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https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_4_types_of_dyslexia/article.htm#:~:text=The%204%20types%20of%20dyslexia,deficit%2C%20and%20double%20deficit%20dyslexia.

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4 Main types of dyslexia

The 4 types of dyslexia include phonological dyslexia, surface dyslexia, rapid naming deficit, and double deficit dyslexia.

Dyslexia is a learning disorder where the person often has difficulty reading and interpreting what they read. It is neither infectious nor brought on by vaccinations.

Dyslexia is not a form of autism. While dyslexia is a learning difficulty, autism is a developmental disorder.

While a child may struggle with comprehension, spelling, and writing, dyslexia does not mean that the person is intellectually low. Rather, a person with dyslexia may have a better intelligence quotient than a regular person.

Dyslexia is a widespread disorder and is estimated to affect 5 to 10 percent of the population. Some claim that up to 17 percent of the population may have reading difficulties.

There are no official diagnostic types of dyslexia. Earlier dyslexia was classified into several different types, but new classifications of it include four types, which are proposed based on the symptoms.

1. Phonological dyslexia

This is also called dysphonetic or auditory dyslexia.

People with this type of dyslexia have difficulty processing the sounds of the individual letters and syllables and cannot match them with the written forms.

2. Surface dyslexia

This is also called dyseidetic or visual dyslexia.

This type of dyslexia is marked by difficulty recognizing whole words, which probably results from vision issues or visual processing difficulties in the brain.

With trouble recognizing the words, these people may have a hard time learning and memorizing words.

3. Rapid naming deficit
The person finds it difficult to name a letter, number, color, or object quickly and automatically. The processing speed is low and takes time to name them.

4. Double deficit dyslexia
The person with double deficit dyslexia shows deficits in both the phonological process and naming speed. The majority of the weakest readers fall under this category.

Dyslexia is caused by an overburden of impairments in reading abilities that the person cannot adjust to effectively.

What are the causes of dyslexia?

It is often difficult to spot dyslexia in a child before they start attending school. People with dyslexia face challenges in reading, comprehending, and memorizing words.

Dyslexia is a condition that is present at birth and has a multifactorial etiology that includes:

Inheritance of genes that are related to dyslexia, and this condition runs in the family

Premature birth or low birth weight

Exposure to harmful substances, such as nicotine, drugs, and alcohol during pregnancy may affect fetal brain development

Brain development of the fetus may alter due to infections in the mother during pregnancy

Differences in brain parts that are related to reading and comprehension

Exposure to stress at a very young age

Though dyslexia is present at birth, adults with brain injury, stroke, or dementia may develop the symptoms of dyslexia

Dyslexia may worsen with age

However, this list is not comprehensive. In many cases, no specific cause may be found.

SLIDESHOW
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What are the symptoms and coping skills of dyslexia?

People with dyslexia face challenges in reading, comprehending, and memorizing words. However, early detection of the disorder and providing support to learn the words with other methods help them improve the condition.

The symptoms of dyslexia may be observed early in the preschool age and in school-going children and teenagers. Adults have distinctive symptoms that may lead to the diagnosis of dyslexia.

Preschool children

Delayed speech development

Difficulty memorizing letters and colors

Choosing wrong words, reverse sounds, or confusion between words that sound similar

Elementary and middle school children

Reading difficulty and may read more slowly than other children in the class

Difficulty processing information and memorizing things in a sequential order

Take longer to read and write

Trouble pronouncing new words or processing words with similar sounds

Avoid involving in tasks that include reading

Teen and adults

Take time to process or summarize what they read or write

Struggle with spelling or learning a new language

Mispronounce words or difficulty memorizing text or doing math

Difficulty reading aloud

Difficulty conveying a story

Poor handwriting

Poor academic performance

Medically Reviewed on 12/28/2022
Image Source: iStock Images

Understood. What is dyslexia? https://www.understood.org/articles/en/what-is-dyslexia

Teens Health. Understanding Dyslexia. https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/dyslexia.html

Higuera V. What Are the Different Types of Dyslexia? Ceril. http://ceril.net/index.php/articulos?id=564

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What Are the 4 Main Types of Dyslexia? Causes, Symptoms

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4 Main types of dyslexia The 4 types of dyslexia include phonological dyslexia, surface dyslexia, rapid naming deficit, and double deficit dyslexia. Dyslexia is a learning disorder where the person often has difficulty reading and interpreting what they read. It is neither infectious nor brought on by vaccinations.

