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The Russian 'special military operation' is causing the displacement of millions of Ukrainian citizens. It is pertinent to current affairs that Europe faces, following the fallout of the Coronavirus pandemic.

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The Indonesian diaspora in these four countries is almost never addressed. Due to the negligence of the communities, they are forced to push their voices to their governments to have their needs met. Research tends to be country-specific and neglected in comparative studies.

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On the 24th of February 2022, military forces of the Russian Federation invaded Ukraine in an unprovoked act of territorial aggression. This was 'justified' by Putin as a necessary act to 'de-Nazify' Ukraine and protect Russian lives. Millions of Ukrainians were forced to flee.

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Experience with Ukrainian diaspora displacement

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Experience with Ukrainian diaspora displacement

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I have seen a lot of food in my local town being donated to Ukrainian families who have migrated to the UK. I also know there are people at Bristol airport and locally who are helping them re-settle.

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There are 235,000 Ghanaian immigrants of the first and second generation widely distributed throughout the United States. And while Ghana-born individuals account for only 0.3 percent of the total U.S. foreign-born population we decided to focus on this group and highlight the way in which this group is treated unfairly both socially and economically. For example, despite similar educational achievement and potential for employment, Ghanaian diaspora households make £6,000 below the U.S average.

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The Windrush Generation represent millions of people used to promote the prosperity of western countries throughout history.

However, they also made the most noise in setting the foundations for immigration in the UK, calling for equality in a country that asked for their help.

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Write here why I chose this particular group.

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Give a history of how this Diaspora group because separated from their ancestral home.

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Here I will write about the experience of my case study in the place they have moved/ been exiled to.

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I might include a primary source here, with my analysis of their experience.

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Maybe I'll write here about the beginning of their resettlement. Were they in charge of being resettled? Or was this organised by someone else?

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I might then write here about the process of resettling.

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This could be page one of the consequences they faced when resettling.

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This could be page two of the consequences they faced when resettling.

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I might sum up here, noting the main or most pressing consequence they faced.

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After World War 2, the British struggled to reconstruct the country after losing so many to the war.

In 1930, thousands of civilians from the Caribbean Islands and South America were bought to the UK to help rebuild the country.

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While Black communities formed in Notting Hill, groups opposing integration also assembled, idealising a white-only Britain.

Majbritt Morrison's assault is believed to be the catalyst for the riots. She was a white woman married to a Jamaican.

People rioted for over a week, leading to over 140 arrests, reported the MP.

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In a response to the furious ideologies of many of the white working class, formed the Carabian Carnival, now known as Notting Hill Carnival.

The event remains a celebration of how black people overcame adversity through the power of community.

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The Irish diaspora is such an integral part of many families who claim Irish heritage as they would have had ancestors who may have had to leave due to an outside factor, such as the potato famine, or due to the search for a better life.

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The aim of each individual changed as time went on, with some moving for work and some moving due to the poor quality of life in rural Ireland. The appeal for moving abroad was made more tempting by the job roles available, in comparison to the limited agricultural roles available in rural Ireland. As such there are over 80 million people worldwide who can claim some form of Irish heritage due to the diaspora.

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My Grandmother moved from Connemara, in Ireland, in 1955 which was a major time for Irish Diaspora.  She moved to England when she was 18 - 23  after stealing £10 from her mum as she had little prospects coming from such rural area. She worked as a mental health nurse in a mental asylum in South London having worked her way up from a domestic, which was a big achievement considering her first language was Irish.

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There were many negative attitudes towards Irish diaspora, particularly in English neighbourhoods. The Irish were often viewed as illiterate, due to their lack of education as well as negative attitudes towards their catholic religion.

