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Heat is responsible for most of the problems relating to quantum computers. It affects the qubits of quantum computers, ruining the operations being performed by the computer. Therefore, quantum computers must be kept very cold, more specifically, just a little over absolute zero.
However, to operate a computer, one must incorporate some interface with the non-quantum world, and unfortunately such technology sits at room temperature. Meaning that scientists must bring more of those electronics into the dilution refrigerator where the qubits are found (a device that provides constant cooling reaching colder temperatures).

The following is a list of possible solutions scientists from various companies, such as Google, are currently working on to solve quantum computings heat related sensitivity/issues:

Cryogenic Refrigeration: One method to combat the heat problem in quantum computers is by using cryogenic refrigeration systems (refrigeration by way of liquid nitrogen or solid/liquid carbon dioxide).

Active Cooling Systems:These systems use various cooling methods, such as liquid cooling or thermoelectric coolers to dissipate the heat generated by quantum computers. Continually removing heat from the system allows cooling mechanisms to prevent overheating and maintain the stability of the qubits.

Heat Management Design: This approach involves engineering the architecture and components of quantum computers to optimize heat dissipation. Researchers are currently exploring the use of materials with low thermal conductivity to minimize heat transfer between different components. They are also investigating designs that allow for efficient heat removal from individual qubits to prevent localized heating issues.

Therefore, active measures are being taken to ensure the full functionality of quantum computers despite its heat related weakness.

Once the problem is fixed and quantum computers become part of the norm, what kind of regulations would be put in place to ensure it’s safe and responsible use, and who would enforce it?

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Three Frosty Innovations for Better Quantum Computers

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Putting these in the cryogenic freezer could make quantum computers more powerful and compact

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While most widely used Artificial intelligence open to the public have been programmed to not answer controversial questions, however it's been seen time and time again that some light persuading is able to make the AI answer, whether it be unprofessional, biased, or entirely untruthful. When placed with a difficult question, Ai can often claim untrue information, with the behaviour now commonly known as “hallucinations”. While currently this is one of the largest issues with AI, as it can cause major issues with systems that can rely on AI, such as medical units or mental health advice. The issue isn’t aided with the human-like naturalness to the way it speaks; giving a false sense of truthfulness when responding to given prompts.

With the growth of Artificial intelligence and its influence in our modern society, both interest and caution is taken with its introduction into the workplace. Many believe that it will begin to take more human jobs, as it can create more efficient workers with less error. While jobs like labouring and acting as a lawyer, AI has begun their careers within tech industry (ex.programers), media industry (ex. advertising), and even the finance industry (ex. Financial analysts)

A study at Oxford University showed AI could replace up to 47% of current jobs within the next two decades. WIthout a doubt, this causes fear throughout society, not knowing if they’ll be next on the chopping block in place of AI at their place of employment.

Another issue could be the loss of control similar to movies such as “The Terminator”. While hyperbolized and science-fiction, the issue comes from how the AI learns. Its behaviour and knowledge comes from analysing different data across the internet. However, Data posted on the net can be biased, skewed, or entirely made up; which can lead to odd behaviours in AI, as it can begin to spiral and if they were able to learn their own power they could be devastating. AI, if too powerful, will begin to write and read their own code, creating new risks towards their usefulness and purpose.

Next Question
If AI becoming too powerful for its own good is a very real possibility, how can this affect the future of science, specifically within the progression of quantum understanding?

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What Exactly Are the Dangers Posed by A.I.?

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A recent letter calling for a moratorium on A.I. development blends real threats with speculation. But concern is growing among experts.

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From a computing perspective, quantum computers can allow for quicker and lower cost calculations for cobinatoric arithmetic. In theory, quantum computers as it relates to the world of commercial computing, are able to do many of the things that normal computers can do, with one key exception. They are able to perform combinatorics calculations very quickly.
The introduction of this kind of technology will revolutionize industries that will greatly impact people’s day to day lives, essentially changing the world itself. These industries include but are not limited to: Chemical and 1. Biological engineering, the discovery and manipulation of molecules. 2. Cybersecurity, today’s encryption is primarily built on combinatorics, with the assumption that the code is unbreakable. With quantum computers the code will be broken very easily. 3. Artificial intelligence; Quantum computing opens up opportunities through the new found advantage of quick combinatorics calculations.

