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S-R learning of an association between stimulus and a response with the result that the stimulus comes to elicit the response directly.
S-S learning association between two stimuli with the result that exposure to one of the stimuli comes to activate a representation, or "mental image," of the other stimulus.

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Pavlovian conditioning emphasize that the CS comes to elicit a new response as a result of being paired with a US. However, learning to respond to a CS is useful to an organism only if the CR helps it cope with the US.

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The US is the biologically significant event that the organism has to deal with effectively

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The CS is beneficial when the CR leads to a reward or compensation

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There are 2 groups of food deprived rats:
Group 1 are conditioned by a tone and only received food once they heard the tone. because of this the activity would increase around that time.
Group 2 was also conditioned with the tone but received food regardless of the tone being sounded. this made the food less valued to the rats since they were not being starved.

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The conditioned salivation that Pavlov observed helped his dogs prepare for the food that was coming and enabled them to digest the food more efficiently. Indeed, if the food was not delivered, the conditioned salivation was a useless false start

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Conditioned response-an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus.
Behavior Systems-the different activities that can be undertaken to reach the same goal or carry out the same function.

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When sexually motivated, the male will engage in a general search response that brings it into an area where a female may be located. Once he is in the female’s territory, the male will engage in a more focal search response to actually locate the female. Finally, once he finds her, the male will engage in courtship and copulatory responses.

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The CS–US interval is assumed to determine where the CS becomes incorporated into the sequence of responses that makes up the behavior system.

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The CS-US Interval as a Determining Factor for the CR

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The CS-US Interval as a Determining Factor for the CR

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The interval between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) plays a major role in how a response becomes conditioned. Conditioning with a short interval between the CS and US generate responses that are appropriate for immediately dealing with the unconditioned stimulus. Conditioning with a long CS-US interval generate responses that prepare a subject for the US over a long period of time. In laboratory studies, rats were conditioned with higher levels of panic when presented with a short CS-US interval; when the CS-US interval was longer, the rats developed conditioned anxiety.

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As part of classical conditioning the stimulus may vary whether it is conditional or unconditional pending on the situation. The unconditioned stimulus (US) causes a response without any prior learning on the part of the subject thus makes it a determining factor. Ex: A dogs salivating for food is the unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment. We also consider this an automatic response or without any prior learning.  The conditioned response (CR) is learned response where no response it existed before. Ex: if you have been bit by a dog before the fear you feel is a conditioned response. The intensity of the unconditional stimulus matters, the more intense the response, the more effective it will be in learning. The US determines the nature of the CR. Food = salvation. The stimulus sub model is the transformation of US turning into the CR. Learning always depends on relevance of the stimuli as the US is effective in eliciting the target response from the outset.

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▪︎ analogous results have been obtained in appetitive conditioning situations
▪︎ for example:sexual conditioning of male quail
Access to a female copulation partner is the US.
▪︎ in the study done by C.K. Akins, she observes the effects of the CS-US  interval on sexual conditioning
▪︎different groups of quail were conditioned with either a 1 min or 20 min CS-US interval and measured for CS approach responses and general locomotor behavior
▪︎control groups were exposed to the CS and the US in an un paired fashion.
▪︎the results= with 1 min CS-US interval
▪︎ the conditioning procedure resulted in CS approach behavior but not increased locomotion
▪︎ in contrast, with the 20 min CS-US interval, the predominant conditioned response was increased locomotion behavior rather than CS approach

▪︎ example 2 - when a dog is on a leash, barking at you (closer to you) you would be really on edge and scared, comparison to when a dog is on further away.

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The Conditioned Stimulus as a Determining Factor for the Conditioned Response  :                   A conditioned stimulus is a cause a response that is learned.  A learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral extinction.An association is created between the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and the neutral stimulus after matching the UCS with the tone, which was previously neutral. The initially neutral stimulus eventually starts to prompt the same response, at which time the tone is referred to be the conditioned stimulus.For example: If you witness a terrible accident you might have the fear of driving . The car is the CS which leds to the CR. As you can see another example is after the condition which shows the dog feeling hungry after hearing the sound of the whistle.  

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The Conditioned Stimulus as a Determining Factor for the Conditioned Response  :                   A conditioned stimulus is a cause a response that is learned.  A learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral extinction.An association is created between the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and the neutral stimulus after matching the UCS with the tone, which was previously neutral. The initially neutral stimulus eventually starts to prompt the same response, at which time the tone is referred to be the conditioned stimulus.For example: If you witness a terrible accident you might have the fear of driving . The car is the CS which leds to the CR. As you can see another example is after the condition which shows the dog feeling hungry after hearing the sound of the whistle.  

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https://www.csus.edu/indiv/w/wickelgren/psyc104/chapter05_clscondlec1class.pdf

This has more information

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- all participants receive stimulus A that is paired with the US
- stimulus B is unpaired
- evaluated by following presentation of stimuli A and B

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- 2 groups compared
- one group receives CS (A) paired with a US
- one group receives stimulus (A) with US unpaired
- measured by response during the US

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A child sees a dog attack and was frightened by the experience (UR). Dogs aren’t usually a threatening stimulus, many people love dogs (US). But after the child witnessed the attack, he is now scared (CR) when he sees a dog (CS).