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Content: Video suggesting that diabetes can be reversed: Can Diabetes Be Reversed? by Dr Eric Berg.

Retrieved from: You Tube.

Target audience: Diabetics, diabetics looking to resolve diabetes without medication.

Evidenced based content: Yes. Content information based on the American Diabetes Association article.

Scholarly article supporting: Type 2 Diabetes Remission: A New Mission in Diabetes Care

Reference: Taheri, S. (2023). Type 2 Diabetes Remission: A New Mission in Diabetes Care. Diabetes Care, 47(1), 47-49. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.2337/dci23-0062

Benefits of content: Content is beneficial to Type 2 Diabetics who want to regain stricter glycemic control and progress beyond disease control by pharmaceutical means.

DEI criteria: General inclusivity, although the research study was based on Type 2 Diabetics. The content is relevant to the general public.

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Insulin: information on medication, uses and dosing

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Insulin: information on medication, uses and dosing

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Content: Cleveland Clinic website page on insulin, its uses and dosing.

Retrieved from: Cleveland Clinic's main website (my.clevelandclinic.org).

Target audience: Diabetics who require insulin injections; students researching insulin.

Evidence based content: Yes. Based on journal articles, research studies.

Scholarly article supporting: Starting insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: An individualized approach.

Reference:
Brateanu, A., Russo-Alvarez, G., & Nielsen, C. (2015). Starting insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: An individualized approach. Cleveland Cinic Journal of Medicine, 82(8), 513-519. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.82a.14069

Benefits of content: This content is beneficial to the general public, especially newly diagnosed diabetics, as it speaks to the reader in a generalized manner and provides quaility information. It is also based on clinical data that is researched directly at the Cleveland Clinic.

DEI criteria: no biases noted, general inclusivity

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What are normal insulin levels?

"Normal" doesn't really exist for insulin levels because each person is different, and your insulin needs vary widely from hour to hour every day. Several factors impact your insulin levels, like:

The type and amount of food (mainly carbohydrate-containing food) you eat.

When and how often you eat.

Your activity level and what type of activity you're doing (like cardio or weightlifting).

If you're sick or stressed.

If you're awake or asleep.

Other hormones.

Certain medications, like corticosteroids.

In addition, there's no common test to check your insulin levels specifically.

Do people with Type 2 diabetes need insulin?

Some people - but not all - with Type 2 diabetes need insulin to best manage the condition.

There are several other types of medications for Type 2 diabetes, like oral medications and GLP-1 agonist injections. These medications combat insulin resistance in different ways. If insulin resistance is severe, these medications may not be enough to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. This is when you'd need insulin.

How long can a person with diabetes go without insulin?

A person with insulin-dependent diabetes needs manufactured insulin to live. Without it, DKA, a life-threatening complication, can develop.

DKA is an acute complication, which means it has a severe and sudden onset. It can develop within 24 hours. If you're vomiting, it could develop much more quickly. It's essential to call your healthcare provider or go to the hospital as soon as you experience symptoms to get treatment before DKA becomes more severe. Without treatment, DKA is fatal.
A note from Cleveland Clinic
Insulin is an essential hormone that helps you stay healthy and keeps your body working like it should. If your body can't make enough insulin or use it properly, your healthcare provider can prescribe manufactured insulin as a diabetes treatment. Follow your provider's instructions carefully when giving yourself insulin. And be sure to seek medical help right away if you have signs of DKA or experience severe low blood sugar.

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Insulin: What It Is, What It Does, How To Take It & Side Effects

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Insulin is a natural hormone that turns food into energy and manages your blood sugar level. If your body doesn't make enough insulin, you may need insulin therapy.

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Content: Monthly podcast of American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Diabetes Care On Air". Hosted by endocrinologists who interview key authors of editor-selected feature articles and highlight the latest research. Retrieved from: Spotify.

Targeted audience: diabetes researchers and specialists, endocrinologists, health care professionals, diabetics.

Evidence based content: Yes. Podcasts are hosted by endocrinologists who interview authors of evidence based research articles. This specific episode was recorded at the ADA's 2025 Scientific Sessions highlighting new research. This years session concentrated on new treatments for diabetics and ground breaking research. The supporting article I chose was published in January of 2025.

Scholarly article supporting: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: New Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Treatment and the Most Important Complications

References: Młynarska E, Czarnik W, Dzieża N, Jędraszak W, Majchrowicz G, Prusinowski F, Stabrawa M, Rysz J, Franczyk B. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: New Pathogenetic Mechanisms, Treatment and the Most Important Complications. Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Jan 27;26(3):1094. doi: 10.3390/ijms26031094. PMID: 39940862; PMCID: PMC11817707.