The company Honeywell predicts quantum technology will form a trillion dollar industry in the decades ahead. The industry will have a massive influence over the global economy once the product is ready to be commercially available.

Next Question:
What are the potential dangers of this kind of technology being widely available, and in the wrong hands?

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Quantum technology is approaching the mainstream. Goldman Sachs recently announced that they could introduce quantum algorithms to price financial instruments in as soon as five years. Honeywell anticipates that quantum will form a $1 trillion industry in the decades ahead. But why are firms like Goldman taking this leap - especially with commercial quantum computers being possibly years away?

To understand what's going on, it's useful to take a step back and examine what exactly it is that computers do.

Let's start with today's digital technology. At its core, the digital computer is an arithmetic machine. It made performing mathematical calculations cheap and its impact on society has been immense. Advances in both hardware and software have made possible the application of all sorts of computing to products and services. Today's cars, dishwashers, and boilers all have some kind of computer embedded in them - and that's before we even get to smartphones and the internet. Without computers we would never have reached the moon or put satellites in orbit.

These computers use binary signals (the famous 1s and 0s of code) that are measured in "bits" or bytes. The more complicated the code, the more processing power required and the longer the processing takes. What this means is that for all their advances - from self-driving cars to beating grandmasters at Chess and Go - there remain tasks that traditional computing devices struggle with, even when the task is dispersed across millions of machines.

A particular problem they struggle with is a category of calculation called combinatorics. These calculations involve finding an arrangement of items that optimizes some goal. As the number of items grows, the number of possible arrangements grows exponentially. To find the best arrangement, today's digital computers basically have to iterate through each permutation to find an outcome and then identify which does best at achieving the goal. In many cases this can require an enormous number of calculations (think about breaking passwords, for example). The challenge of combinatorics calculations, as we'll see in a minute, applies in many important fields, from finance to pharmaceuticals. It is also a critical bottleneck in the evolution of AI.

And this is where quantum computers come in. Just as classical computers reduced the cost of arithmetic, quantum presents a similar cost reduction to calculating daunting combinatoric problems.

The Value of Quantum

Quantum computers (and quantum software) are based on a completely different model of how the world works. In classical physics, an object exists in a well-defined state. In the world of quantum mechanics, objects only occur in a well-defined state after we observe them. Prior to our observation, two objects' states and how they are related are matters of probability. From a computing perspective, this means that data is recorded and stored in a different way - through non-binary qubits of information rather than binary bits, reflecting the multiplicity of states in the quantum world. This multiplicity can enable faster and lower cost calculation for combinatoric arithmetic.

If that sounds mind-bending, it's because it is. Even particle physicists struggle to get their minds around quantum mechanics and the many extraordinary properties of the subatomic world it describes, and this is not the place to attempt a full explanation. But what we can say is quantum mechanics does a better job of explaining many aspects of the natural world than classical physics does, and it accommodates nearly all of the theories that classical physics has produced.

Quantum translates, in the world of commercial computing, to machines and software that can, in principle, do many of the things that classical digital computers can and in addition do one big thing classical computers can't: perform combinatorics calculations quickly. As we describe in our paper, Commercial Applications of Quantum Computing, that's going to be a big deal in some important domains. In some cases, the importance of combinatorics is already known to be central to the domain.

Chemical and biological engineering. Chemical and biological engineering involve the discovery and manipulation of molecules. Doing so involves the motion and interaction of subatomic particles. In other words, it involves quantum mechanics. The simulation of quantum mechanics was a key motivation in Richard Feynman's initial proposal to build a quantum computer. As molecules get more complex, the number of possible configurations grows exponentially. It becomes a combinatorics calculation, suitable for a quantum computer. For example, programmable quantum computers have already demonstrated successful simulations of simple chemical reactions, paving the way for increasingly complex chemistry simulations in the near future. With the emerging feasibility of quantum simulations, which helps predict the properties of new molecules, engineers will be able to consider molecule configurations that would otherwise be challenging to model. This ability means that quantum computers will play an important role in accelerating current efforts in materials discovery and drug development.

Cybersecurity. Combinatorics have been central to encryption for over a thousand years. Al-Khalil's 8th century Book of Cryptographic Messages looked at permutations and combinations of words. Today's encryption is still built on combinatorics, emphasizing the assumption that combinatoric calculations are essentially unmanageable. With quantum computing, however, cracking encryption becomes much easier, which poses a threat to data security. A new industry is growing that helps companies prepare for upcoming vulnerabilities in their cybersecurity.

