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Le musée d'Orsay fait régulièrement partie des dix musées les plus populaires au monde. Il a ouvert relativement récemment — en 1986, et l'exposition a été placée dans les bâtiments de l'ancienne gare et de l'hôtel adjacent. Au total, il existe plusieurs salles d'exposition consacrées à la peinture, à la sculpture, au cinéma, à la musique et à d'autres types d'art. La base de la collection est les œuvres des impressionnistes et des représentants d'autres courants apparentés

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Avec l'arrivée au pouvoir de Napoléon en France, un nouvel essor a commencé, en particulier sur le plan géopolitique. Les conquêtes réussies ne pouvaient pas empêcher l'ego de l'empereur, alors il essayait par tous les moyens de déclarer ses triomphes. L'un des symboles de l'armée invincible de Napoléon à cette époque était l'arc de Triomphe, posé en 1806. La construction a été retardée de 30 ans, à ce moment-là, Napoléon avait perdu de nombreuses batailles et était mort en exil à Sainte-Hélène, mais les français ont mené l'affaire à son terme et ont terminé l'arc de Triomphe.

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Montmartre est une colline de 130 mètres au Nord de Paris, dont l'histoire remonte à l'époque de l'Empire romain. Vers le IIE siècle, au sommet de la colline se trouvaient des temples en l'honneur de Mercure et de mars, et les dépôts de gypse situés à proximité ont permis à la région autour de Montmartre de devenir l'un des plus riches de la région. Ce statut a été conservé pour Montmartre et au XIXe siècle, et l'intelligentsia parisienne a préféré les cabarets locaux «chat Noir» et «moulin rouge» pour un passe-temps agréable. Dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, la région n'était plus considérée comme la plus bohème, mais dans les années d'après-guerre, ce statut lui est revenu à juste titre. Les touristes ont tellement aimé Montmartre que maintenant ne pas visiter Montmartre et quitter Paris-c'est presque un crime.

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Lisez l'article sur le site et trouvez des faits intéressants

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The Jardin du Luxembourg ( French pronunciation: ​[ʒaʁdɛ̃ dy lyksɑ̃buːʁ]), also known in English as the Luxembourg Gardens, is located in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, France. It was created beginning in 1612 by Marie de' Medici, the widow of King Henry IV of France, for a new residence she constructed, the Luxembourg Palace. The garden today is owned by the French Senate, which meets in the Palace. It covers 23 hectares and is known for its lawns, tree-lined promenades, flowerbeds, model sailboats on its circular basin, and picturesque Medici Fountain, built in 1620. The name Luxembourg comes from the Latin Mons Lucotitius, the name of the hill where the garden is located.

In 1611, Marie de' Medici, the widow of Henry IV and the regent for the King Louis XIII decided to build a palace in imitation of the Pitti Palace in her native Florence. She purchased the hotel du Luxembourg (today the Petit-Luxembourg palace) and began construction of the new palace. She commissioned Salomon de Brosse to build the palace and a fountain, which still exists. In 1612 she planted 2,000 elm trees, and directed a series of gardeners, most notably Tommaso Francini, to build a park in the style she had known as a child in Florence. Francini planned two terraces with balustrades and parterres laid out along the axis of the chateau, aligned around a circular basin. He also built the Medici Fountain to the east of the palace as a nympheum, an artificial grotto and fountain, without its present pond and statuary. The original garden was just eight hectares in size.

In 1630 she bought additional land and enlarged the garden to thirty hectares, and entrusted the work to Jacques Boyceau de la Barauderie, the indendant of the royal gardens of Tuileries and the early garden of Versailles. He was one of the early theorists of the new and more formal garden à la française, and he laid out a series of squares along an east-west alley closed at the east end by the Medici Fountain, and a rectangle of parterres with broderies of flowers and hedges in front of the palace. In the center he placed an octagonal basin with a fountain, with a perspective toward what is now the Paris observatory.