Benefits of content: The content of the podcast is beneficial to healthcare providers who are interested in the latest research, treatments and devices used in conjunction with treating diabetic patients. It allows access to the session for those who could not attend.

DEI criteria: Content had no biases in regard to diversity, although certain topics may have been targeted to patients of a specific age, gender or ethnic group as it relates to research.

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Special Edition: Highlights from the ADA’s 2025 Scientific Sessions

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Fitness and Exercise for the Diabetic Patient

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Fitness and Exercise for the Diabetic Patient

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Content: Information on fitness and exercise for diabetics.

Retrieved from: American Diabetes Association (ADA) website.

Target audience: diabetics, families of diabetics, fitness instructors, healthcare providers.

Evidence based content: Yes. Relevant, current, and factual information from ADA website

Scholarly article supporting: Effect of exercise training on physical fitness in type II diabetes mellitus

Reference: Larose, J., Sigal, R. J., Boulé, N. G., Wells, G. A., Prud'homme, D., Fortier, M. S., Reid, R. D., Tulloch, H., Coyle, D., Phillips, P., Jennings, A., Khandwala, F., & Kenny, G. P. (2010). Effect of exercise training on physical fitness in type II diabetes mellitus. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 42(8), 1439–1447. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181d322dd

Benefits of content: Content is beneficial as it provides information on a range of exercise topics and the benefits directly related to diabetes management and prevention.

DEI criteria: No DEI biases. General inclusivity.

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Regular physical activity is an important part of managing diabetes or dealing with prediabetes. Find what you need to know, from getting started to maintaining momentum.

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Diabetics and Dining Out in Restaurants: Helpful Tips

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Diabetics and Dining Out in Restaurants: Helpful Tips

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Content: Article on determining the carbohydrate count of foods when you are eating out in restaurants.

Retrieved from: Diabetes Strong website.

Target audience: Diabetics.

Evidence based content: Yes. Author is registered dietician and all articles are fact-checked by Doctors, Diabetes Educators, Registered Dietitians, and other experts from the website's Medical Review Board. (no references or citations noted in article)

Scholarly article supporting: Training of Carbohydrate Estimation for People with Diabetes Using Mobile Augmented Reality

Reference: Domhardt, M., Tiefengrabner, M., Dinic, R., Fötschl, U., Oostingh, G. J., Stütz, T., Stechemesser, L., Weitgasser, R., & Ginzinger, S. W. (2015). Training of carbohydrate estimation for people with diabetes using mobile augmented reality. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 9(3), 516–524. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296815578880

Benefits of content: Content is beneficial to diabetics who may be struggling with food choices while eating out and still attempting to maintain glycemic control. Provides a tool to allow diabetics to make healthy options and still enjoy dining experiences outside of the home.

DEI criteria: Content has no diversity biases. There is no exclusion of people with dietary restrictions, the content advised how to count calories and carbohydrates in restaurant food choices. Content has no biases in regard to any socioeconomic, ethnic or gender groups.

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By Hope Warshaw on
Diabetes Management

It's easy for your health-care providers to say that you should count the grams of carbohydrate you eat to figure out your rapid-acting insulin doses. But as you well know, carb counting is easier said than done with the myriad foods and meals you eat.

Figuring the carbohydrate counts of restaurant foods can be particularly baffling. In this post, I offer practical advice to more precisely pinpoint the carbohydrate counts of restaurants foods and meals.

For starters, when at all possible use the carbohydrate counts provided by the restaurants. They're your most accurate source of info.

There's more nutrition information, including carbohydrate counts, for restaurant foods available today than ever before. Most large national and regional restaurant chains (particularly walk up and order type restaurants) reveal their nutrition information on their websites, making carb counting a lot easier. You'll also typically find this info integrated into large food databases in books, on websites or in apps, where the data is available at your fingertips.

Something worth noting is that more restaurant nutrition info will be available soon due to the implementation of a section of the Affordable Care Act (aka Obamacare). As of May 5, 2017, chain restaurants with 20 or more outlets and offering a substantially similar menu in all branches must provide specific nutrition information.

The focus is squarely on calories, but in addition, a statement must be posted on menus or menu boards stating that additional nutrition information (including carbohydrate counts) for standard menu items is available on request. Again, this will help quite significantly with carb counting. You can learn more about this regulation on FDA's website.

While nutritional info is quite readily available for large national chains, it remains a challenge to get exact carbohydrate counts for foods served in many independent single-location restaurants. These range from your local pizza joint to restaurants that serve one of many or a fusion of ethnic cuisines to fine dining establishments.