As more people turn their attention to the potential of quantum computing, applications beyond quantum simulation and encryption are emerging:

Artificial intelligence. Quantum computing potentially opens up new opportunities in artificial intelligence, which often involves the combinatoric processing of very large quantities of data in order to make better predictions and decisions (think facial recognition or fraud detection). A growing research field in quantum machine learning identifies ways that quantum algorithms can enable faster AI. The current limitations on the technology and software make quantum artificial general intelligence a fairly remote possibility - but it certainly makes thinking machines more than a subject for science fiction.

Financial services. Finance was one of the earliest domains to embrace Big Data. And much of the science behind the pricing of complex assets - such as stock options - involves combinatoric calculation. When Goldman Sachs, for example, prices derivatives it applies a highly computing-intensive calculation known as a Monte Carlo simulation, which makes projections based on simulated market movements. Computing speed has long been a source of advantage in financial markets (where hedge funds vie to get millisecond advantages in obtaining price information). Quantum algorithms can increase speed for an important set of financial calculations.

Complex manufacturing. Quantum computers can be used in taking large manufacturing data sets on operational failures and translating them to combinatoric challenges that, when paired with a quantum-inspired algorithm, can identify which part of a complex manufacturing process contributed to incidents of product failure. For products like microchips where this production process can have thousands of steps, quantum can help reduce costly failures.

The opportunity for quantum computing to solve large scale combinatorics problems faster and cheaper has encouraged billions of dollars of investment in recent years. The biggest opportunity may be in finding more new applications that benefit from the solutions offered through quantum. As professor and entrepreneur Alan Aspuru-Guzik said, there is "a role for imagination, intuition, and adventure. Maybe it's not about how many qubits we have; maybe it's about how many hackers we have."

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Quantum Computing Is Coming. What Can It Do?

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Quantum technology is approaching the mainstream. Goldman Sachs recently announced that they could introduce quantum algorithms to price financial instruments in as soon as five years. Honeywell anticipates that quantum will form a $1 trillion industry in the decades ahead. But why are firms like Goldman taking this leap - especially with commercial quantum computers being possibly years away?

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In the early days, when the concept of quantum mechanics was still new, mathematicians realized that quantum particles were capable of forming “correlations” with each other. Essentially, this means that the quantum state of one particle (meaning the direction in which it spins) could be identified from another particle, no matter the distance between the two at the time the “state” was being measured. This concept is what Einetin famously called “ spooky action at a distance”.
The concept of entanglement is essential to quantum computers. Entanglement is the source of their immense power and abilities.
In quantum computing, the concept of entanglement is effectively used as a computational multiplier for qubits (quantum bit, an explanation can be found in Max’s answer to my first question). The amount of qubits that are entangled together are directly proportional to any given system’s ability ro make calculations.
There is also a downside to entanglement in relation to quantum computers as well. Even a little bit of interference from the outside world is capable of breaking the correlation between two or more qubits, as they are known to be very fragile. This is because qubits must only entangle with one another, they movement they entangle with outside factors, the cease to work.

Next Question: The weakness relating to quantum entanglement is a pretty big one. Potentially stopping the development and commercialisation of quantum computers altogether. What is being done to solve this problem, and what is the process involved?

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It's possible to encode digital information onto the state of that photon, by, for instance, arbitrarily calling it a "0" when it takes the left path through the prism, and calling it a "1" when it takes the right path.

That's not completely dissimilar to what's done in classical computers, such as mobile phones or PCs, which contains billions of tiny switches known as transistors, which are also encoded with information, depending on their state. A switch in the "off" state might represent a "0", and switch in the "on" state might represent a "1".

But what's done in classical computers, and what's done in quantum computers, aren't exactly the same.

What's a qubit?

For starters, when you assign digital values to a switch in a classical computer, you call that a "binary digit", or "bit" for short, but when you assign values to some aspect of a subatomic particle, you call it a "quantum bit", or "qubit".

More importantly, a classical bit can only be either a 1 or a 0 at any moment in time, but a qubit, when it's placed into a state of superposition, can be thought of as being both a 1 and a 0, at the same time. It can have degrees of one-ness, and degrees of zero-ness.

Start doing computations with qubits when they're in a state of superposition, and you've got yourself something very powerful indeed.

Imagine you're trying to guess a cryptographic key with a classical computer.

