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Not only my little pond, but also my father's pond

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Not only my little pond, but also my father's pond

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me：Did you often go to the pond when you were a child?

dad: a lot

Dad : I went swimming a lot on summer days

me：did you go there by yourself or?

Dad : with the cattle of our family. When I was a boy, I herded cows, and I would ride them back when I came home

me：sounds really wonderful, it makes me want to cry. our generation doesn’t have this kind of life.

Me: how big was it? Was it bigger than I saw ?

Dad : A fifth bigger than you saw when you were a kid.

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My main goal at this stage is how to present the stored memory

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My main goal at this stage is how to present the stored memory

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combine the reflection and the surroundings 

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combine the reflection and the surroundings 

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Maybe I, like her, just wanted to sing its praises

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Maybe I, like her, just wanted to sing its praises

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This is an ode to the pond, encompassing more than just the memories of two generations.

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Perhaps the most influential artist of the 20th century, Pablo Picasso may be best known for pioneering Cubism and fracturing the two-dimensional picture plane in order to convey three-dimensional space. Inspired by African and Iberian art, he also contributed to the rise of Surrealism and Expressionism. Picasso's sizable oeuvre grew to include over 20,000 paintings, prints, drawings, sculptures,ceramics, theater sets, and costume designs. He painted his most famous work, Guernica (1937), in response to the Spanish Civil War; the totemic grisaille canvas remains a definitive work of anti-war art. At auction, a number of Picasso's paintings have sold for more than $100 million. The indefatigable artist has been the subject of exhibitions at the world's most prestigious institutions, from the Museum of Modern Art and Centre Pompidou to the Stedelijk Museum and Tate Modern.

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Louise Bourgeois | Ode à la Bièvre (Ode to the Bièvre) (MoMA 380b-403b) (2007) | Artsy

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Perhaps the most influential artist of the 20th century, Pablo Picasso may be best known for pioneering Cubism and fracturing the two-dimensional picture plane in order to convey three-dimensional space. Inspired by African and Iberian art, he also contributed to the rise of Surrealism and Expressionism.

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In the beginning, I took the memory of the pond as the focus of the project, but later I found that if I only focused on the picture of the past, the content would become  empty.

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In the beginning, I took the memory of the pond as the focus of the project, but later I found that if I only focused on the picture of the past, the content would become  empty.

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i kept questioned myself why memory is so importan to me 

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i kept questioned myself why memory is so importan to me 

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 it is important to express gratitude for the fact that it once existed.

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 it is important to express gratitude for the fact that it once existed.

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Always revisiting her past, Bourgeois made notes in her diaries about rivers she had lived near, including the Creuse and the Bièvre from her childhood and youth, the Seine in Paris, and the Hudson, close to her home on 20th Street in New York. Here she pays homage to the Bièvre, which was important for her family's tapestry restoration workshop since it was rich in tannin, an ingredient that enhances the dyeing of fabric.

Gallery label from Louise Bourgeois: An Unfolding Portrait, Sept. 24, 2017-Jan. 28, 2018.

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Louise Bourgeois. Ode à la Bièvre. 2007 | MoMA

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Louise Bourgeois. Ode à la Bièvre. 2007. Louise Bourgeois. Fabric illustrated book with 24 compositions: 21 digital prints, 7 with fabric collage, 2 screenprint texts, and screenprint cover. page (each): 11 x 13 3/4" (28 x 35 cm); overall: 11 x 15 9/16 x 1 15/16" (28 x 39.5 x 5 cm).

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I began to explore memory itself and ask myself why it was so important.

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I began to explore memory itself and ask myself why it was so important.

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when i walk on the way , the little ponds remind me the pond in my hometown.  it just collapse on the memory

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What am I trying to convey to the audience

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What am I trying to convey to the audience

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It seems like I've been painting the same thing in different mediums

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with the sharing of different magazines, i noticed that the form , the combination of the text and the picture and how they arrange different materials together

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At this point I found it very difficult to continue the research, because there were only images. But I don't seem to know exactly why I want to express this memory. If it were just a reenactment of the past, I would have nothing to express except what I had drawn so many times. So I went back and looked for the map.

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湿地

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Location

About the reserve
Walthamstow Wetlands is a 211-hectare site comprising ten reservoirs that provide drinking water for London and which are internationally recognised for their importance for migrating birds - particularly overwintering wildfowl.
The Victorian-era Engine House hosts a fully accessible visitor centre with a café, shop, interactive displays, viewing platform, toilets, and art installations. In addition, a unique 'swift tower' has been built, in the shape of the original chimney, to house nesting swifts and roosting bats.

Walthamstow Wetlands contains a range of habitats and experiences, from sheltered dense scrub-lined banks to wide windswept views towards the city. It remains the largest fishery in London. It is part of the Walthamstow Reservoirs Site of Special Scientific Interest, and the Lee Valley Special Protection Area, Ramsar site of international importance, and Lee Valley Walthamstow Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation.

Find out more about Walthamstow Wetlands:

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In the Lee Valley a cluster of reservoirs have been transformed into Europe's largest urban wetland reserve. Walthamstow Wetlands is a 211-hectare site comprising ten reservoirs that provide drinking water for London and which are internationally recognised for their importance for migrating birds - particularly overwintering wildfowl.