These attitudes created a divide between communities as the perpetuating of stereotypes furthered negative views of these diaspora groups

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The stereotypes often shown in media are another reason why people were often quick to judge Irish communities. Stereotypes include: Drunkenness, Uneducated and Intolerant. These unnecessary groupings are what would have set people away from each other and made it harder for the Irish community to fit in with their neighbours

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The Potato (Great) famine and its consequences

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The Potato (Great) famine and its consequences

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The potato famine, was a period of mass starvation, disease and emigration that occurred in Ireland from 1845 to 1852. It was caused by a potato blight, a disease that destroyed much of the potato crop, which had become the staple food of the Irish population. As a result, an estimated 1 million people died, and another 1 million emigrated from Ireland. The potato famine had a devastating effect on the Irish population and economy, and it is still remembered today as one of the worst tragedies in Irish history.

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The communities resulted from various stages of Dutch colonialism and slave trade. Cape Malays and Sri Lankan Malays formed in the 1650s. The sea road started from Holland via Cape of Good Hope, Sri Lanka, to Java. The Dutch travelled back and forth. The slaves only went forth.

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The Dutch brought slaves, exile noblemen, and soldiers from the Indonesian archipelago to Sri Lanka and South Africa. In the 1890s, after the abolition of the slave trade, the new demand for cheap labour allowed for coolies to be shipped to Suriname and New Caledonia.

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The main way for people to get out of Ireland during the Great Famine, was via boat, which took them to mainland England or to other settlements of choice. As time went on people were able to travel via plane as well, although this was not as accessible to the poorer locals.

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I have chosen this subject as the Diaspora was only recently formed in my home town in Wales. It is also an important subject to look at and address as the diaspora was treated poorly by the local community and the Welsh government as well as the whole situation was not handled properly due to negligence and inhumane conditions.

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Nowadays Irish communities are still an integral part of their diaspora, as often people will want to find the connection to home, either through church or through shared culture. In America especially there has been many attempts to adopt Irish culture, including St Patricks day, however this often results in perpetuating stereotypes, i.e. Luck of the Irish

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People may leave Ireland for a variety of reasons including seeking better job prospects, higher quality of life, or educational opportunities abroad. Additionally, some people may choose to leave Ireland because of the country’s political climate or due to family obligations elsewhere.

A lot of Ireland still maintains strong Catholic principles and as such a lot of more rural areas are in a more archaic way of life, as such, more young people are choosing to move to cities to break away from this

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I have chosen this particular subject because the Indian population is the biggest diaspora in England with nearly 1.5 million people currently living here. The Indian population plays an integral role in England's society and they often don't get the recognition they deserve today.

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Following World War II and the collapse of the British Empire, Indian migration to the United Kingdom accelerated in the 1950s and 1960s. This was largely owing to the British Nationality Act 1948, which allowed for unrestricted migration from the Commonwealth. After World War II, migration was encouraged in order to restore England as a country.

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The community of asylum seekers were moved to the penally camp in Pembrokeshire, Wales. Many of the asylum seekers were from Syria and were forced to leave their country due to the war and constant fighting that is still ongoing there. The UK has an agreement to take in a certain amount of asylum seekers every year.

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The Ghanaian diaspora largely resulted from the transatlantic slave trade between the 16th-19th century. An estimated 15 million Africans crossed the ‘door of no return’, in-bound for plantations in the Americas. Subsequently, an estimated 4 million Ghanaians are in the diaspora.

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The Indian population by nature feel as though they are relatively quiet, humble and just get on with things without ‘blowing their own trumpet’ so to speak. However,  they feel it is necessary that their contributions are recognised – especially now. Unfortunately, there are a few media houses, groups and people who regularly report negative, biassed and false/half-truth news about India and Indians.

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The Diaspora was treated very poorly by the local community and had very little sympathy for what they had been through. The conditions they had to live in were appalling which led to protests from the diaspora. The diaspora of asylum seekers was eventually moved from the camp due to the conditions and treatment they faced.

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Indians contribute significantly to the society and economy of England with 43% of all Indians in the two highest income brackets and 74% of all Indians own their own home compared to 68% of White British.

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The large Indian resettlement was a choice made by the Indian population. Britain encouraged people from the Caribbean and Asia to move to England for a chance at a better life. As well as to help England to rebuild after World War 2

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Ghana-born immigrants express their disappointment when moving to the U.S, which stems from the realisation that America was not how they imagined it to be. This may be due to the notions of the 'American Dream' which perpetuates ideas of ease and wealth, however, immigrants soon encounter the difficulties faced and a shocking sense of disillusionment.