A naive approach (known as a "brute-force attack") would be to guess at it over and over till you guess right. Your first guess, expressed as an eight-bit "byte" of data, might be "one": 00000001. Your second guess might be two: 00000010. Then three: 00000011. Shuffle through all the combinations of bits and eventually you'd guess right.

Now imagine using qubits instead of bits. Every qubit is both a 0 and a 1, so your first guess is the only guess you need. It tries every combination of "1" and "0" at the same time.

Shor's algorithm doesn't exactly work like that, but that's the general idea.

What's entanglement?

In the early days of quantum mechanics, it became apparent to mathematicians such as Albert Einstein that quantum particles would form correlations with each other, where the quantum state of one particle (such as the direction of its spin) could be determined from the state of another particle, regardless of how far apart the two particles were when the state was measured.

That was so strange, Einstein called it "spooky action at a distance", and decided there must have been something wrong with quantum mechanics.

But there wasn't. Experiments later showed that such correlations do exist in nature, and are at the very heart of quantum mechanics.

Entanglement is at the heart of quantum computers, too. It's what makes them so very powerful.

An artist's impression of the two-qubit logic gate device developed at UNSW. Metal electrodes on the surface are used to manipulate the qubits, which interact to create an "entangled" quantum bit. UNSW

In a quantum computer, entanglement is used as a sort of computational multiplier for qubits. As you entangle more and more qubits together, the ability of the system to make calculations grows not in a linear fashion, but exponentially. It explodes.

But entanglement is also a point of weakness for quantum computers. The tiniest bit of interference from the outside world can break the fragile correlation between two or more qubits. Qubits must only entangle with each other. The moment they entangle with the wider universe, they stop working.

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Quantum computing 101: what's superposition, entanglement and a qubit?

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It's possible to encode digital information onto the state of that photon, by, for instance, arbitrarily calling it a "0" when it takes the left path through the prism, and calling it a "1" when it takes the right path.

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Both the internet, and quantum internet are vast networks used by their respective computers.

The internet we know how to use is primarily our main source of information, with a curation of websites, social media, news outlets, and online shopping.

However, the internet is actually a wire. This could be buried in the ground, pinged from satellites, or used through cell phone networks. A computer (which could house a server) can connect directly to the internet, with its own unique IP address (internet protocol).

The computers in our house that we use are known as clients, which must first be connected indirectly to an “internet service provider” (ISP). When opening a new webpage, “packets” from one IP address are sent to your ISP, which could send it to the world wide web (WWW), which will then send it back to you, opening up the webpage on your computer. Throughout this, your packet will be sent throughout multiple different routers to ensure that your request remains on your IP address.

While regular computers share information through bits (0 and 1), the quantum internet uses quantum bits (qubits, can represent 0 and 1 at the same time[superposition]). These qubits have a very strong connection through quantum entanglement. This is where changing the property of one qubit, it will instantly change the property of a linked qubit, even from very far away. Instead of having multiple servers and clients in separation of your computer and the server it wants to access, there can be multiple steps where perhaps a sneaky hacker wants to take a peek at your information. While much more complex than this, through qubits the information would be transferred from one to another, and then have its encryption key be destroyed before the hacker is even allowed to see.

To create qubits, scientists are studying a way to shine a laser  on a single ion in a very particular way that will encode quantum information, with then the ion will create a photon in which relays the same information. When photons connect, the ions become entangled.

So as it’s still under theory and studied to this day, quantum internet isn’t at all its “own” internet. Instead, it’s something more similar to an add-on to the internet we already have, in which security is better, as well as overall speeds and efficiency.

Next question:
How does quantum entanglement actually work, and in what ways can it be applicable to the technology of quantum mechanics?

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What Would a Quantum Internet Look Like?

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Recent surge of technology within the last 100 years, even more so within the last 40 years. Technology such as portable laptops, fiber-optics, cell phones and the internet have all been invented within this timeframe, and have pushed the boundaries of knowledge and understanding for everybody.

For example, the invention of smartphones has given a nearly infinite amount of knowledge to the 85% of the entire population who own a smartphone due to the internet. The internet itself has evolved into its own quantum form, known as the quantum internet.

Quantum internet is the network that quantum computers use, similar to how a work computer uses the internet we know. Quantum computers through their internet are able to send signals to each other rather than using radio waves. These signals are much more efficient in terms of processing data compared to radio waves, which allow for the purposes of quantum computers (solving complex problems) to be carried out faster.

