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1440 Johann Gutenberg develops the printing press.

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1440 Johann Gutenberg develops the printing press.

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Johannes Gutenberg designed and built the first known mechanized printing press in Europe. In 1455 he used it to print the Gutenberg Bible, which is one of the earliest books in the world to be printed from movable type.

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1492 Christopher Columbus first reaches America

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1492 Christopher Columbus first reaches America

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In October 1492, roughly two months after leaving Spain, Columbus's ships, the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria, reached land, which he claimed for Spain.

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1565 Spanish settlers establish Saint Augustine, Florida

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1565 Spanish settlers establish Saint Augustine, Florida

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In 1565 the Spanish founded St. Augustine on the Florida coast, it became the oldest European-founded city in what is now the United States.

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The British Navy defeated the Spanish Armada in the Battle of Gravelines off the coast of France. The Spanish Armada was a powerful fleet of armed ships and transports that tried to invade England. The defeat at Gravelines ended Spain's hopes of invasion.

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1607 John Smith and other colonists establish Jamestown

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1607 John Smith and other colonists establish Jamestown

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Led by John Smith and others, the colonists selected a small, defensible peninsula where they established the settlement of Jamestown, named for their king.

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1688 The Glorious Revolution in England establishes the supremacy of Parliament

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1688 The Glorious Revolution in England establishes the supremacy of Parliament

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The Glorious Revolution, known as the Glorieuze Overtocht or Glorious Crossing in the Netherlands, is the sequence of events leading to the deposition of King James II and VII of England and Scotland in November 1688, and his replacement by his daughter Mary II and her husband and James's nephew William III of Orange, de facto ruler of the Dutch Republic.

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Conflict in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763, that was a part of a worldwide struggle between France and Britain and that ended with the defeat of France and the transfer of French Canada to Britain.

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1763 The Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War

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1763 The Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War

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The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, officially ended the American Revolutionary War and overall state of conflict between the two countries.

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1763 The Treaty of Paris grants Britain a vast North American empire.

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1763 The Treaty of Paris grants Britain a vast North American empire.

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Great Britain and France each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but Great Britain gained much of France's possessions in North America. Additionally, Great Britain agreed to protect Roman Catholicism in the New World.

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1776 The American colonies declare independence

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1776 The American colonies declare independence

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On June 7 Virginia delegate Richard Henry Lee made a formal motion that "these United Colonies are, and of a right ought to be, free and independent States."

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1783 Colonists and British sign the Treaty of Paris, ending the war.

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1783 Colonists and British sign the Treaty of Paris, ending the war.

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This treaty, signed on September 3, 1783, between the American colonies and Great Britain, ended the American Revolution and formally recognized the United States as an independent nation.

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On June 21, 1788, the Constitution became the official framework of the government of the United States of America when New Hampshire became the ninth of 13 states to ratify it.

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The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799.

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1803 The United States purchases the Louisiana Territory from France.

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1803 The United States purchases the Louisiana Territory from France.

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In this transaction with France, signed on April 30, 1803, the United States purchased 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. For roughly 4 cents an acre, the United States doubled its size, expanding the nation westward.

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1819 The United State acquires Florida from Spain. 

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1819 The United State acquires Florida from Spain. 

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After months of negotiations, the Adams-Onís Treaty was signed on February 22, 1819. In the treaty Spain gave East and West Florida to the United States, and the United States agreed to assume claims by citizens of the United States against Spain.

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1821 Mexico wins independence from Spain 

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1821 Mexico wins independence from Spain 

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On August 24, 1821, O'Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba, thus ending New Spain's dependence on Old Spain. In 1822, as no Bourbon monarch to rule Mexico had been found, Iturbide was proclaimed the emperor of Mexico.

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1861 The Confederacy is formed. The Civil War begins.

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1861 The Confederacy is formed. The Civil War begins.

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At 4:30 a.m. on 12 April 1861, Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbour, South Carolina. In less than 34 hours, the Union forces surrendered. Traditionally, this event has been used to mark the beginning of the Civil War.

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1861 Czar Alexander II emancipates Russian serfs.

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1861 Czar Alexander II emancipates Russian serfs.

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The serfs were emancipated in 1861, following a speech by Tsar Alexander II on 30 March 1856. Emancipation took place in Georgia later, in 1864, and under much better conditions for the nobles than in Russia. The state serfs were emancipated in 1866.

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1865 The Civil War ends; Lincoln is assassinated.

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1865 The Civil War ends; Lincoln is assassinated.

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Murderous attack on Abraham Lincoln, at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C., on the evening of April 14, 1865. Shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth, Lincoln died the next morning.

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Reconstruction ended with the disputed presidential election of 1876, which gave power to Republican Rutherford B. Republicans and Democrats responded to the economic downturn by shifting attention from Reconstruction to economic recovery.