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【bbc】如何唤起你的记忆

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【BBC】如何唤起你的记忆_哔哩哔哩_bilibili

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80s 记忆是什么？本片将带你领略人类大脑中最神秘的记忆所在。记忆如何形成又怎样被唤起，记忆的储存形式和存贮方式是否可以有意改变？科学家正在试图解开记忆的密码, 视频播放量 5658、弹幕量 28、点赞数 35、投硬币枚数 17、收藏人数 571、转发人数 61, 视频作者 Smart辉, 作者简介 希望你能喜欢~，相关视频：【纪录片】如何提高记忆 - How to Improve Your Memory，看完千万别抑郁（慎重观看！！！），BBC进食、断食与长寿，【BBC】关于睡眠你应该知道的十件事，美丽的真相 驻颜有术 科学解密抗老养颜，BBC用科学和数据揭秘锻炼的真相！惊呆了所有健身的人！，揭秘记忆的本质，记忆是如何形成的？，「BBC IDEA」 新闻是什么，BBC纪录片《睡眠十律》-讲述10分钟获得好睡眠的方法，2022BBC回放 | 分论坛24--记忆和记忆障碍

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记忆是如何储存在大脑中的？_哔哩哔哩_bilibili

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COIN模型表明，学习只

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COIN模型表明，学习只有一种机制，而不是两种独立的机制，而且那些明显消失的记忆可能会随着正确的触发而重新出现。

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@Ira Derenskaya

一个新的数学模型解释了大脑如何有能力不断获得新的技能，但不会忘记之前学过的一些技巧，特别是基于运动的一些技巧。这一被称为「COIN」（COntextualINference）的理论表明，在学习技能时， 识别当前情境 是学习如何运动的关键。

厨师是如何控制他们的刀去切鱼片或去葡萄皮，又如何能像削皮刀一样有效地挥舞切菜刀呢？即使是我们这些对厨房操作不那么熟练的人，在一生中也学会了熟练地处理数量惊人的不同物品，比如说会系鞋带，会打网球。
这种不断获得新技能而不忘记旧技能的能力是人类与生俱来的，但即使对当今最先进的人工智能系统来说也是一个重大挑战。
现在，来自剑桥大学和哥伦比亚大学的科学家们做了一系列实验，并通过实验验证了一种新的数学理论，该理论可以解释人类大脑是如何实现这一壮举的。这一模型被称为"上下文推理"(COIN)模型，它表明 识别当前环境 是学习如何运动的关键。

这个模型描述了大脑中的一种机制，它不断地试图弄清楚当前的环境。该理论认为， 这些对环境不断变化的判断决定了如何使用现有记忆，以及是否形成新的记忆。 这项研究结果于2021年11月24日发表在《自然》杂志上。

哥伦比亚大学的资深合著者丹尼尔·沃尔伯特博士说:"想象一下用不同寻常的球拍打网球，或者把网球换成壁球。""我们的理论探索了你的大脑如何适应这些情况，以及是否将它们视为不同的环境。"

根据COIN模型，大脑维持着一整套运动记忆，每一个都与它产生的环境相关，比如打壁球和打网球。 即使是一次球拍的挥动，大脑也能提取出许多记忆，每一种记忆都与大脑认为当前记忆产生的环境成比例。

这违背了传统的观点，即一次只使用一个内存。 为了提高下一次挥杆的表现，大脑也会更新所有记忆，再次取决于它对当前环境的判断 。当动作的背景被判断为新的(例如，我们在打了多年网球之后第一次打壁球)，大脑会自动为该环境创造新的记忆。这确保了我们不会覆盖之前建立的记忆，比如打网球的记忆。

这项研究可能会带来更好的物理治疗策略，帮助受伤的人康复身体清空。通常情况下，在物理治疗师办公室中看到的变化不会转移到现实世界中得到改善。

第一作者詹姆斯·希尔德博士表示，随着对环境如何影响运动学习的更好理解，你可以思考如何推动大脑将学到的东西归纳到物理治疗过程之外的环境中。 更好地理解记忆和学习环境依赖性的基本机制可能会在这一领域产生治疗效果。

"让我感到兴奋的是，COIN模型的原理也可以推广到其他形式的学习和记忆，而不仅仅是我们运动背后的记忆，"剑桥大学工程系的资深合著者Máté Lengyel教授说。"例如，看似被遗忘的记忆的自发重现， 通常是由我们周围环境的变化引发的 ，在运动学习和创伤后应激障碍中都可以观察到。"

@MiguelCamacho

用网球拍练习，随着时间的推移，大脑会形成关于你如何移动手臂和身体其他部位的运动记忆，从而提高你的发球水平。但研究人员表示，学习并不是简单地创造更好的记忆，从而使动作更精确。否则，网球运动员的发球可能会提高到永远不会把球打出界的程度。 现实世界和我们的神经系统都十分复杂，大脑必须处理很多变化。

大脑是如何将这些干扰--这些随机波动--与新环境区分开来的呢？又是如何理解一个稍轻的网球拍仍然可以使用之前的网球拍记忆来操作呢？但乒乓球拍是一种完全不同的东西，这需要重新学习吗？

@novoseletska

根据COIN模型，答案可能是 贝叶斯推理，这是一种用于处理不确定性的数学技术。这种方法根据以往的经验，在统计学上衡量新的证据，以便在一个变化的世界中指导一个人的判断。在COIN模型中， 环境是一种简化的假设 ，即在一组给定的环境中，某些行为比其他行为更有可能导致某些结果。