Most electronics produced today that are used in everyday lives, ranging from smartphones to refrigerators and microwaves have highly complex electronics inside. An example of one of their components is a semiconductor.
Semiconductors are components that have electricity between a conductor and an insulator. The conducting metals have electron delocalization, which is a result of quantum superposition within the atoms of the material. These semiconductors are then able to adapt to a wide range of currents and voltages needed for these electronics.

Next Question:
If quantum computers have their own internet relative to normal, everyday computers at home; how do these two “internets” differ?

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Scientists think it will be particularly useful for problems that involve many variables, such as analyzing financial risk, encrypting data, and studying the properties of materials.

Researchers doubt that individuals will own personal quantum computers in near future. Instead, they'll be housed at academic institutions and private companies where they can be accessed through a cloud service.

How does the quantum internet work?

Quantum computers use fundamental units of information similar to the bits used in classical computing. These are called "qubits."

However, unlike conventional computer bits-which convey information as a 0 or 1-qubits convey information through a combination of quantum states, which are unique conditions found only on the subatomic scale.

For example, one quantum state that could be used to encode information is a property called "spin," which is the intrinsic angular momentum of an electron. Spin can be thought of like a tiny compass needle that points either up or down. Researchers can manipulate that needle to encode information into the electrons themselves, much like they would with conventional bits-but in this case, the information is encoded in a combination of possible states. Qubits are not either 0 or 1, but rather both and neither, in a quantum phenomenon called superposition.

This allows quantum computers to process information in a wholly different way than their conventional counterparts, and therefore they can solve certain types of problems that would take even the largest supercomputers decades to complete. These are problems like factoring large numbers or solving complex logistics calculations (see the traveling salesman problem). Quantum computers would be especially useful for cryptography as well as discovering new types of pharmaceutical drugs or new materials for solar cells, batteries, or other technologies.

But to unlock that potential, a quantum computer must be able to process a large number of qubits-more than any single machine can manage at the moment. That is, unless several quantum computers could be joined through the quantum internet and their computational power pooled, creating a far more capable system.

There are several different types of qubits in development, and each comes with distinct advantages and disadvantages. The most common qubits being studied today are quantum dots, ion traps, superconducting circuits, and defect spin qubits.

What can the quantum internet do?

Like many scientific advances, we won't understand everything the quantum internet can do until it's been fully developed.

Few could imagine 60 years ago that a handful of interconnected computers would one day spawn the sprawling digital landscape we know today. The quantum internet presents a similar unknown, but a number of applications have been theorized and some have already been demonstrated.

Thanks to qubits' unique quantum properties, scientists think the quantum internet will greatly improve information security, making it nearly impossible for quantum encrypted messages to be intercepted and deciphered. Quantum key distribution, or QKD, is a process by which two parties share a cryptographic key over a quantum network that cannot be intercepted. Several private companies already offer the process, and it has even been used to secure national elections.

At the same time, quantum computers pose a threat to traditional encrypted communication. RSA, the current standard for protecting sensitive digital information, is nearly impossible for modern computers to break; however, quantum computers with enough processing power could get past RSA encryption in a matter of minutes or seconds.

A fully-realized quantum network could significantly improve the precision of scientific instruments used to study certain phenomena. The impact of such a network would be wide-ranging, but early interest has centered on gravitational waves from black holes, microscopy, and electromagnetic imaging.

Creating a purely quantum internet would also relieve the need for quantum information to transition between classical and quantum systems, which is a considerable hurdle in current systems. Instead, it would allow a set of individual quantum computers to process information as one conglomerate machine, giving them far greater computational power than any single system could command on its own.

"The quantum internet represents a paradigm shift in how we think about secure global communication," said David Awschalom, the Liew Family Professor in Molecular Engineering and Physics at the University of Chicago, director of the Chicago Quantum Exchange, and director of Q-NEXT, a Department of Energy Quantum Information Science Center at Argonne. "Being able to create an entangled network of quantum computers would allow us to send unhackable encrypted messages, keep technology in perfect sync across long distances using quantum clocks, and solve complex problems that one quantum computer might struggle with alone--and those are just some of the applications we know about right now. The future is likely to hold surprising and impactful discoveries using quantum networks."

How far off is the quantum internet?