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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dyslexia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353552

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Overview

Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding). Also called a reading disability, dyslexia is a result of individual differences in areas of the brain that process language.

Dyslexia is not due to problems with intelligence, hearing or vision. Most children with dyslexia can succeed in school with tutoring or a specialized education program. Emotional support also plays an important role.

Though there's no cure for dyslexia, early assessment and intervention result in the best outcome. Sometimes dyslexia goes undiagnosed for years and isn't recognized until adulthood, but it's never too late to seek help.

Symptoms

Signs of dyslexia can be difficult to recognize before your child enters school, but some early clues may indicate a problem. Once your child reaches school age, your child's teacher may be the first to notice a problem. Severity varies, but the condition often becomes apparent as a child starts learning to read.

Before school

Signs that a young child may be at risk of dyslexia include:

Late talking

Learning new words slowly

Problems forming words correctly, such as reversing sounds in words or confusing words that sound alike

Problems remembering or naming letters, numbers and colors

Difficulty learning nursery rhymes or playing rhyming games

School age

Once your child is in school, dyslexia symptoms may become more apparent, including:

Reading well below the expected level for age

Problems processing and understanding what is heard

Difficulty finding the right word or forming answers to questions

Problems remembering the sequence of things

Difficulty seeing (and occasionally hearing) similarities and differences in letters and words

Inability to sound out the pronunciation of an unfamiliar word

Difficulty spelling

Spending an unusually long time completing tasks that involve reading or writing

Avoiding activities that involve reading

Teens and adults

Dyslexia signs in teens and adults are a lot like those in children. Some common dyslexia symptoms in teens and adults include:

Difficulty reading, including reading aloud

Slow and labor-intensive reading and writing

Problems spelling

Avoiding activities that involve reading

Mispronouncing names or words, or problems retrieving words

Spending an unusually long time completing tasks that involve reading or writing

Difficulty summarizing a story

Trouble learning a foreign language

Difficulty doing math word problems

When to see a doctor

Though most children are ready to learn reading by kindergarten or first grade, children with dyslexia often have trouble learning to read by that time. Talk with your health care provider if your child's reading level is below what's expected for your child's age or if you notice other signs of dyslexia.

When dyslexia goes undiagnosed and untreated, childhood reading difficulties continue into adulthood.

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Causes

Dyslexia results from individual differences in the parts of the brain that enable reading. It tends to run in families. Dyslexia appears to be linked to certain genes that affect how the brain processes reading and language.

Risk factors

A family history of dyslexia or other reading or learning disabilities increases the risk of having dyslexia.

Complications

Dyslexia can lead to several problems, including:

Trouble learning. Because reading is a skill basic to most other school subjects, a child with dyslexia is at a disadvantage in most classes and may have trouble keeping up with peers.

Social problems. Left untreated, dyslexia may lead to low self-esteem, behavior problems, anxiety, aggression, and withdrawal from friends, parents and teachers.

Problems as adults. The inability to read and comprehend can prevent children from reaching their potential as they grow up. This can have negative long-term educational, social and economic impacts.

Children who have dyslexia are at increased risk of having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and vice versa. ADHD can cause difficulty keeping attention. It can also cause hyperactivity and impulsive behavior, which can make dyslexia harder to treat.

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This learning disorder involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words.

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https://exceptionalindividuals.com/candidates/neurodiversity-resources/neurodiversity-quizzes/dyslexia-quiz-test/

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Dyslexic Test | Am I Dyslexic Quiz Online

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Do you have dyslexia? Take our FREE online dyslexia test to discover if you may be dyslexic. Our online dyslexia quiz helps to detect dyslexia in adults and teenagers.

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https://dm-ed.com/news/dyslexic-inventions-the-lightbulb/#:~:text=The%20term%20'dyslexia'%20did%20not,skilled%20engineer%20later%20in%20life.