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Recently there has been a rise in the resettlement and return to Ghana, as more than 3,000 African Americans and people of Caribbean descent return to live in Ghana. Jerome Thompson is a native of Maryland and describes his experiences with living in America: '“I was so ready to turn my back on the United States,” he says “We did so much for the US, yet they don’t want to see us as first-class citizens.” This highlights the discriminatory social attitudes and the difficulties faced by African-Americans living within the United States.

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In 2000, Ghana passed of a law on the 'Right of Abode' which grants any person of African American descent to apply for the right to live in the country indefinitely. This is an important step in the right direction for the country as it allows those of African descent to return to their hometown. Thompson describes this sense of being 'home' and states: “I fell in love with Ghana and its people,” he recalled, “It was good seeing black people, my people, in charge of the country'.

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This sense of belonging and being surrounded by others that are the same as you is incredibly important. By granting African Americans the right to return to Ghana it strengthens their sense of community and group identity.

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The reason I have chosen the Rohingya people of Myanmar is due to the fact that they are relatively unique in the reasons for their diaspora which continues to be unresolved

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The Rohingya people are an ethnic group originally belonging to Myanmar. In 1982 a citizenship law was passed which effectively rendered them stateless, removing their citizenship. The group now accounts for about a seventh of all stateless people in the world.

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More than 300,000 Rohingya now live outside of Myanmar in nations such as Bangladesh, Malaysia, India, Thailand and Indonesia with 3/4ths of the population having UN-refugee status. As a result, the smaller group remain at risk of abuse by the state authority they reside in.

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Many Rohingya experience a number of issues in the different refugee camps they reside in. Food funding has recently been cut for camps in Bangladesh and as a result many Rohingya families are struggling to keep themselves fed on top of other issues such as rising crime rates.

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On top of issues in many refugee camps, many Rohingya move to other nations further from Myanmar in hopes of a better life like many other refugees. Similarly, they take extreme risks, such as crossing oceans in extremely densely populated boats, a huge risk to all onboard.

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The most prominent resettlement experienced is the refugee camp in Bangladesh, which has many issues due to its size, being unable to provide substantial housing and services for those there. It’s regarded as the world's largest refugee camp by the Danish Refugee Council.

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While this camp has sub-par conditions the first group of Rohingya has recently resettled in the USA. Only a handful of refugees have been moved (24) but it's a valuable step in a process that has proven to be quite difficult for organizations such as the UN to facilitate.

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Overall, the Rohingya are an incredibly persecuted group due to a technicality in a law that forbode them to live on their ancestral homeland. Relatively little awareness by the wider world has led to little effort to facilitate their housing and citizenship somewhere suitable.

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The story of the Filipino diaspora is often an understudied one. In part because this is a story that was written, largely, in just the past century. Today, over 4 million people out of the diaspora's 12 million reside in the United States. The largest group within the diaspora.

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St. Malo, Louisiana. Some of the earliest recorded Filipinos in the US settled here until it was destroyed by hurricanes in 1915. Known then as "Manilamen".

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The movement of the Filipino people (1/?)

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The movement of the Filipino people (1/?)

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Filipinos have been recorded in small numbers in the American continent since the 1500s, mostly as slaves or sailors. However, the story of Filipinos in America really begins with the Philippine Revolution, later the Spanish-American and later still the Philippine-American Wars from 1896 to 1901.

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The movement of the Filipino people (2/?)

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The movement of the Filipino people (2/?)

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At the end of the Philippine-American war, many Filipinos were recruited to work the plantations of Hawai'i and the West Coast. Restrictions on their immigration were surprisingly little all the way until 1935 when the Philippines was granted autonomy as the Philippine Commonwealth.

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The movement of the Filipino people (3/3)

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The movement of the Filipino people (3/3)

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Migration ramped up after WW2 as Filipino nurses, having received Americanized educations were recruited into US hospitals. From 1972 - 1991, Filipino citizens were permitted to serve anywhere in the US navy (except as officers). Many more in other sectors followed, mainly for work.