To date, no one has been able to successfully create a sustained quantum network on a large scale, but there have been major advances.

In 2017 researchers at the University of Science and Technology of China used lasers to successfully transmit entangled photons between a satellite in orbit and ground stations more than 700 miles below. The experiment showed the possibility of using satellites to form part of a quantum network, but the system was only able to recover one photon out of every 6 million-too few to be used for reliable communication.

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Scientists think it will be particularly useful for problems that involve many variables, such as analyzing financial risk, encrypting data, and studying the properties of materials. Researchers doubt that individuals will own personal quantum computers in near future. Instead, they'll be housed at academic institutions and private companies where they can be accessed through a cloud service.

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Quantum computing uses qubits (quantum bits) instead of regular bits compared to regular computing. Bits represent a binary value of either 0 or 1.

Qubits can be realized with a multi state device that are determined probabilistically, which is known as superposition

Being in superposition means that something can be in multiple states at once before it's measured. An example would be the spin of an electron and the uncertainty principle.

Qubits can be used to speed up complex computing calculations such as optimization problems and simulations.

Already, quantum technologies have already been put into different commercial areas. Some examples include the medical business, with MRI machines, and drug development.

One of the largest areas as of lately for quantum computing, has been within the development of artificial intelligence. Recently AI has created a storm with the exponential growth of this technology.

AI is an extremely powerful tool that has already been given out commercially, which has been controversial across the world with it causing a cheating problem within education, security, and even starting to take jobs humans once had.

This sudden spike of AI technology will seemingly only continue to grow, and with it its controversy, as it can even learn from itself and adapt into new forms of itself to become an even more powerful tool if used correctly

Next Question:
If the growth of AI is related to the discoveries within quantum computing, will there be a peak at which no more discoveries can be made and the growth of AI will slow down?

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Quantum computing is on the rise. Maybe not yet for the mainstream, but governments and industry giants have taken notice. Goldman Sachs is to introduce quantum algorithms in their pricing. Meanwhile, the US government added Chinese quantum computing firms to their export blacklist.

This level of attention is there for a good reason. Quantum computing is indomitable and could increase efficiency in various fields. Here's a quick lowdown on why it's such a big deal.
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What Is Quantum Computing?

Quantum computing leverages the laws of quantum mechanics identified by physics. This branch of physics studies how the universe works at a subatomic level. Two of its properties, superposition, and entanglement, can be used to innovate computing as we know it today.

Superposition is the property that allows two different states to define a system. It is not just one or another, but it can be both at a given time. In classic computing, computers work through bits that have a value of either '1' or '0'. Quantum computing uses an equivalent called 'qubits,' which can have two values at a given time.

Quantum entanglement describes the phenomenon where quantum particles stay connected. No matter the distance, quantum particles maintain a connection with one another. What affects one particle can affect another.

These quantum properties translated to computing technology provide promising prospects. These are especially useful when exploring possibilities or going through massive amounts of data.

This is an entirely different way of computing from what we use today. Quantum computing, although a nascent technology, can lead to great leaps in innovation.

Where Can We Use It?

This emerging technology is flexible and can have significant applications in various industries. Here are a few key areas we can monitor.

Manufacturing and Industrial Design

Manufacturing requires efficient processes and designs to produce high-quality products.

The design process can be incredibly tedious. Industrial designers need to consider multiple variables to craft a working product. This is especially important in machinery, transportation, and electronics.

For example, designers often need several drafts when manufacturing a high-speed jet. This process ensures that they have the most efficient wing design for high speeds. It also applies to other key parts of the machine.

Quantum computing can help designers fish through the different possibilities faster. This technology can help them save time and create better designs for a better product.

It can also help manufacturers troubleshoot better. They can give a quantum computer their data on machine failure, and it can help figure out the problem areas.

Logistics

Logistics is often a time and location-sensitive industry. Thus, it would benefit a lot from optimizing processes. There are a lot of factors to consider when transporting something from one place to another. You have supply chains, vehicle availability, traffic, and customer expectations, among others.

Quantum computing can help companies figure out the best routes for every shipment. This technology also considers real-life factors, such as weather and traffic.

Adopting quantum technology can change the game and fulfill customer standards for logistics. DHL and other logistics companies are already eyeing it as a trend with great potential.

Finance

Financial procedures often rely on a lot of complex mathematical processes. Analysts deal with many variables to predict possible outcomes of the market. Major events can require fast-paced responses that classic computers struggle to do.

