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Przewalski's horse, the last remaining species of wild undomesticated horse, diverges from the ancestor of all modern domesticated horses. No other examples of wild horses exist today, and all feral horses descend from once-domesticated horses.

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Horses have always appeared in prehistoric cave paintings, however it is almost certain that for most of this period horses were wild and were hunted for food. Evidence that humans began using horses for transport and work would not appear until millennia later.

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The ancestor of all modern domesticated horses migrates to the Americas via a land bridge. The American horses are known by their incredibly wide distribution of fossilized remains across the Americas, which dwindles and stops around ~8,000 BC.

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 ~4,000BC: Human domestication of the horse starts.

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 ~4,000BC: Human domestication of the horse starts.

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The start of human domestication of horses is thought to have started sometime prior to 3,500BC, somewhere in central Asia. The oldest evidence of this is the fossilized remains of domesticated horses found throughout Ukraine to Kazakhstan dating to ~4,000BC. This suggests ancient nomadic proto-Turkic peoples brought the first horses to Europe from central Asia. Modern domesticated horses descend from a species hailing from the Volga-Dunn region, just Northeast of the Black Sea in the Eurasian steppe.

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The Botai culture was a people group hailing from modern Northern Kazakhstan between ~3,500BC-3,000BC who seem to have adopted horseback riding to hunt wild horses. Botai horses may have been only considered tamed rather than domesticated as their riding horses show no physical difference from wild horses that indicates prolonged human containment. It is known that the Botai had tamed horses from paintings and the evidence horse milking, that is remnants of milk fats found in clay pots, evidence of bit wear on horse skeletons from the area, that is wear on the horse's teeth from a bit, and it is known the only other tame or domesticated animals the Botai had were dogs. It is also thought that it is likely that the Botai use of tamed horses was an entirely separate event from the main wave of domesticated horses that entered Europe from central Asia, and had no major contribution to the domestication of horses.

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From ~3,500BC-3,000BC horse remains among humans spread from their Eurasian origin point further Westward such as in the Caucasus. This lines up with the dispersement of modern-day nomadic Eurasian groups, notably Turks and the various Turkic groups.

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~2,500BC: Physical evidence of domestication.

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~2,500BC: Physical evidence of domestication.

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Horse remains found in modern day Hungary dating from around ~2,500BC show evidence of physical characteristics associated with selective breeding. Compared to other horse remains found from this period of time, these horses were smaller and more slender, which is telling of being held in small pens and on a weaker diet than wild horses, which is direct evidence of living under human containment.

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Sumerian paintings from this period of battles display horses drawing carriages into battle.

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Sumerian written documents first mention horses by ~2,100BC using a name that literally translates as "Donkey of the mountains." Sumerians seem to have used Horses in this period to feed lions for entertainment of royals.

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~2,000BC: Full domestication of the horse.

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~2,000BC: Full domestication of the horse.

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By ~2,000BC it is known that horses have become fully domesticated by humans. This is seen by the sudden abundance of horse remains found alongside human remains from this period of time.
Another notable archaeological find is the remains of horses and chariots that date from ~2,100-1,700BC that were found between the upper Ural and Tobol rivers, that which are located in the middle of the Eurasian Steppe.

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The romans adopt horses for warfare.