How to estimate carbohydrate counts

1. Use measuring equipment on occasion at home to keep your restaurant portion control tools (your eyes and hands) honest. Yes, this can be boring and arduous, but for weight control and accurate carb counting it works, and is an excellent reality check. Use your honest eyes and hands as you estimate the serving sizes and carb counts of restaurant foods.

2. Use these "handy" hand guides. You've always got them by your side to help you with carb counting wherever you are.

Tip of the thumb (to the first knuckle) - 1 teaspoon

Whole thumb - 1 tablespoon

Palm of your hand - 3 ounces (a portion of cooked meat/protein).

Loose fist or open handful - 1 cup

Tight fist - 1/2 cup

(Note: These guidelines hold true for most women's hands, but some men's hands are much larger.)

3. If there's no nutrition information for restaurants you frequent often, gather information that is available from restaurants that have a similar menu. Pizza from your local pizza shop is a good example. Rely on carbohydrate counts from national chain pizza restaurants. Scope out the piece or pieces that look most equal to the carb count provided by the chain restaurant and interpolate to derive your carb count.

4. Check out the Nutrition Facts labels of similar restaurant foods in the frozen or packaged convenience food area of your supermarket. Note the serving size and portion.

5. If you regularly eat particular ethnic foods and you can't find carb counts, look for the nutrition info in on these foods in the supermarket (if they're sold), or look for recipes for similar dishes in magazines, recipe books or online. View a couple of recipes for the dish. Calculate an average. (Note: there's an increasing array of chain ethnic restaurants. They'll have to provide nutritional info. Take a look at their nutritional info for insight).

6. When you eat Asian cuisine, from Chinese to Thai, Vietnamese or Japanese, consider increasing your total carb count by five to ten grams (do base this on your experience as well). Many of the sauces, particularly the thicker ones, may contain sugar, cornstarch and/or flour. In addition, the meats may have been marinated in ingredients like sugar or other sweeteners.

7. Practice defensive carb counting. Recognize that even the most accurate nutrition information from very large chains is only based on a few sample meals prepared according to corporate specifications, or estimated based on the ingredients. On any given day, the portions of foods and ingredients served may be slightly more or less than what's noted in their nutrition information. That's true even for fast food hamburgers. Some days, there's more or less ketchup, pickles, and/or special sauce.

The time and effort you put into precisely pinpointing the carbohydrate counts of your restaurant foods will serve you well over time. Use the data to build your personal restaurant foods database. Record the carbohydrate counts of foods you eat frequently and how well your bolus dosing worked to manage your glucose. Keep this with you in the form and format that's easiest for you to access when and where you need it. You likely frequent the same restaurants and order similar menu items often.

Good luck with your efforts towards a healthier weight and healthier you in 2017!
Suggested next post: How Many Calories and Carbs Are There in Different Types of Alcohol?

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How to Find the Carbohydrate Counts When You Eat Restaurant Foods

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By Hope Warshaw on Diabetes Management It's easy for your health-care providers to say that you should count the grams of carbohydrate you eat to figure out your rapid-acting insulin doses. But as you well know, carb counting is easier said than done with the myriad foods and meals you eat.

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Continuous Glucose Monitors: A Comparison

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Continuous Glucose Monitors: A Comparison

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Content: Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) comparisons video created by DME Devices.

Retrieved from: You Tube.

Target audience: diabetics, healthcare providers. Content is evidence based (based on manufacturers research: Libre, Dexcom)

Evidence based content: Yes. Utilizes the information provided by manufacturers Libre (www.freestyleabbott.com) and Dexcom (www.dexcom.com) with supporting references.

Scholarly article supporting: Comparison of Point Accuracy Between Two Widely Used Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems

Reference: Hanson, K., Kipnes, M., & Tran, H. (2024). Comparison of Point Accuracy Between Two Widely Used Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 18(3), 598–607. https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968231225676

Benefits of content: this information can assist diabetics who are interested in obtaining a CGM and have no previous knowledge. It is an introduction to the basics of each of the two most popular devices. It can also be used as a resource for healthcare providers to provide to newly diagnosed diabetic patients.

DEI criteria: No biases noted.

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Freestyle Libre 3 Vs Dexcom G7 (Comprehensive Overview)

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Content: Point of sale website that markets supposed cure-all medications and natural supplements for diabetics and weight loss.