Quantum computing can help make more accurate simulations and predictions of market activity. They are also a lot better at Monte Carlo simulations than traditional methods.

In finance, a Monte Carlo simulation allows analysts to look at many possible outcomes from an array of variables. These results help us understand the risks and possibilities, especially in financial forecasting. Quantum tech reduces the time and effort required for such operations.

Banking and financial giants recognize the possible applications of this emerging tech. JP Morgan Chase and Wells Fargo have already invested in quantum computing, powering the future of finance.

Chemical Engineering

Chemical engineering deals with the manipulation of atoms and molecules. The field itself involves the application of quantum principles.

It is also a widely-encompassing field. Chemical engineering has applications in manufacturing, healthcare, construction, food processing, electronics, etc.

With such a wide variety of chemical configurations available, it can take time to find the right one. Quantum computing can help speed up these processes.

This application is beneficial in pharmaceuticals and vaccine development. Our experience with the COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the need for urgent solutions.

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is another emergent technology already making waves in the mainstream. It involves "teaching" machines vast amounts of knowledge to perform various tasks.

AI already has many applications in various fields. These include healthcare, e-commerce, education, finance, security, and media, among others.

Quantum computing can be a significant help in AI efforts. AI development requires the processing of vast amounts of data for machine learning. This helps the AI recognize patterns and make decisions better.

Although classic computing is doing its job, AI would benefit a lot from quantum tech. Faster processing can lead to better AI performance. Eventually, this can result in more human-like responses from AI.

Challenges and Prospects

If quantum computing is so great, why aren't more industries using it? There are a few challenges that come with using quantum computing today.

The first issue is the complexity of quantum computing processes. Quantum computers are difficult to engineer and program. Thus it becomes challenging to find skilled individuals to operate and maintain the necessary machinery.

At the moment, quantum computers also require protected environments to operate. Yet, they make many mistakes due to the fragility of maintaining superposition and entanglement. They are also costly to maintain, so only large companies have them so far.

Quantum computing is still an emergent technology. It is not yet the standard, though many industry leaders see it in their future. It does have significant potential. But, it still needs further development to get into the mainstream.

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Industry Applications of Quantum Computing

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Quantum computing is on the rise. Maybe not yet for the mainstream, but governments and industry giants have taken notice. Goldman Sachs is to introduce quantum algorithms in their pricing. Meanwhile, the US government added Chinese quantum computing firms to their export blacklist. This level of attention is there for a good reason.

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The light bulb is a device that makes use of quantum mechanics, therefore taking a look at its evolution is similar to looking at the history of quantum mechanics itself. In other words, the improvements in lightbulbs is directly proportional to our continually evolving understanding of quantum mechanics and its properties.

Incandescent Light Bulbs: The energy levels of the atoms and the distribution of emitted light are governed by quantum mechanical principles.

CFL’s: The process of fluorescence involves the absorption of UV photons by the phosphor atoms and the subsequent re-emission of visible photons, which follows the laws of quantum mechanics.

LED’s: The bandgap of the semiconductor determines the color of the emitted light, and quantum mechanics helps explain the behavior of electrons within the band structure.

this understanding of quantum mechanics is ultimately what enabled scientists to further improve the incandescent light bulbs into more efficient forms such as CFL’s and LED’s

Next Question:

Just as how a deeper understanding of quantum mechanics enabled scientists to create a more efficient light bulb, what else in our daily lives can become more efficient or has already become more efficient with quantum mechanics?

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A quick quantum history of the light bulb - Inside The Perimeter

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It might be an icon of old-school invention, but the light bulb is a quantum device. A tour through its history can double as a history of quantum mechanics.

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-For LED lights electrons in the conduction band of the semiconductor material recombine with electron holes in the valence band.

This process is called “recombination”, it releases energy in the form of photons, which are the particles of light.

-An understanding of quantum mechanics helps scientists understand how electrons interact with the semiconductor lattice

this understanding of quantum mechanics is ultimately what enabled scientists to further improve the incandescent light bulbs into CFL’s and LED’s

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How will the development of new quantum technology, such as quantum computing, impact our society once it is commercially available? 

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How will the development of new quantum technology, such as quantum computing, impact our society once it is commercially available? 

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How were incandescent bulbs further improved using quantum mechanics into CFL's and LED's.