科学家们指出，新理论接受了不确定性在运动学习中所扮演的角色，这类似于量子物理学从可能性而非确定性的角度来看待宇宙。

@novoseletska
▎掌握理论
研究人员利用之前的实验数据和新实验数据对COIN模型进行了测试，在新实验中，志愿者与机器人手柄互动。参与者学习操纵手柄以达到目标，同时手柄以不同的方式向后推。

例如，花时间学习操纵杆向左推时操作操纵杆的志愿者，在操纵杆改变行为向右推时操作操纵杆的困难要比那些一开始就把操纵杆向右推的志愿者多。COIN模型解释了这种效应，称为 顺行干涉 （anterograde interference）。

"你学习一个任务的时间越长，你进入第二个任务的新环境的可能性就越小，"Wolpert说。"你仍然在形成第二个任务的运动记忆，但你还没有使用它，因为你的大脑仍然停留在第一个环境中。"

该模型还预测，即使在随后的训练中， 一种习得的技能似乎已被抹去，但它仍可能再次出现， 这种重新出现被称为自发恢复。除了运动学习外，还出现在许多其他形式的学习中。例如，自发恢复与治疗创伤后应激障碍的挑战有关，在这种情况下，环境可以触发创伤记忆自发复发。

科学家通常用两种不同的学习机制来解释自发恢复过程。在一种情况下，快速学习的记忆很快就会忘记，而在另一种情况下，缓慢学习的记忆也会慢慢忘记，从而重新出现。相比之下， COIN模型表明，学习只有一种机制，而不是两种独立的机制，而且那些明显消失的记忆可能会随着正确的触发而重新出现。 在实验室中，研究人员用新的实验已经证实了这一点。

参考资料：

1. https://www. nature.com/articles/s41 586-021-04129-3 ；

2. https:// neurosciencenews.com/co ntext-movement-memory-19698/ ；

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其实你低估了环境对大脑的影响

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@Ira Derenskaya 一个新的数学模型解释了大脑如何有能力不断获得新的技能，但不会忘记之前学过的一些技巧，特别是基于运动的一些技巧。这一被称为「COIN」（COntextualINference）的理论表明，在学习技能时， 识别当前情境 是学习如何运动的关键。 ...

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揭秘记忆的本质，记忆是如何形成的？

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揭秘记忆的本质，记忆是如何形成的？_哔哩哔哩_bilibili

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOgAbKJGrTA, 视频播放量 7596、弹幕量 1、点赞数 294、投硬币枚数 39、收藏人数 400、转发人数 160, 视频作者 趣味科普, 作者简介 有趣的硬核知识，相关视频：为什么你总是突然忘事儿？记忆只有7秒？丨果壳视频，医学博士：只有了解记忆力，才能提升记忆力！，15分钟了解大脑原理，终身受用！，【亿点心理学】记忆机制大揭秘（马什么梅啊，间隔重复：遗忘曲线的本质，学霸记忆法，一个技巧轻松开挂！，记忆的形成与消失，人类的记忆是怎样形成的？，大脑为什么要清空3岁前的记忆？它在刻意隐瞒什么？，医学博士：巧用记忆力背书 提高记忆力Part2 如何提高背书效率，神经细胞连结是大脑学习及记忆的基础

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process  of remembering and  forgetting 

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Memory is the central axis in Kentridge's work.His  unique  cinematic  technique   of   animatingdrawing through  film leaves traces  of the processand  records  the  passage  of  time,  thus  contextu-alising his work well within the domain  of historyand narrative.

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Nodes are locations in the document that facilitate reading from beginning to end. You can navigate node by node or select one to jump to.

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we need images and resources in order to remember our past , and also to experience our present.

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--卡尔维诺，《看不见的城市》第六章
前几天，后台收到一条既日常，却又让人震撼的留言：

"主创你好。小时候，我爸爸每年都会给我买很多玩具，我有一房间的玩具，但我一方面喜欢它们，一方面有点害怕。因为我爸爸每年到了年底，会把那些玩具全部都扔掉，不管我多喜欢，他也一件都不会允许我留下。然后他会再给我买一房间的新玩具。

他说，这是在锻炼我不要留恋过去，就像他从来不允许我参加同学会。他说，人不能回头看，那些过去会拖慢我往前走的脚步。但我好像就是一个常常怀念过去的人。请问怀念过去真的会对人有不好的影响么？我这是一种软弱的体现么？"

看完这条留言，心塞了好一会儿，心疼这个宝宝，相信这位爸爸自己也是个有故事的男同学，但这对孩子不能不说是一种伤害。我们决定今天来写一写怀旧。

什么是怀旧（Nostalgia）？
很多研究都发现，人们会在日常生活中频繁地产生怀旧的情绪。80%的被调查者每周都至少有过一次怀念过去的体验（Wildschut,Sedikides, Arndt, & Routledge, 2006; Routledge, Arndt, Sedikides, &Wildschut, 2008）。

怀旧曾经被认为是一种生理疾病。在17世纪，瑞士医生JohannesHofer创造了"Nostalgia"这个词，来形容瑞士雇佣兵因远离家乡参战而产生的一种对故乡的思念之情（Routledge,2013）。他认为这是由大脑神经元病变所导致的一种疾病，发病时可能伴随心律不齐、食欲不振、失眠、焦虑等生理和心理症状。

在此后很长一段时间里，怀旧都被等同于怀乡（homesick）。一直到二十世纪后期，怀旧才开始被认为是一个独立的概念（Wildschut,et al., 2006），认为人们在怀旧的时候，不仅仅怀念故乡，也怀念故友、往日时光等等。