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Thomas Edison (1847-1931) was an American inventor responsible for many of our modern electrical devices, including the phonograph for amplifying sound, the motion picture camera, the light bulb, the stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, and a battery for an electric car. To say he was prolific would be an understatement!

The term ' dyslexia' did not exist when Edison was a child, but many have suspected that he must have been dyslexic. His teachers called him "addled", but he had superior visual-spatial abilities that enabled him to be a skilled engineer later in life. He was eventually pulled out of school due to his difficulties and home-educated by his mother. Like many diagnosed dyslexics, he had recurrent ear infections as a child which would have interfered with early literacy tasks.

The light bulb is perhaps his most well-known invention, developed in 1879, when it remained lit for 13.5 hours - a world record! Later he tweaked the invention to the point where it could last over 1200 hours.

For more info, read here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulb

Or here: http://www.easyreadsystem.com/news/famous-fridays-thomas-edison/

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Sarah Forrest is a Reading Specialist for the Easyread System, and online course that uses innovative Guided Phonetic Reading techniques to help struggling learners grasp phonics. Easyread has been designed to help all children with poor reading and spelling, including those with dyslexia, auditory processing disorder, highly visual learning styles and more. www.easyreadsystem.com

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Thomas Edison (1847-1931) was an American inventor responsible for many of our modern electrical devices, including the phonograph for amplifying sound, the motion picture camera, the light bulb, the stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, and a battery for an electric car. To say he was prolific

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https://www.understood.org/en/articles/albert-einstein-dyslexia

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It's no secret that there are a ton of brilliant people with dyslexia. But is it possible to prove that one of the most famous minds of all time had it too?

For years, people have claimed that Albert Einstein may have had dyslexia. I've wondered about it as well. Although I'm not dyslexic, I do have ADHD and dyscalculia. And I have to admit, it's tempting to think that the man who came up with the theory of relativity also had a learning difference.

But I've also been skeptical about the claim-as are many others. You can't know for sure if someone has a learning difference without an evaluation. So you definitely can't diagnose any issue in someone who's passed away.

However, since there are a lot of people who think Einstein had dyslexia, I decided to find out why they think it's true. And now, after doing some research, I have to say, I may be starting to believe it, too.

Here are four things people say that make me think Albert Einstein may have had dyslexia.

1. His speech was delayed.

Like many people with dyslexia, Einstein was a late talker. He didn't start speaking comfortably until he was nearly 6 years old. In fact, that period of his early life is so well known that delayed speech in kids is sometimes called the Einstein Syndrome.

2. He may have had other dyslexia-related symptoms.

Some people say he struggled with reading aloud and with word retrieval. He also found it hard to express his thoughts and ideas in writing and may have struggled with foreign language, too.

3. He learned better in creative environments.

Many people with dyslexia thrive when they're able to learn in a creative way. Einstein had a hard time at his elementary school. His classes relied heavily on memorization and rote learning. But he did very well after switching to a new school that encouraged creative thinking and learning.

4. He saw the world from a unique perspective.

People with learning differences naturally think outside the box. Albert Einstein was no exception. His ability to think creatively meant he came up with ideas that other scientists hadn't imagined. Like, oh, I don't know, maybe E = mc2!

Albert Einstein died in 1955. While his research is still helping us understand the universe today, it's unlikely we'll ever know for sure if he had dyslexia or not.

What's certain is that the people I know with dyslexia are some of the smartest, most creative and interesting people I've ever met. So I like to think that Einstein, one of the greatest thinkers in history, may have had it too.

About the author

About the author

Rae Jacobson, MS is a writer who focuses on ADHD and learning disabilities in women and girls.

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Did Albert Einstein Have Dyslexia? | Understood

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It's no secret that there are a ton of brilliant people with dyslexia. But is it possible to prove that one of the most famous minds of all time had it too? For years, people have claimed that Albert Einstein may have had dyslexia. I've wondered about it as well.

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boyzone star has Dyslexia

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irish actor who played a role in redrock is Dyslexic

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Tom is a world famous actor who has Dyslexia