Later monarchs largely neglected the garden. In 1780, the Comte de Provence, the future Louis XVIII, sold the eastern part of the garden for real estate development. Following the French Revolution, however, the leaders of the French Directory expanded the garden to forty hectares by confiscating the land of the neighboring religious order of the Carthusian monks. The architect Jean Chalgrin, the architect of the Arc de Triomphe, took on the task of restoring the garden. He remade the Medici Fountain and laid out a long perspective from the palace to the observatory. He preserved the famous pepiniere, or nursery garden of the Carthusian order, and the old vineyards, and kept the garden in a formal French style.

During and after the July Monarchy of 1848, the park became the home of a large population of statues; first the Queens and famous women of France, lined along the terraces; then, in 1880s and 1890s, monuments to writers and artists, a small-scale model by Bartholdi of his Liberty Enlightening the World (commonly known as the Statue of Liberty) and one modern sculpture by Zadkine.

In 1865, during the reconstruction of Paris by Louis Napoleon, the rue de l'Abbé de l'Épée, (now rue Auguste-Comte) was extended into the park, cutting off about seven hectares, including a large part of the old nursery garden. The building of new streets next to the park also required moving and rebuilding the Medici Fountain to its present location. The long basin of the fountain was added at this time, along with the statues at the foot of the fountain.

During this reconstruction, the chief architect of parks and promenades of Paris, Gabriel Davioud, under the leadership of Adolphe Alphand, built new ornamental gates and fences around the park, and polychrome brick garden houses. He also transformed what remained of the old Chartreux nursery garden, at the south end of the park, into an English garden with winding paths, and planted a fruit garden in the southwest corner. He kept the regular geometric pattern of the paths and alleys, but did create one diagonal alley near the Medici fountain, which opened a view of the Pantheon.

The garden in the late nineteenth century contained a marionette theater, a music kiosk, greenhouses, an apiary (or bee-house); an orangerie also used for displaying sculpture and modern art (used until the 1930s); a rose garden, the fruit orchard, and about seventy works of sculpture.

The garden is largely devoted to a green parterre of gravel and lawn populated with statues and centred on a large octagonal basin of water, with a central jet of water; in it children sail model boats. The garden is famed for its calm atmosphere. Surrounding the bassin on the raised balustraded terraces are a series of statues of former French queens, saints and copies after the Antique. In the southwest corner, there is an orchard of apple and pear trees and the théâtre des marionnettes ( puppet theatre). The gardens include a large fenced-in playground for young children and their parents and a vintage carousel. In addition, free musical performances are presented in a gazebo on the grounds and there is a small cafe restaurant nearby, under the trees, with both indoor and outdoor seating from which many people enjoy the music over a glass of wine. The orangerie displays art, photography and sculptures. The model boat pond in Conservatory Water in Central Park in Manhattan, New York City, is loosely based on that of one in the Jardin du Luxembourg.

The École nationale supérieure des Mines de Paris and the Odéon theatre stand next to the Luxembourg Garden.

The central axis of the garden is extended, beyond its wrought iron grill and gates opening to rue Auguste Comte, by the central esplanade of the rue de l'Observatoire, officially the Jardin Marco Polo, where sculptures of the four Times of Day alternate with columns and culminate at the southern end with the 1874 " Fountain of the Observatory", also known as the "Fontaine des Quatre-Parties-du-Monde" or the "Carpeaux Fountain", for its sculptures by Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux. It was installed as part of the development of the avenue de l'Observatoire by Gabriel Davioud in 1867.

The bronze fountain represents the work of four sculptors: Louis Vuillemot carved the garlands and festoons around the pedestal, Pierre Legrain carved the armillary with interior globe and zodiac band; the animalier Emmanuel Fremiet designed the eight horses, marine turtles and spouting fish. Most importantly Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux sculpted the four nude women supporting the globe, representing the Four Continents of classical iconography.

Open hours for the Luxembourg Garden depend on the month: opening between 7:30 and 8:15 am; closing at dusk between 4:45 and 9:45 pm.