目前，关于怀旧公认的定义，来自新牛津英文词典， "怀旧是对过去的饱含情感的一种渴望感" （Wildschut,et al., 2006; Routledge, et al., 2008）。

特定的故事内容与叙事方式，与旧友的重逢，尝到或闻到熟悉的味道，或是故地重游都会让我们产生一种迫切想要回到过去的情绪和愿望（Routledge,2013）。

人在怀旧的时候，故事的主角大多数时候都是自己。Wildschut等人（2006）通过对从怀旧文集中挑选出来的42篇自传的质性研究发现， 怀旧是一种与自我高度相关的情绪 （self-relevantemotion），不仅如此，怀旧的内容也常常围绕着"我"与"重要他人"之间的关系展开。

我们来看两种怀旧的内容类型：

"那时候的我还是一个少女。在他面前我毫不掩饰。我在马路上大声呼喊'我喜欢你'，看着他在人群中羞怯的窘态，我内心竟有一种得逞了的狂喜。"

"那时候的我还是一个少女，我总喜欢花花洋装和妈妈梳妆台上那支色彩最鲜艳的唇膏，喜欢在校园里的马路中央，小跳奔跑，高声歌唱。"

尽管故事的主角都是自己，但Wildschut等人（2006）发现，大多数人怀旧内容更类似于第一种，也就是说， 比起单独回忆起过去某一个时间段的自己，我们更倾向于怀念自己与重要他人的互动，彼此共同经历的那些有纪念意义的时刻等等。

* 怀旧往往呈现拯救式的叙事顺序
McAdams（2001）指出，通常情况下，人们在叙述自己的人生故事，理解自己的种种经历时，会呈现出两种不同的逻辑顺序：

1. 拯救式顺序（Redemption sequence），即描述一个人是如何从坎坷挫折中一步获得最终成功的故事，是一种从消极到积极的叙述方式。

2. 毁灭式顺序（Contamination sequence），即讲述一个人生赢家如何跌落谷底，一蹶不振的故事，是一种从积极到消极的叙述方式。

但Wildschut等人（2006）的研究发现，人们怀念过去经历的方式大都只有一种-- 近80%的人，回忆往事的方式是"拯救式"的。（点击【 叙事 】，查看人生叙事对命运的影响）

也就是说，大多数人在回忆过去的时候，感受到的是积极的东西。我们在怀旧时，即便怀念起一些挫折、悲伤，也会怀有一种"我克服了它们"的积极深邃的情感。
区别概念：为"假设的"失去而怀旧 可预期的怀旧（Anticipatory Nostalgia） （本小节特别鸣谢北京大学洪蔚琳小朋友）
一个有关怀旧的最新概念在2016年被提出，它被称为"可预期的怀旧"，指的是 人们以未来的视角，怀念可能会失去的现在。以概念提出者的原话说，这是一种 "在当下过去之前就开始怀念" 的感觉（missingthe present before it's gone）（Batcho, 2016）。

当一个人认为自己总有一天会失去当下的美好，并因此产生了"提前到来的怀旧感"（prematurenostalgia）时，ta就陷入了一种可预期的怀旧之中。 不同于怀旧是对"已经失去的"人事物的怀念，可预期的怀旧是建立在一种"假设的失去"的基础上的，即使这种失去在未来可能未必真的会发生。 就是这种"假设的失去"会让人沉浸在"未来可能的失去"和对这种失去的恐惧里。

可预期怀旧在某种程度上的确是一种有害的情绪。当我们以未来视角看待当下时，会人为地造成对现在的一种心理上的距离感，这就会导致人们以更抽象的、缺乏实际参与感的方式度过现在 （Batcho& Shikh, 2016）。恰恰就是这种在未来视角下对失去的惶恐，让他们在无谓的担心中真正地失去了每分每秒的现在。

Batcho和Shikh（2016）的研究就发现，可预期的怀旧与人们的消极情绪高度相关，如悲伤、难过、无助感等。

怀旧的4种积极作用
研究发现负面情绪会更容易使人产生怀旧情绪（Wildschut,et al., 2006）。当现在的生活让我们感到恐惧、不满、焦虑和不确定时，我们会希望回到那个 （至少在现在看来是）确定而美好的过去。研究者认为， 这是由于怀旧有一些补偿性的作用，能够使我们平静和镇定下来。
2. 获得积极的自我认知
其实， 帮助我们认识自己的，并不是一些过去经历的客观事实，而是我们对自己过去经历的主观理解。正如SusanWhitbourne（1985）所说， 在记忆里塑造和重塑自己生命的故事的过程，才让我们更加明白自己是谁。怀旧，是我们从过去获得自我认知的过程。

而正如前文所说，大多数人的怀旧，都采用的是一种"拯救式"叙述的方式。也就是说， 当怀念过去的时候，"故事"情节的展开往往是我们经过尝试和努力、克服困难走到今天--过去的经历成就了今天的我。 这就使得怀旧，成为了我们认可自己的付出与成长的一个自我肯定的过程。

人们不断地通过怀旧，与过去的、年轻的自己建立情感上的联结，能够帮助我们持续地对自我进行肯定，从而逐渐形成一个积极的自我认知。
3. 建立并维持社会联结
Wildschut等人（2006）的研究发现，怀旧能帮助人们在人际互动中更有能力。研究中，121名被试被随机分入实验组与控制组，两组人分别阅读不同的实验说明。