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The Immigrant Experience (1930s to 1940s) (Carlos Bulosan's "America is in the Heart", 1946) (1/3)

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The Immigrant Experience (1930s to 1940s) (Carlos Bulosan's "America is in the Heart", 1946) (1/3)

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Part-Autobiography and part-novel, "America is in the Heart" by Carlos Bulosan, published in 1946, still remains one of the most famous books of the Filipino Experience, namely his own, in America. Bulosan immigrated to the US when he was 17 and never returned to the Philippines.

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The Immigrant Experience, Bulosan, continued (2/3)

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The Immigrant Experience, Bulosan, continued (2/3)

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Overall, his book dealt with him trying to reconcile how the United States, a nation founded on the principles of liberty and equal opportunity, captured the imagination of foreigners such as himself, also harassed and discriminated against those who sought them out.

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Approximately a million British moved to Australia through the 1950's and early 1960's. Cheap passage and resettlement packages were offered to some professions. Members of my family were a part of this.

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Australia was a relatively new country with labour shortages in key professions. Doctors for example, were especially in demand.

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A quarter of British immigrants returned to UK. There were significant issues around food adjustment and crowding of accommodation centres. The experience was not the same for everyone. Many, including my relatives settled happily and enjoy life in Australia.

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On my visits to Australia I observe that many of the Scottish/British Diaspora are happily settled and enjoy the quality of life.

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The British diaspora in Australia perhaps bucks the trend of other studies. The indigenous people seem the ones that struggle and suffer persecution. As an independent, post colonial, primarily white country Australia seems to have enabled those of the British diaspora to feel welcome and part of society.

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The Immigrant Experience - Aspirations for Change and the end of Bulosan (3/3)

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The Immigrant Experience - Aspirations for Change and the end of Bulosan (3/3)

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Bulosan himself and his work would be blacklisted in the Red Scare of the 1950s. Denied employment, he gave in to alcoholism, dying from a combination of malnutrition and Pneumonia in 1956 in Seattle. He was 42.

I close this section with his recollection of a passage from his brother Macario:

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Filipinos in America Today (1/2) (Nursing)

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Filipinos in America Today (1/2) (Nursing)

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Filipino nurses have been arriving in the US since the end of WW2, as American women left nursing and hospitals after the war to seek new jobs, especially in the 60s and 70s. Filipinos are disproportionately put in frontline care, and are an outsized portion of US Covid deaths.

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Filipinos in America Today (2/2) (The Diaspora in Hawai'i)

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Filipinos in America Today (2/2) (The Diaspora in Hawai'i)

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Attempts to rehabilitate Filipino identity in the US have had mixed results. A sense of inferiority (Colonial Mentality is the most used term in the Philippines) distances people from their heritage, attempts at education instead led to a sense of separation over other Filipinos.

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the ship, Empire Windrush, arrived in Tilbury, Essex, from Jamaica on June 22, 1948. Figures differ, but at least 500 of the Empire Windrush's 1,027 passengers were Jamaicans.

With the arrival of the first passengers, the British government proceeded to recruit workers, especially those from the Caribbean, to assist in the rebuilding of the country. According to a national population census, there were around 161,000 persons born in the Caribbean living in England and Wales in 1961. By 1971, over 500,000 people had migrated to the United Kingdom from the Commonwealth, the majority of whom were from the Caribbean.

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This group of people would mark the beginning of the Windrush generation.

The notion of the "mother country" that was held up in the Caribbean was frequently destroyed upon arrival, sometimes within hours. The Windrush generation arrived as British subjects only to discover that they were "immigrants," frequently perceived as black outsiders who did not belong in Britain.

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Beginning in 2013, the Windrush generation began getting letters suggesting that they had no legal right to stay in the UK. They were handled as if they were illegal immigrants. Numerous people lost their jobs, homes, benefits, and access to the NHS. This was the same NHS that welcomed them in 1948 because they did jobs that others were unwilling to do. To add insult to injury, lawful citizens were detained in immigration detention centres and some were deported. Those on vacation were denied entry back into the only country they had ever known.