The garden contains just over a hundred statues, monuments, and fountains, scattered throughout the grounds. Surrounding the central green space are twenty figures of French queens and illustrious women standing on pedestals. They were commissioned by Louis-Philippe in 1848 and include: Anne of Austria, Anne of Brittany, Anne of France, Anne Marie Louise of Orléans, Bertha of Burgundy, Blanche of Castile, Clémence Isaure, Jeanne III of Navarre, Laure de Noves, Louise of Savoy, Margaret of Anjou, Margaret of Provence, Marguerite of Navarre, Marie de' Medici, Mary, Queen of Scots, Matilda, Duchess of Normandy, Saint Bathild, Saint Clotilde, Saint Genevieve, and Valentina Visconti.

Other sculpted work includes:

Ludwig van Beethoven, by Antoine Bourdelle, placed here 1978

Monument to Henri Murger, by Théophile-Henri Bouillon, 1895

multiple animal sculptures by Auguste Cain

Le Triomphe de Silène, 1885, Hommage to Delacroix, 1890, and Monument to Auguste Scheurer-Kestner, 1908, both by Jules Dalou

Monument to Jean-Antoine Watteau, by Henri Désiré Gauquié, 1896

Narcissus, 1869, and Arion assis sur un dauphin, 1870, both by Ernest-Eugène Hiolle

Hippomenes by Jean Antoine Injalbert

Bust of Charles Baudelaire, by Pierre Félix Masseau

Polyphemus Surprising Acis and Galatea, the Fontaine Médicis, by Auguste Ottin, 1866

Clémence Isaure by Antoine-Augustin Préault

Theseus and the Minotaur, by Etienne-Jules Ramey, 1826

Hercules Diverting the River Alpheus, 1900, and L'Effort, 1902, both by Pierre Roche

Paul Verlaine, by Rodo (Auguste de Niederhäusern), 1911

Jules Massenet, by Raoul Verlet, 1926

Marshal Ney, by François Rude (sculptor) and Alphonse de Gisors (pedestal), 1853.

The Medici Fountain ( La fontaine Médicis) was built in 1630 by Marie de' Medici, the widow of King Henry IV of France and regent of King Louis XIII of France. It was designed by Tommaso Francini, a Florentine fountain maker and hydraulic engineer who was brought from Florence to France by King Henry IV. It was in the form of a grotto, a popular feature of the Italian Renaissance garden. It fell into ruins during the 18th century, but in 1811, at the command of Napoleon Bonaparte, the fountain was restored by Jean Chalgrin, the architect of the Arc de Triomphe. In 1864-66, the fountain was moved to its present location, centered on the east front of the Palais du Luxembourg. The long basin of water was built and flanked by plane trees, and the sculptures of the giant Polyphemus surprising the lovers Acis and Galatea, by French classical sculptor Auguste Ottin, were added to the grotto's rockwork.

Hidden behind the Medici Fountain is the Fontaine de Léda, (1807), a wall fountain built during the time of Napoleon Bonaparte at the corner of the Rue du Regard and Rue de Vaugirard, with a bas-relief sculpture depicting the legend of Leda and the Swan by Achille Valois. When the original site was destroyed during the prolongation of the Rue de Rennes in 1856 by Louis Napoleon, the fountain was preserved and moved in 1866 to the Luxembourg Gardens and attached to the back of the Medici Fountain.

The gardens are featured prominently in Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables. It is here that the principal love story of the novel unfolds, as the characters Marius Pontmercy and Cosette first meet. Several scenes of André Gide's novel The Counterfeiters also take place in the gardens.

Henry James also uses the gardens, in The Ambassadors, as the place where his character Lambert Strether has an epiphany about his identity. The final scene of William Faulkner's novel is set in the gardens. Patrick Modiano heard the news he had won the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature via a mobile phone call from his daughter while walking through Paris, "just next to the Jardin du Luxembourg".

Non-literary references include as the setting for a few episodes of French in Action, the 10th Joe Dassin's 1976 studio album Le Jardin du Luxembourg, the cover of Tame Impala's 2012 album , the title of a song by the band The Ghost of a Saber Tooth Tiger and the gardens and palace being added as a mission in the video game Assassin's Creed Unity.