实验组的人被告知，"请回想一段让你怀念的过去经历，越详细越好。努力找到最能引起你怀旧感的那个事件"。而控制组的人则被告知，"请回想一个你日常生活中普通的事件，比如上个礼拜发生的一件事情"。阅读说明之后，两组人分别写下与这段经历相关的四个关键词和现在的感受。

最后他们分别完成一份"人际竞争力问卷"（InterpersonalCompetence Questionnaire），共包含三个方面：1）主动与他人互动，例如，参加聚会或派对，并在聚会中主动与陌生人建立关系；2）主动自我袒露，如向朋友坦率地表达自己对ta的感谢、抱歉、愤怒等；3）提供情感支持，比如在朋友难过的时候及时的陪伴与安慰。得分高表示能力强。

结果发现，实验组（被唤起怀旧感）的人，在以上三个领域的得分都比控制组的人更高。换言之， 怀旧感能引起人们在人际交往方面更好的表现，更主动地与人建立联系，更勇敢地表达自己的想法和感受，更好地照顾他人的感受。

4. 怀旧能对抗一种"存在无意义"的感觉
恐怖管理理论（Terror Management Theory）指出，我们每个人都可能面临一种心理上的冲突--"强烈的生存渴望"和"意识到死亡不可避免"之间的冲突（Greenberg,Pyszczynski, & Solomon, 1986）。

死亡的不可避免， 让我们感到恐惧，甚至还会让人产生一种对当前生活的无意义感（既然人都会死）。 人的一生有很多时间是在与这种恐惧与无意义感抗争的。恐怖管理理论认为，人们会通过习得一些宗教、文化价值观来帮助自己重新获得人生意义、自我价值感，进而克服对死的恐惧和对生的绝望（Routledge,et al., 2008）。

而 怀旧，也是一种能够帮助人们赋予人生经历以意义的方法。 怀旧能够在我们感受到死亡恐惧，或者感受到生命的意义受到威胁时，防止我们掉入一种存在主义的危机--对自我存在的绝望，失去活着的勇气（Routledge,et al., 2014）。

Routledge等人（2008）的研究发现， 当人们感受到死亡恐惧时，怀念过去能够帮助他们感受到更多生命的意义，更少产生与死有关的想法。因此，对于身患重病或者对生活感到绝望的人而言，怀旧能够把生命的意义感重新带回他们的生活，帮助他们找到更多活下去的理由。
* 甚至有学者提出，怀旧可以对抗恐怖主义的自杀式行为
除此之外，学者们认为，一些极端恐怖主义的首脑，正是利用了"存在无意义"感，宣称通过"自我牺牲"式的行为能找到生命的意义（e.g.为民族献身），诱惑了一批对自己的生活感到绝望的人，达成ta恐怖主义的目的。

而Routledge等人（2014）的研究发现， 帮助人们怀念过去，能够让他们意识到自己的人生其实是充满了珍贵的、有意义的事件的，自己并不需要通过自我牺牲来获得存在的意义。 这就可能被应用于减少宗教式自我牺牲（religiousself-sacrifice）活动的发生，并且能够减少那些人与死亡相关的想法。

说了这么多，我们其实特别想让文章开头提到的那位粉丝小朋友知道，你爸爸错了。怀旧，其实是给人们提供另外一条达成"寻找生命意义"的目的的道路。

我们每个人都需要和过去保持一种良好的关系，因为此刻的你是从过去来的，抹去它，就等于抹去了你自己。不但如此，正是通过回忆，我们获得了一次珍贵的"重塑"过去的机会：

心理咨询的工作中我们常说这样一句话--"最重要的不是真正发生了什么，而是你觉得究竟发生了什么。"我们都无法改变事实，但我们可以改变看待过去、解释过去的角度和方式。而怀旧正是这个过程发生的时刻。

愿你能令过去为你所用。

你经常怀念过去吗？哪件事是你最念念不忘的？怀旧，给你带来了什么积极或是消极的影响吗？留言给我们~

以上。

原文发表于： 研究：人为什么要怀念过去？｜你走得那么远，只是为了摆脱怀旧的负重

（欢迎关注微信公号：knowyourself2015：人人都能看懂，但只有一部分人才会喜欢的泛心理学。）

References:

Batcho, K.I. (2016). Missing the present beforeit's gone. Psychology Today.

Batcho, K.I. & Shikh, S. (2016). Anticipatorynostalgia: Missing the present before it's gone. Personality and IndividualDifferences, 98, 75-84.

Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S.(1986). The causes and consequences of a need for self-esteem: A terrormanagement theory. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Public Self and Private Self (p.189-212). New York: Springer-Verlag.

McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of lifestories. Review of General Psychology, 5, 100-122.

Routledge, C. (2013). The rehabilitation of an oldemotion: A new science of nostalgia.

Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Sedikides, C., &Wildschut, T. (2008). A blast from the past: The terror management function ofnostalgia. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 132-140.

Routledge, C., Juhl, J., Abeyta, A., &Roylance, C. (2014). Nostalgia proneness mitigates existential threat inducednationalistic self-sacrifice. Social Psychology, 45(5), 339-346.

Whitbourne, S. K. (1985). The life-span constructas a model of adaptation in adulthood. In J. E. Birren & K.W.Schaie (Eds.),Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 594-618). NewYork, NY: VanNostrand Reinhold.

Whitbourne, S.K. (2012). What's so nice aboutnostalgia? Psychology Today.

Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J. &Routledge, C. (2006). Nostalgia: Content, trigger, functions. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 975-993.

http:// weixin.qq.com/r/gDmrs5r EAMd-rd7Q92yS (二维码自动识别)

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研究：人为什么要怀念过去？｜你走得那么远，只是为了摆脱怀旧的负重

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卡尔维诺，《看不见的城市》第六章 前几天，后台收到一条既日常，却又让人震撼的留言： "主创你好。小时候，我爸爸每年都会给我买很多玩具，我有一房间的玩具，但我一方面喜欢它们，一方面有点害怕。因为我爸爸每年到了年底，会把那些玩具全部都扔掉，不管我多喜欢，他也一件都不会允许我留下。然后他会再给我买一房间的新玩具。 ...

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In fact, what helps us understand ourselves is not some objective facts of past experiences, but our subjective understanding of our past experiences. As Susan Whitbourne (1985) said, the process of shaping and reshaping our own life stories in memory makes us more aware of who we are. Nostalgia is the process by which we acquire self-knowledge from the past.

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A Swiss physician named Johannes Hofer coined the term nostalgia in the late 17 th century to describe what he considered to be a cerebral disease unique to Swiss mercenaries fighting wars far from home. Fast forward over three hundred years to the present day and nostalgia is everywhere. Old movie franchises are resurrected and rebooted, songs and albums that represent "the classics" for any given generation are remastered and rereleased, and old video games are given a high definition facelift and resold. Communities and civic organizations all over the nation host retro-themed recreational events (e.g., classic car shows, blast from the past dances), and many social media websites thrive, in part, because people long to return to their past by catching up with old friends. These are just a few examples of the human love affair with days gone by. But why is the past so seductive? And how do we reconcile the historical view of nostalgia as an illness with the fact that this desire to mentally time travel to the past is so ubiquitous? Is the nostalgia disease now pervasive, causing all sorts of physical and mental health problems? Or was Hofer (and many scholars and practitioners since) wrong to conceptualize nostalgia as an illness? For nearly the last decade my colleagues and I have been striving to answer these and other unanswered questions about nostalgia. We were specifically interested in resolving the questions of what characterizes the experience of nostalgia, what effects (positive or negative) it has on people, and what causes people to become nostalgic. We have now conducted dozens of laboratory experiments and surveys and can, with some confidence, offer a new perspective on this old emotion.What characterizes the experience of nostalgia? Look in the dictionary and you will find a rather general definition of nostalgia as "a sentimental longing or yearning for the past" But what does it mean to be nostalgic? My colleagues and I explored this question by asking participants to write at length about an experience of nostalgia. Trained coders then analyzed these nostalgic narratives. Results from these coded narratives indicated that nostalgic memories tend to be focused on momentous or personally meaningful life events that prominently features close others (e.g., friends, family, romantic partners). Family vacations, road trips with friends, weddings, graduations, birthday parties, and holiday gatherings with loved ones are examples of the kinds of cherished experiences that people revisit when engaging in nostalgia. In addition, when coded for emotion-related words, results indicated that positive emotion-related words were used far more frequently than negative emotion-related words. Nostalgic memories are happy memories.What effect does nostalgia have on people? It is hard to imagine nostalgia as a disease when considering its content. Hofer proposed that nostalgia caused symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia, irregular heartbeat, and disordered eating. And Hofer was not alone is his view that nostalgia was an ailment that led to a number of problematic symptoms. Indeed, until the later part of the 20 th century nostalgia was viewed either as a medical disease of a mental illness. However, past work on nostalgia was largely non-scientific. That is, no controlled studies were conducted to determine the effects of nostalgia. My colleagues and I thought it was time for nostalgia to be properly placed under the empirical microscope and thus began conducting laboratory experiments in which we systematically contrasted the experience of nostalgia with other modes of thought to determine its true consequences. Once we started conducting experimental studies, nostalgia started to look like an emotion redeemed. In a nutshell, we found that nostalgia does not have any negative effects on people, but does generate a number of psychological benefits. To illustrate, here is a quick rundown of a typical nostalgia experiment. Participants arrive at the laboratory and are informed that they are going to complete a survey regarding attitudes and emotions. They then complete a number of questionnaires as part of the study. Critically, some participants are randomly assigned to the nostalgia condition and some are randomly assigned to a control condition. Those in the nostalgia condition are provided with the dictionary definition of nostalgia, asked to spend a few minutes thinking about an experience of nostalgia, and instructed to briefly write about this experience. Those in the control condition are asked to think and write about a different (non-nostalgic) experience. The specific experience used in the control condition varies from study to study. In some studies, for example, control participants are asked to write about an ordinary experience from the last week. In addition, different studies have employed entirely different methods for inducing nostalgia. For example, in some studies, music has been used to heighten nostalgia. After the nostalgia or control condition, all participants complete a range of questionnaires to assess the effects of nostalgia. These questionnaires typically assess states related to psychological health and well-being. Here is what these studies have found. Nostalgia, compared to control conditions, does not increase negative emotions, but it does increase positive emotions. As I mentioned before, nostalgic experiences tend to be characterized as positive and this feature of nostalgia appears to translate into actual mood. When nostalgia is induced in the lab, it puts people in a good mood. In other words, thinking about cherished experiences from the past makes people feel good in the present. Nostalgia, compared to control conditions, increases self-esteem as well as perceptions of meaning in life. By allowing people to revisit cherished life experiences, nostalgia boosts positive self-regard and promotes the feeling that life is full of meaning and purpose. Nostalgia, compared to control conditions, increases perceptions of social connectedness. Again, as previously mentioned, nostalgic experiences tend to be highly social in nature. The consequence of this is that nostalgia makes people feel closer to others. Nostalgia reminds people that they are loved and valued by close others. These are just a few examples of the psychological benefits of nostalgia that have been unearthed in recent studies. Other recent studies further indicate that nostalgia reduces stress and makes people feel energized, inspired, and optimistic about the future. The punch line of all this work is that nostalgia is good for people. Contrary to past assertions, nostalgia does not harm people; it benefits psychological health and well-being.So what causes people to become nostalgic? Hofer thought that nostalgia was caused by continuous vibrations of animal spirits through fibers in the middle brain. Others proposed that nostalgia resulted from damage to the eardrum and brain caused by the nonstop clanging of cowbells in the Alps. Though we found these explanations rather imaginative, not surprisingly, my colleagues and I thought a fresh look at the causes of nostalgia was in order. As a starting point, we asked participants to indicate what situations or experiences tend to make them feel nostalgic. Social interactions (e.g., getting together with an old friend), sensory imputs (e.g., smells, music), and tangible objects (e.g., old photographs) commonly inspire nostalgic feelings. However, negative mood was the most commonly reported cause of nostalgia and, within this general category, loneliness was the most frequently listed discrete negative emotion. These findings suggest that nostalgia is triggered by feelings that could be described as psychological threat. But further work was needed. My colleagues and I again turned to experimental methods to further examine the causes of nostalgia. In particular, we believed that negative mood, loneliness, and feelings of meaningless would be potent triggers of nostalgia. We reasoned this because of the psychological functions that nostalgia serves. That is, as previously discussed, nostalgia increases positive mood, perceptions of meaning, and a sense of connectedness to others. Thus, people may naturally turn to nostalgia if positive mood is threatened, a sense of meaning in life is undermined, or feelings of social connectedness are compromised. Experiments we conducted supported these proposals. In one study, participants were randomly assigned to read one of three news articles that were chosen to induce positive mood, negative mood, or no emotion. All participants then completed a questionnaire that assessed how nostalgic they felt at that moment. Participants who read the negative mood inducing article reported feeling more nostalgic than participants who read either the positive or neutral mood inducing articles. In another study, some participants were assigned to a condition that made them feel lonely. Specifically, they completed a personality questionnaire and were then provided with false feedback suggesting that they were high on a validated measure of loneliness. Participants in the control condition were given feedback suggesting they were not high on loneliness. Again, all participants then completed a measure of nostalgia. Participants in the loneliness condition reported being significantly more nostalgic than participants in the control condition. In yet another study, some participants read a philosophical essay regarding the cosmic insignificance of human life (a threat to perceived meaning) while other participants read a philosophical essay that had no direct connection to perceptions of meaning. Again, nostalgia was then measured. Participants in the meaning threat condition reported feeling significantly more nostalgic than participants in the control condition. In short, situations that trigger negative emotions, feelings of loneliness, and perceptions of meaninglessness cause people to become nostalgic.The Past has a Bright Future Above, I described just a few examples of the many studies recently conducted in the field of social psychology on the content, function, and triggers of nostalgia. Though it has taken a few hundred years, thanks to a revived interest in this old emotion and a more scientific approach to studying it, nostalgia is getting a conceptual makeover. Nostalgia is not a disease or mental illness. Instead, it is a psychological resource that people employ to counter negative emotions and feelings of vulnerability. Nostalgia allows people to use experiences from the past to help cope with challenges in the present. And current research is further probing the many ways that nostalgia promotes psychological health. It appears that nostalgia has a bright future. Image: photo of the author looking at the historic Fargo Theater by Jenny Routledge

