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Science and science-based technologies have transformed modern life. They have led to major improvements in living standards, public welfare, health, and security. They have changed how we view the universe and how we think about ourselves in relation to the world around us.

Biological evolution is one of the most important ideas of modern science. Evolution is supported by abundant evidence from many different fields of scientific investigation. It underlies the modern biological sciences, including the biomedical sciences, and has applications in many other scientific and engineering disciplines.

As individuals and societies, we are now making decisions that will have profound consequences for future generations. How should we balance the need to preserve the Earth's plants, animals, and natural environment against other pressing concerns? Should we alter our use of fossil fuels and other natural resources to enhance the well-being of our descendants? To what extent should we use our new understanding of biology on a molecular level to alter the characteristics of living things?

None of these decisions can be made wisely without considering biological evolution. People need to understand evolution, its role within the broader scientific enterprise, and its vital implications for some of the most pressing social, cultural, and political issues of our time.

Science and technology are so pervasive in modern society that students increasingly need a sound education in the core concepts, applications, and implications of science. Because evolution has and will continue to serve as a critical foundation of the biomedical and life sciences, helping students learn about and understand the scientific evidence, mechanisms, and implications of evolution are fundamental to a high-quality science education.

Science and religion are different ways of understanding. Needlessly placing them in opposition reduces the potential of both to contribute to a better future.

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DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOCIETY || INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

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Hunting and gathering constitute the oldest human mode of making a living, and the only one for which there is an uninterrupted record from human origins to the present. Correspondingly, there has been a lot of anthropological attention devoted to hunting and gathering with an initial confidence that one could directly observe human nature by studying hunter-gatherers. More recently, however, anthropologists have grown cautious not to draw analogies between present-day hunter-gatherers and those of the distant past too quickly. They also do not focus on hunting and gathering as isolated activities, but rather on the socio-cultural formations that have been found to be associated with them. Despite considerable regional diversity, there are recurrent themes in hunter-gatherer ethnography that show shared patterns beyond the ecology of foraging. Prominent is the notion of hunter-gatherers being ‘originally affluent’ with a relatively low workload. Hunter-gatherers have also been associated with a high incidence of gender and age equality, due to levelling practices such as sharing. Most hunter-gatherers live in very small groups, characterised by multirelational kinship ties. They often have distinct forms of environmental perception, and it has been suggested that they display a high degree of playfulness in ritual affairs. They, therefore, provide comparative insights in a wide-range of domains far beyond the activities of hunting and gathering.
Societies rely primarily or exclusively on hunting wild animals, fishing, and gathering wild fruits, berries, nuts, and vegetables to support their diet. Until humans began to domesticate plants and animals about ten thousand years ago, all human societies were hunter-gatherers.

https://youtu.be/GQAJLzsr9zM

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A horticultural society is an organization devoted to the study and culture of cultivated plants. Such organizations may be local, regional, national, or international. Some have a more general focus, whereas others are devoted to a particular kind or group of plants. They are also clustered.

Hunting and gathering constitute the oldest human mode of making a living and the only one for which there is an uninterrupted record from human origins to the present. Correspondingly, there has been a lot of anthropological attention devoted to hunting and gathering with initial confidence that one could directly observe human nature by studying hunter-gatherers. More recently, however, anthropologists have grown cautious not to draw analogies between present-day hunter-gatherers and those of the distant past too quickly. They also do not focus on hunting and gathering as isolated activities, but rather on the socio-cultural formations that have been found to be associated with them. Despite considerable regional diversity, there are recurrent themes in hunter-gatherer ethnography that show shared patterns beyond the ecology of foraging. Prominent is the notion of hunter-gatherers being ‘originally affluent’ with a relatively low workload. Hunter-gatherers have also been associated with a high incidence of gender and age equality, due to leveling practices such as sharing. Most hunter-gatherers live in very small groups, characterized by multi relational kinship ties. They often have distinct forms of environmental perception, and it has been suggested that they display a high degree of playfulness in ritual affairs. They, therefore, provide comparative insights in a wide range of domains far beyond the activities of hunting and gathering.

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A pastoral society is made up of pastoralists; people whose lives center on tending the land and caring for herds of animals such as sheep, goats, yaks, camels, or cattle, on which they depend for food and sustenance.