1. Jarrasse, Dominique, ^ Grammaire des jardins Parisiens, p. 65-70

2. Dominique Jarrassé, ^ Grammaire des Jardins Parisiens, Parigramme, Paris, 2007, pg. 65

3. ^ Plan of the Gardens, identifying sculptures Archived 28 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.

4. Sergey Kadinsky (2016). ^ Hidden Waters of New York City: A History and Guide to 101 Forgotten Lakes, Ponds, Creeks, and Streams in the Five Boroughs

5. ^ Paris et ses fontaines, de la Renaissance à nos jours, texts assembled by Dominque Massounie, Pauline-Prevost-Marcilhacy and Daniel Rabreau, Délegation a l'action artistique de la Ville de Paris, and Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany, L'art des jardins en Europe, Citadelles & Mazenod, Paris, 2006.

Paris et ses fontaines, de la Renaissance à nos jours, texts assembled by Dominque Massounie, Pauline-Prevost-Marcilhacy and Daniel Rabreau, Délegation a l'action artistique de la Ville de Paris. from the Collection Paris et son Patrimoine, directed by Beatrice de Andia. Paris, 1995.

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The Jardin du Luxembourg ( French pronunciation: ​ [ʒaʁdɛ̃ dy lyksɑ̃buːʁ]), also known in English as the Luxembourg Gardens, is located in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, France. It was created beginning in 1612 by Marie de' Medici, the widow of King Henry IV of France, for a new residence she constructed, the Luxembourg Palace.

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Après l'assassinat du roi Henri IV, son épouse Marie de Médicis décida de ne pas rester au Louvre, mais chargea l'architecte Salomon de Bros de reconstruire le palais précédemment acheté dans le «style toscan». Maria était originaire de Florence en Italie, alors elle voulait créer un endroit qui ressemblait à sa maison lointaine. Et où est le palais, il y a un jardin dans lequel, d'ailleurs, se trouve l'une des nombreuses statues de la Liberté. Le célèbre monument de New York a été offert par les français, de sorte que des statues identiques sont installées non seulement dans le jardin du Luxembourg, mais aussi dans d'autres villes de France

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"Musée de tous les musées" - ces mots sont difficiles à appeler une exagération, car le Louvre est visité chaque année par plus de 10 millions de personnes, ce qui en fait non seulement le musée d'art le plus populaire au monde, mais aussi le musée le plus populaire en principe. Pendant longtemps, les œuvres d'art ont été conservées dans les collections royales, mais avec l'ouverture du Louvre, elles sont devenues accessibles au grand public

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La place du Trocadéro offre une vue magnifique sur la tour Eiffel. La place et le palais de Chaillot sont connus: il peut sembler qu'il a été construit il y a plusieurs siècles, mais en fait, le bâtiment n'a pas atteint cent ans. Il a également été élevé à l'exposition universelle, mais déjà en 1937. Aujourd'hui, le palais n'est pas seulement un monument architectural, mais aussi un lieu où travaillent les musées parisiens les plus intéressants

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Sa construction a été programmée pour l'exposition universelle de 1889, et le projet a été fourni par le bureau d'Ingénierie de Gustave Eiffel. Il est à noter que les dessins ont longtemps été poussiéreux dans les archives et n'ont attendu que l'heure prévue pour être réalisés. Malgré l'immense popularité des touristes, les intellectuels parisiens n'étaient pas ravis de la tour Eiffel, qui, selon eux, gâchait l'aspect architectural de la ville. Elle a été qualifiée de» colonne haineuse de fer et de vis " et a été à plusieurs reprises envoyée à la municipalité pour demander un démantèlement rapide. La tour Eiffel devait être démolie 20 ans après sa construction, mais en 1910, Gustave Eiffel a prolongé le bail de 70 ans, provoquant l'indignation de tous les malfaiteurs.

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La tour Eiffel est souvent mentionnée dans les guides et figure dans la culture qu'elle n'a tout simplement pas besoin d'être présentée