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Concluding Remarks (Economics and the "distance" of Filipino-Americans)

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Concluding Remarks (Economics and the "distance" of Filipino-Americans)

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Despite these issues, Filipino-Americans have an above average degree of wealth and educational attainment in the US. Filipino-Americans however are sometimes stigmatized for their perceived "distance" from Filipinos in the rest of the world.

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Case Study: Sergeii Perebeinis, man who returned to Ukraine to bury his family

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Case Study: Sergeii Perebeinis, man who returned to Ukraine to bury his family

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After his family was killed by mortar fire in Ukraine, Sergeii took the decision to return to Ukraine to bury them

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With the support of his wife's workplace, Sergeii took the decision to re-enter Kyiv despite the ongoing conflict.

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Sergeii was known to have briefly resettled in Kyiv, Ukraine. However, we are currently unsure whether he will remain in the country as there have been no further reports on his whereabouts.

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Upon resettling, as a result of high fatality rates in three of Kyiv's suburbs, his family were denied a proper burial and Sergeii was given the traumatic experience of doing it himself

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Further consequences of Sergeii's resettlement

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Further consequences of Sergeii's resettlement

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The war in Ukraine is raging with a brutal intensity, with large parts of the country very unsafe. It also stands to reason that getting in to Ukraine is a lot harder than getting out at the moment.

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Likely consequences of Sergeii's situation

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Likely consequences of Sergeii's situation

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The horrific situation Sergeii faces is certain to come with a lot of shock and trauma. As a result, his struggles faced when locating and burying his family could very likely be ever present through mental issues such as PTSD, Depression and other related side-affects.

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The most pressing consequences Sergei will face are relating to long-term mental difficulties that are associated with loss, especially loss during conflict. The war has displaced millions of Ukrainians and made it difficult to return. People like Sergeii are probably quite rare.

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As Commonwealth citizens, the Windrush immigrants were expected to find work upon arrival.

The men were likely to be offered "jobs that white workers weren’t too keen on taking", as reported by the BBC. These jobs were laborious but required no skill to complete.

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Women were usually assigned similarly arduous roles, including being orderlies, cleaners and nurses.

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I was aware that there was an Italian diaspora in Argentina, but I had never heard about the settlement of a diaspora of Palestinians in Chile. Today, the Palestinian community in Chile is the largest outside of the Middle East. It is estimated that around 400,000 Palestinian descendants currently live in Chile.

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News coverage of the riots and similar events label people of colour as "troublemakers" by the media, then by their consumers. The terms: moral panic and folk devil described how othering the Windrush Generation led to them feeling distanced and neglected by society.

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The main impulse for early waves of emigration was the Ottoman conscription law. Christians were drafted and sent to the front, sometimes unarmed, to serve as cannon fodder in battles against other Christians, in the Balkan wars and in World War I. This, coupled with the deteriorating economic situation caused by the war

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In 2018, the Guardian reported 83 cases of wrongful deportation at the height of the Windrush scandal.

The incident led many of the Winderush settlers to lose trust in the new government at the time, as influential figures condemning the scheme bided their time before compensating the victims.

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In 2017 Commonwealth citizens came under the microscope when it was announced that any undocumented migrants were to be deported.

60 years had passed since the HMS Windrush docked in a British harbour yet, and its passengers never knew they were living on borrowed time.

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The 'Hostile Environment' legislation allowed members of the public with the authority to deport Commonwealth citizens who lacked documentation. Yet for many, living in the UK was all they had known, as parents sent their children to the country for the chance of a better life.

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The policy was sent for review through a significant uproar within the community. And wrongful deportations gave citizens a platform to be heard.

After years of media scrutiny, these were undoubtedly the victims.

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The strength of the community remains as unwavering as it was over 65 years ago because community thrives in conflict.

