One study found not warming up as a risk factor. Hypermobility (having a range of motion beyond normal limits) has been associated with injuries in one small study. Higher grade players, in both senior and junior competitions, are more susceptible to injuries than lower grade players, due to the high intensity and rapid pace of the game.

In October 2005, Australian captain Liz Ellis tore her ACL in a match against New Zealand. This injury ruled her out of the chance to play at the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth games. In October 2014, Casey Kopua ruptured the patellar tendon in her left knee, resulting in her missing up to six months of netball.

Explanatory notes

Netball Australia. "Court & venue specifications". Netball Australia. Archived from the original on 27 February 2011.

Jobling, Ian; Barham, Pamela (November 1991). "The Development of Netball and the All-Australia Women's Basketball Association (AAWBBA): 1891-1939" (PDF). Sporting Traditions, Journal of the Australian Society for Sports History. 8 (1): 30-48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2011.

^ Taylor, Tracy (November 2001). "Gendering Sport: The Development of Netball in Australia" (PDF). Sporting Traditions, Journal of the Australian Society for Sports History. 18 (1): 57-74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2012.

^ United States of America Netball Association (USANA), Inc. (2010). "History of the USANA". United States of America Netball Association. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011.

^ "Norminshah Sabirin". Olympic Council of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011.

^ Richard V. Mcgehee and Shirley H.M. Reekie (1999). "Using Sport Studies and Physical Activities to Internationalize the K-12 Curriculum". The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance. 70.

^ Western Argus (24 October 1922). "GAMES FOR GIRLS". Western Argus (1916-1938). Kalgoorlie, Western Australia: National Library of Australia. p. 1.

Clara Sinkala (6-14 September 2001). "Seychelles invited for netball tourney". Times of Zambia. Archived from the original on 12 November 2005.

Enver Pemberton (15 April 2011). "St. Lucia Poised to Win Caribbean Netball Association U 16 Title". The St. Kitts-Nevis Observe. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013.

^ "Young Netballers March On". Jamaican Gleaner. 10 April 2008. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012.

^ Netball Australia (11 March 2007). "New look trans-Tasman netball competition". Netball Australia. Archived from the original on 1 September 2007.

^ "Samoa prepares for World netball series". Samoa Observer. 18 December 2008. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011.

^ Kaminjolo, Singayazi (12 November 2010). "Queens leave for Liverpool on Sunday". The Nation (Malawi). Archived from the original on 24 July 2011.

^ Smartt, Pam; Chalmers, David (29 January 2009). "Obstructing the goal? Hospitalisation for netball injury in New Zealand 2000-2005". The New Zealand Medical Journal. 122 (1288): 62-75. PMID 19182843. Archived from the original on 1 September 2011.

^ Emily Benammar (13 October 2009). "'Fast' version of netball introduced in an effort to secure Olympic Games inclusion". The Telegraph. London.

^ Jones, Diane (February 2004). "Half the Story? Olympic Women on the ABC News Online" (PDF). Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy. 110 (110): 132-146. doi:10.1177/1329878X0411000114. S2CID 54039376. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2011.

^ Hopper, D; Elliott, B; Lalor, J (1 December 1995). "A descriptive epidemiology of netball injuries during competition: a five-year study". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 29 (4): 223-228. doi:10.1136/bjsm.29.4.223. ISSN 0306-3674. PMC . PMID 8808533.

McManus, A.; Stevenson, M.R.; Finch, C.F. (1 January 2006). "Incidence and risk factors for injury in non-elite netball". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 9 (1-2): 119-24. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.03.005. hdl:20.500.11937/45869. PMID 16621712.

^ Smith, R.; Damodaran, A. K.; Swaminathan, S.; Campbell, R.; Barnsley, L. (1 September 2005). "Hypermobility and sports injuries in junior netball players". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 39 (9): 628-631. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2004.015271. ISSN 1473-0480. PMC . PMID 16118300.

General bibliography

All England Netball Association (1976). Golden Jubilee: 1926-1976. All England Netball Association. OCLC 39500756.

Altman, Dennis (2001). "Global Gaze / Global Gays". In Blasius, Mark (ed.). Sexual identities, queer politics. University Press. pp. 96-117. ISBN 0-691-05866-0. OCLC 439890293.

Booth, Douglas (1998). The Race Game: Sport and Politics in South Africa. Sport in the Global Society. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4799-3. OCLC 361505975.

McGrath, Alicia C.; Ozanne-Smith, Joan (May 1998). Attacking the Goal of Netball Injury Prevention: A Review of Literature. Report No. 130. Monash University Accident Research Centre. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.129.6986.

McKinnon, Rowan (2009). South Pacific [the only guide to the entire South Pacific]. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-786-8. OCLC 610105853.

Pollard, Jack (1968). AMPOL book of Australian Sporting Records. Sydney: The Pollard Publishing Co. OCLC 71140.

Shakespear, Wilma; Caldow, Margaret (2009). Netball : steps to success. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-0-7360-7984-6. OCLC 251227987.

Summers, David (2007). The Sports Book. New York: DK Publishing. pp. 162-165. ISBN 978-0-7566-3195-6.

Tagg, Brendon (December 2008). "'Imagine, a Man Playing Netball!' : Masculinities and Sport in New Zealand". International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 43: 409-430. doi:10.1177/1012690208099875. S2CID 145493659.

External links

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