Retrieved from: Dr Stephanie's website (www.drstephanies.com)

Target audience: Diabetics, consumers inquiring about weight loss medications

Evidence based content: No, not accurate. This website's mother company, Pharmaganic, LLC, is one of 10 companies that have received letters from the FDA & FTC regarding the false claims. Pharmaganics LLC - 614576 - 09/07/2021 | FDA

Scholarly article supporting: Safety and Efficacy of Dietary Supplements for Diabetes

Reference: Cross, L. V., & Thomas, J. R. (2021). Safety and Efficacy of Dietary Supplements for Diabetes. Diabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association, 34(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds19-0068

Benefits of content: Content is not beneficial, it can be harmful due to misleading and false information. Can be enticing for those who have had no resolution with conventional medication or those looking for a cure-all.

DEI criteria: This content is biased as it targets those who are looking for quick, non-conforming methods for their ailment. It can also be directed toward those of lower socioeconomic statuses who do not have medical insurance.

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Dr. Stephanie’s Supplements - Natural Blood Sugar Support

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Daily supplements for blood sugar, weight support, & nerve health. Diabetic friendly, vegan, & gluten free.

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Content: Article on Diabetes Stigma and it effect on diabetic patients.

Retrieved from: CDC website

Target audience: Diabetic patients, general public

Evidence based content: Yes. CDC website and references.

Scholarly article supporting: Stigma perception and determinants among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iraq

Reference: Taher, T. M. J., Ahmed, H. A., Abutiheen, A. A., Alfadhul, S. A., & Ghazi, H. F. (2023). Stigma perception and determinants among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iraq. The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 98(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42506-023-00145-5

Benefits of content: This content is not only beneficial to diabetics, but the general public as well. The stigma is created from false ideas surrounding diabetes and a skewed perspective of society; you witness someone injecting themselves with something, most people's thoughts would be of an illicit substance. This education can increase the awareness of diabetes and what it entails for the patient.

DEI criteria: Content is specifically based on diabetic patients, but the information is useful to the general public.

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Many people with diabetes experience stigma. Learn more about diabetes stigma, and what you can do.

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Content: Podcast featuring stories related to underrepresented communities.

Retrieved from: Spotify.

Target audience: Black, indigenous and other people of color (BIPOC) living with or affected by diabetes.

Evidence based content: Yes. This episode's content is presented by Dr. Arleen Tuchman, author of Diabetes A History of Race and Disease and a professor of History at Vanderbilt University specializing in the cultural history of medicine

Scholarly article supporting: Diabetes and race. A historical perspective

Reference: Tuchman A. M. (2011). Diabetes and race. A historical perspective. American journal of public health, 101(1), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2010.202564

Benefits of content: Content is beneficial not only to the target audience but also to the general public, as the content is from the perspective of underrepresented communities, thereby giving insight to racial and cultural sensitivity

DEI criteria: Diversity is present as it addresses the issue of diabetes in the lives of black, indigenous, and other people of color. It does not exhibit any exclusivity as it aims to broaden the knowledge of the general public.

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Is there a history of racism in diabetes care in America? An interview with Dr. Arleen Tuchman by The Soul of Diabetes

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Dr. Arleen Tuchman author of her current book Diabetes A History of Race and Disease is a professor of History at Vanderbilt University specializing in the cultural history of medicine. She is the author of Science, Medicine, and the State in Germany and Science Has No Sex: The Life of Marie Zakrzewska, M.D. https://www.amazon.com/Diabetes-History-Arleen-Marcia-Tuchman/dp/0300228996/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1621920044&sr=8-1

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Content: Blogs containing personal views and stories of members of the LGBTQ community living with diabetes.

Retrieved from: diaTribe.org (blogs)

Target audience: Diabetics in the LGBTQ community, Diabetics, general public

Evidence based content: No. Blogs containing personal perspectives and stories.

Scholarly article supporting: LGBTQ+ Supportive and Inclusive Care Practices: Survey Data From the T1D Exchange Quality Improvement Collaborative.

Reference: Flores Garcia, J., Majidi, S., Mungmode, A., Reid, M. W., Demeterco-Berggen, C., Rioles, N., Ochoa-Maya, M., Maahs, D. M., McDonough, R. J., Ebekozien, O., & Raymond, J. K. (2025). LGBTQ+ Supportive and Inclusive Care Practices: Survey Data From the T1D Exchange Quality Improvement Collaborative. Diabetes Spectrum, 38(2), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds24-0025

Benefits of content: Content is particularly beneficial to those in the LGBTQ community who may have no other resources or support in living with diabetes. Provides an outlet to self-publish personal stories and views.

DEI criteria: Diversity representative of LGBTQ community. No exclusivity noted.

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People with diabetes who are also a part of the LGBTQ community face unique challenges when it comes to healthcare, dealing with stigma and body image issues. Shawn Laib describes his personal experiences while speaking to other LGBTQ people about how they manage being at the intersection of both of these identities.