The views expressed are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily those of Scientific American.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)

Dr. Clay Routledge is a social psychologist and professor of Psychology at North Dakota State University. He is a leading expert in the area of experimental existential psychology. He regularly publishes his work in the top psychology journals, recently co-edited a book on the scientific study of meaning in life, and authored the book Nostalgia: A Psychological Resource. His work has been featured by The New York Times, The New Yorker, NPR, BBC, CNN, CBC, ABC News, Men's Health, Women's Health and Cosmopolitan. He also regularly serves as an expert guest on national and international radio programs.The New Yorker. Dr. Routledge writes a popular online column for Psychology Today called More Than Mortal, has served as a guest blogger for Scientific American, and frequently serves as a guest expert for national and international radio programs. You can follow him on Twitter at https://twitter.com/clayroutledge

Recent Articles by Clay Routledge

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The Rehabilitation of an Old Emotion: A New Science of Nostalgia

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A Swiss physician named Johannes Hofer coined the term nostalgia in the late 17 th century to describe what he considered to be a cerebral disease unique to Swiss mercenaries fighting wars far from home. Fast forward over three hundred years to the present day and nostalgia is everywhere.

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You may be happier now, objectively, than you ever were in your earlier years. You may even have had a pretty miserable or perhaps lackluster adolescence. Yet, once you've passed the age of 30, all of a sudden the late teens start to acquire a glow that they perhaps didn't really deserve.

The popularity of shows harking back to the 1960s, most notably "Mad Men" (now in its fifth highly-anticipated season), isn't limited to adults of a certain age. Those horn-rimmed eyeglasses, sinewy sheaths, and old-fashioned old-fashioneds are taking hold of today's 20-somethings. Perhaps everyone longs for a time that seems simpler, even though the era was hardly an age of innocence.

