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One thing mentioned in class lecture that I really agree with, is that classrooms should be welcoming environments with student artwork, motivational quotes, alphabets, different flags, etc on the walls. Other physical factors may include story time or asking students to respond aloud as a class or communicate with their buddy.

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Reading, Writing, and Learning in ESL made several points about the relation of language to power, politics, and global inequality. The Rome analogy was useful as it was very similar to English expansion. When a student arrives in the US, every transaction, many government documents, and important school documents may be in English. On a grander scale, there is evidence that since colonial times, the global expansion of English has had potentially negative effects on political, social, and economic inequality.

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There are many sociocultural factors that can affect language acquisition, however, I found the story of Montha the Cambodian immigrant interesting. Because Montha was older and had to help her parents around the house, she did not get to experience the beneficial play time with English speakers that her younger siblings did, which she felt affected how quickly she learned English. Even having a buddy system
in place can positively impact one’s language learning experience.

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Linguistic factors that affect language acquisition include learning syntax, morphology, and phonology, as well as symbolism, metaphors, figurative language, slang, and idioms. They may also be confronted by different dialects or accents that may be more difficult to understand. However, they may also experience some ease when recognizes cognates which, depending on the language, may be numerous.

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Affective factors that may affect English learning may include anxiety and/or feeling isolated in a school environment where no one, or very few others, speak their language or can understand them. The confidence and self esteem of ELs may also be affected positively or negatively based on the learning environment and support offered.

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Cognitive factors that affect language acquisition include understanding and processing the qualities and functions of a language. As Peregoy & Boyle mention in, Reading, Writing, and Learning in ESL, this “requires attention, organization, sequencing, and logical presentation of ideas.” This is especially true for academic language which may be more formal and may require critical thinking and complex sentence formation to answer a question.