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I decided to look at the Vietnamese Diaspora because I studied the Vietnam War at school so had a bit of background understanding of why the Vietnamese left Vietnam. However, I didn't know much about the diaspora in detail so thought it would be interesting to look into this.

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Following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, the Vietnamese Diaspora is one of the largest mass migrations of the late 20th century. More than two million people left Vietnam and moved to the United States, Australia, Canada and France.

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Vietnam was colonized by France and was part of Indochina. Ho Chi Minh and his communist government fought against the French. At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was made independent from France and the 17th parallel split Vietnam into the North and South.

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The Vietnam War and America's Involvement

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The Vietnam War and America's Involvement

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With Ho Chi Minh's communist government in the North, the United States became worried about communism spreading to South Vietnam and surrounding countries. The US supported the South Vietnamese by sending military supplies and troops. This led to Soviet support in the North.

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As Saigon is captured by the North Vietnamese, the US ordered an immediate evacuation of US personnel and South Vietnamese officials. In this image, citizens are trying to get into the American Embassy to flee Saigon. Due to the invasion, Vietnam is reunited under communist rule.

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Thousands of people faced torture and were sent to 'reeducation' camps to indoctrinate them with communist ideas. Many fled on boats to Singapore or Hong Kong. This was dangerous because of attacks from Malaysian or Thai pirates who raped the women and stole their money.

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Many of the refugees, known as 'boat people', weren't welcomed or accepted in the Southeast Asian countries, who hadn't signed the United Nations Refugee Convention. In 1979, there was an emergency UN conference to address the refugee crisis. Deals were created in many countries.

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The US President Ford authorized the evacuation and resettlement of approx. 140,000 refugees in 1975, who received a warm welcome from the US public. However, the second wave in 1978 received a colder response, which could have been linked to the US economy being in a recession.

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Many refugees settled in California, Texas and Louisiana, who found work in the seafood industry, a trade many were familiar with. In New Orleans, the Vietnamese were given houses in the same neighbourhood allowing them to create their own community and preserve their culture.

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The Vietnamese Diaspora shows how the Vietnam War and reunification of communist Vietnam had a huge impact on Vietnamese people. It also shows the United Nations involvement, the support from various countries and the response that the Vietnamese received in these new countries.

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I have chosen this topic as I believe it is important to know about as the Jewish diaspora is significant in the eyes of Israeli Jews, who also regard Israel as a Jewish state. About 70% believe that the Jewish diaspora is essential for the long-term survival of the Jewish people. They were then able to expand through Europe more quickly than other religions as a result of diaspora.

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Jewish diaspora has occurred on a large scale throughout history. The Church also became less tolerant of religious freedom during the Crusades, as Christians took up the economic roles that the Jews had previously held. Many Jews migrated from regions of modern-day Spain, France, and Germany to the east, to Poland and Lithuania.

Also, the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, which established the idea that minorities' rights should be maintained, took place after World War I. Poland signed the document. Yet, conditions for Jews residing in the regions bordering Poland and the Soviet Union were getting worse while these negotiations were taking place in Paris.

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jewish experience - the Babylonian exile

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jewish experience - the Babylonian exile

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Two significant destructions in Jerusalem's early history are well-known. One occurred when the city was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE while Nebuchadnezzar II was in power. With Babylon, which was regarded as a land of oppression, the Jewish dispersion had started. When the Babylonians conquered Jerusalem, they set fire to the city and the First Temple. Smaller communities adjacent to the kingdom's western border as well as those surrounding the metropolis were completely devastated.

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There was no extreme Jewish community prior to Oliver Cromwell's rule, with the exception of a few individuals who practised Judaism in secret. However, during the Commonwealth of England in the mid-1650s, a loose arrangement was made to resettle the Jews in England, allowing them to openly practise their religion. In an effort to legalise the Jewish population in England, the Jewish Naturalization Act of 1753 was passed, but it was only in effect for a short time.

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The resettlement took place informally, but it later had significant effects on how Jews were perceived. Cromwell instantly denied that this resistance was a target despite the fact that they still faced huge religious opposition. For the remainder of the century, the Jewish community in London remained a small matter of discussion.