Pastoral Society Types

Pastoral societies can be broadly split into nomadic and transhumance societies. They can vary greatly in size and in social structure and can take place in a wide variety of climates. However, pastoralism most commonly comes into being in places where agriculture is challenging to maintain.

https://youtu.be/0cQrVJybkXo

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An agricultural society, also known as an agrarian society, is a society that constructs social order around a reliance upon farming. More than half the people living in that society make their living by farming.

People in an agricultural society generally lead a more settled lifestyle than those in nomadic hunter-gatherer or semi-nomadic pastoral societies because they live permanently near the land that is farmed. Agricultural settlements tend to develop in areas of convenience near bodies of water, which is used for both crops and transportation, or along trade routes. Not everyone in an agricultural society is a farmer. Some people make living trading or making and selling goods such as tools used for farming.

Though there are modern societies based upon agriculture, most societies today are either industrial societies, societies that depend on mass production of goods using technological means, or postindustrial societies, which are societies dependent on services rather than goods. Workers in postindustrial societies tend to be professional workers such as computer engineers or investment bankers rather than manual laborers. The United States is often described as being a postindustrial society.

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Industrial societies are named after the ever-increasing use of industrialization and machinery to innovate and make scientific and technological advances. Industrial societies began through the industrialization of the textile industry.

The industrialization definition distinguishes industrialized countries from "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries because it means that a nation has developed an economy and society that focuses on industry and produces goods via mass production.

The industrialization has been a significant factor in what makes developed countries what they are now, as industrialization helped their economies and even helped them win wars. The three major industrialized countries that the term ''industrial society'' refers to are the ''Big Three'' of the Allies in World War II: the United States, Russia, and England.

There are several defining characteristics of industrialized societies, including large urban centers, the tertiary sector (the service sector) of their economies, large-scale organizations (companies and corporations), and mass production. Industrial societies are also characterized as self-sustaining and self-perpetuating. Since industrial societies manufacture goods for themselves, and oftentimes for trade, the society's economy is able to support itself. Additionally, factory work and distribution also create many entry-level jobs, further boosting the economy since more money is in the hands of the people and circulating throughout society. This promotes consumerism. Additionally, the need for a less skilled workforce to complete tasks means that less time and resource is spent training and fixing mistakes. This increases overall company productivity which allows for more products to be produced in a shorter amount of time than in previous eras.

The methods used by industrialized societies to get goods to the market involve mass production, which is also called "Fordism" after Henry Ford. Mass production involves dividing work so that each person does a straightforward task, which can be done to a higher standard. As mass production increased and technology improved, assembly lines that were manned by people could be taken over by machinery, freeing people to do other jobs within the company. In modern-day, most assembly lines use a combination of machinery and manpower.

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The definition of post-industrial society is one that has transitioned from an economy of goods to an economy of services and has increased the rate of innovation and invention of new technologies and explored their applications. Many countries, including the United States, are in the post-industrial stage. This stage of a state economy directly follows the industrialized society stage.

Post-industrialized societies are responsible for the creation of many new technologies and many new types of services. For example, rideshare and food delivery programs were developed in post-industrial societies. Post-industrial societies also have new types of communities, which are bound by commonalities rather than geographic location.

The term ''post-industrial'' was first used in 1973 in the book The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting by the American sociologist Daniel Bell. There are several typical characteristics of post-industrial societies that were listed by Bell in this book. The most prominent of these include:

These societies have an increased focus on the implications of new technologies.

There are high expectations that graduates of universities and colleges and entrepreneurs will invent new technologies and innovate with existing ones.

Manual labor jobs are replaced with professional and technical jobs.

Examples of this trend include the replacement of workers in many factories with robots who are controlled by trained professionals. An article in May 2020 written by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology estimated that one robot in a manufacturing plant replaced around three human workers.

Indirect replacement is also a large trend. Fewer and fewer individuals are becoming assembly line workers or welders. More and more people are becoming doctors, computer analysts, robotics technicians, and other technology-based professionals.

There is an elevated focus in post-industrial societies on providing services, rather than on mass-producing goods with the aid of machinery like industrial societies.

Examples of services provided in a post-industrial society include medical advice or operations, computer programming, appliance design, and implementation.

Post-industrial societies transition from acting on and working with practical knowledge to primarily using theoretical knowledge. In other words, there is a shift from experiential knowledge to experimental knowledge. This is one of the most crucial elements in the creation of new innovations and inventions in post-industrial societies.

Studying the implications of new technologies leads to the creation of new fields of knowledge, and new sectors of scientific research dedicated to learning the applications, uses, and effects of these technologies.