However, it's not simply a yearning for the past in a generic sense that drives people to try to relive past decades. A phenomenon called the "reminiscence bump" (Rubin et al., 1998) leads adults of all ages to remember with great clarity and fondness the years of their own youth. Autobiographical memory, your recall of the events of your life, is sharpest for the events spanning roughly the ages of 15 to 30. As you think back on your past, you're most likely to be able to generate strong mental images of what you were doing at that time, perhaps even to the date. It's literally, a "bump" in your ability to remember what happened during these key critical years of life.

Objectively speaking, the teens and 20s are not necessarily the happiest time of life. Researchers showed a number of years ago that the lowest percentage of people rating themselves as "very happy" was lowest among the 18-27 year old age group (Mroczek & Kolarz, 1998). Why, then do so many people think back on these years with such fond memories? It turns out that the reminiscence bump applies particularly to happy memories (Gluck & Bluck, 2007). After the age of 30, when we think back on these times, the painful events become dimmer and dimmer. We shape and re-shape our life stories, reworking the narrative in a way that enhances the way we feel about ourselves now (Whitbourne, 1985). It's adaptive to recall the happy, not the sad, events from our past. However, it's also important to reword some of those sad events. If we only focus on the positive, we'll lose touch with the reality of the events that actually shaped who we are now.

Retro-themed entertainment feeds into our tendency to reflect back on the positive events that shaped our sense of who we are now. They also reinforce our sense of identity. The late teens and early 20s are the time when we first take a serious look at forming our sense of identity. The music, movies, TV shows, books, and clothing of that time become a part of who we are. Ever since the term "Baby Boom generation" became part of pop culture, groups of people born in the same historical era are now identified with their own catch phrases. "Gen X," "Gen Y," "Millenials," and "the Greatest Generation" are now woven into the fabric of the personalities of entire cohorts. The prevailing culture at the time of our youth becomes the mentality that we adopt, at least in part, when we think of who we are.

Emotionally connecting with your younger self helps you maintain a sense of continuity over time. Without memory, we would have no identity. The experiences you've had throughout your life help define who you are at any given moment. People with amnesia retain their personalities, but they lose that vital sense of connection with their own past. The blank spaces in their life stories leave gaps in their sense of personal identity.

Going retro doesn't have to mean going backward in your development. Spending too much time focused on the past can leave you ill-prepared to adapt to current challenges. However, dipping into the past to remind you of how you've coped with previous life stresses can help you strengthen your confidence in dealing with what you're facing now. Playing those golden oldies can serve as a form of comfort food for your soul.

Bring on those Mad Men fashions (but not the smoking or drinking please!). Revel in the revival of the culture of your own younger days. Dip into your own past to refresh your sense of who you are now. However, it's also important to keep your perspective fresh by not getting stuck in the past. Don't assume that our futures will be doomed because the current crop of 20-somethings are inferior to your generation. Staying involved with the young now will help you adapt with the passing of years in your own life.

To sum up, here are 3 pointers for enjoying the past to guide you in the present:

1. Use your past experiences to bolster your identity. Maintaining that connection with your early days can keep you grounded in the present.

2. Stay on top of what's current now. If you're going to age successfully, you need to be vitally involved in today's culture, even if you don't think it's "as good" as yours was.

3. Expand your reminiscence bump. Although most people focus on the positive from their early lives, it's important to balance those memories with others that may be less pleasant.

Follow me on Twitter @swhitbo for daily updates on psychology, health, and aging. Feel free to join my Facebook group, "Fulfillment at Any Age," to discuss today's blog, or to ask further questions about this posting.

Copyright Susan Krauss Whitbourne 2012

References:

Gluck, J., & Bluck, S. (2007). Looking back across the life span: A life story account of the reminiscence bump. Memory and Cognition, 35, 1928-1939.

Mroczek, D. K., & Kolarz, C. M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1333-1349.

Rubin, D. C., Rahhal, T. A., & Poon, L. W. (1998). Things learned in early adulthood are remembered best. Memory and Cognition, 26, 3-19.

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You may be happier now, objectively, than you ever were in your earlier years. You may even have had a pretty miserable or perhaps lackluster adolescence. Yet, once you've passed the age of 30, all of a sudden the late teens start to acquire a glow that they perhaps didn't really deserve.

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this is the google map before 2008.  just like the memory , the longer the fader

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this is the google map before 2008.  just like the memory , the longer the fader

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combined the photo and the repeated images

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Images, Book 1: No. 1. Reflets dans l'eau (Reflections in the water)

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Images, Book 1: No. 1. Reflets dans l'eau (Reflections in the water)

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We are all shaped by the time and place we live in, and we have the ability to shape the world around us in turn. The changes we make, whether small or large, have the potential to ripple out and affect the people and environment around us. 

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We are all shaped by the time and place we live in, and we have the ability to shape the world around us in turn. The changes we make, whether small or large, have the potential to ripple out and affect the people and environment around us. 

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It is The Times that change us, and we change The Times, and this is how we interact

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It is The Times that change us, and we change The Times, and this is how we interact

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When only the line manuscript looks less detail, with gray details more details, like water ripples

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The aquatint technique is used to highlight some of the key points I want to express in the picture, which is a little more interesting than the previous version, less boring.

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What it means to me becomes what it means to us.

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What it means to me becomes what it means to us.

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I have not forgotten the little pond, it is always in my mind

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I have not forgotten the little pond, it is always in my mind

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I made some sketches according to my father's description

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I made some sketches according to my father's description

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Try to present content with graphic information

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Try to present content with graphic information