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-Richard Arkwright was born January 3, 1732 and died August 3, 1792
-Richard Arkwright was a barber.  It was only when his first wife died that he became an entrepreneur.
-Before he became part of the textile industry he started a wig-making business.
-Richard Arkwright’s use of water power in his machines increased the efficiency of production.  His works would be called a water frames.
-He built a factory at Cromford in Derbyshire, which made use of his inventions and a factory system.  This revolutionized the way factories produced goods.
-His factory at Manchester was the first one to implement steam power.
-He was knighted in 1786 for his achievements.
https://www.lindahall.org/about/news/scientist-of-the-day/richard-arkwright
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/arkwright_richard.shtml
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Arkwright

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Manchester’s smoke nuisance: air pollution in the industrial city - Sahil Gupte

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Manchester’s smoke nuisance: air pollution in the industrial city - Sahil Gupte

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Coal was the primary source of energy that was used during the industrial revolution, and burning it so often had caused air pollution

The improvement of engines had made pollution even worse because they were used more often which meant more coal was being burnt.

Smoke had signified jobs for the working class, and economic success for Victorian industrialists.

People had experienced symptoms such as coughing and singing eyes because of the pollution

Burning of fossil fuels released carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which caused respiratory diseases.

Writer Hugh Miller had described Manchester by saying how the smoke had caused Manchester’s skies to be so dark and gloomy.

Mortality rates increased as a result of pollution.

Source: https://www.history.com/news/industrial-revolution-negative-effects

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Manchester's Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution in the Industrial City - Raj Vora 

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Manchester's Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution in the Industrial City - Raj Vora 

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- Coal was the dominant source of powering industry during the 19th-century

- Many people did not realize the several negative consequences of burning fossil fuels

- In 1782 the first steam-powered cotton mill was built
- 500 industrial chimneys were created by 1840 on Manchester's skylines

- Coal was associated with a thriving industry and Manchester was associated with coughing, stinging eyes, and gloom

- Burning coal was key in the air pollution of Manchester
- Creating heat energy from coal was made possible by the use of steam engines

- There were so many negatives of coal, but it was still seen as a thriving industry

- Carbon dioxide, ash, and water vapor are all products of burning coal

- Respiratory deaths and higher illness rates were most likely caused by air pollution rising

- Air pollution reached an all time high between 1760 and 1830

- Economic growth and the availability of goods increasing both contribute to the middle class gaining power

- By 1956 Manchester's smoke was reduced significantly due to the air being much cleaner and healthier

Source: https://www.history.com/news/industrial-revolution-negative-effects

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- The success of the machine was its interchangeable card that held instructions for weaving patterns
- The Jacquard machine was a better developed version of another similar machine made by Jacques de Vaucanson
- This machine could quickly reproduce any pattern and replicate it as many times as needed
- The design of this machine inspired the production and invention of early computers
- Allowed cloth to be mass produced, which caused more people being able to buy clothes because they were cheaper
- Manchester engineering companies were manufacturing this machine in 1834 and didn't stop producing them until the 1980s
-  Before this machine was made everything had to be done by hand by a weaver's assistant known as a draw boy
- Invented by a Frenchman named Joseph Marie Jacquard
- Each punch card that the machine had was assigned to a specific row of the textile pattern
- The Jacquard machine is recorded as being used in the Scottish textile industry during the 1820s
https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/science-and-technology/jacquard-loom/

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Clogs And Child Labor During The Industrial Revolution-Aanika Batra

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Clogs And Child Labor During The Industrial Revolution-Aanika Batra

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-Overcrowding, poor sanitation, the spread of diseases, and pollution all contributed to the horrible living conditions that existed in the cities and towns.
-Workers received low pay that barely enabled them to cover the cost of living, which included their rent and food.
-Children typically earned much less for doing the same task than adults did.
-Children were paid between 10 and 20 percent less than adults.
-Kids were typically more cooperative than adults in terms of finishing tasks and taking consequences.
-Manchester turned into a city that made and sold cloth. Despite the city's struggles with both prosperity and poverty, a new working class was created. These workers would have to suffer extreme poverty as some cotton mills will close.
-People living in Manchester's poorest neighborhoods may get food, clothing, and a basic education at the Charter Street school.

Source:
https://www.historycrunch.com/child-labor-in-the-industrial-revolution.html#/

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Manchester’s smoke nuisance: air pollution in the industrial city - Gokul Krishnaswamy

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Manchester’s smoke nuisance: air pollution in the industrial city - Gokul Krishnaswamy

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Since many people did not know the consequences of burning fossil fuels, coal become one of the major sources of energy.

Coughing, stinging eyes, and gloom was associated with Manchester.

People who visited Manchester were shocked by the amount of smoke and foul smell that the city created.

This air pollution was known as “the smoke nuisance”.

The coal smoke was a sign of success for Victorian industrialists while the chimneys were signs of jobs for the working class.

Anti-pollution activists focused on the point that the amount of black smoke indicated the amount of potential energy that was being wasted and that the entrepreneurs were losing some of their profits.

The activists also tried to convince the owners of the factories to use more efficient steam boilers to burn the coal more efficiently.

Writer Hugh Miller described how each chimney had its own layer of darkness at its exit point.

Since air pollution increased, many people were infected with respiratory diseases, which also increased the death rate of areas that burnt more coal.

The high amounts of smoke that were released into the air is one of the major reasons why the world is currently facing climate change.

https://www.history.com/news/industrial-revolution-negative-effects

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Manchester’s Slums and Suburbs- Sai Bulusu

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Manchester’s Slums and Suburbs- Sai Bulusu

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- Manchester was growing famous by the 19th century because of it’s trade and the urban environments it created
-Many people moved to Manchester in order to start a new life and have a better future because of the large number of opportunities it allows people to have
- As more and more people came to take advantage of this opportunity overpopulation began and the towns population increased by almost 100000 in about 40 years
-Manchester gained a reputation of being filthy and overcrowded in Britain and it became very unsanitary because there was too many people for one city to provide for
-People started dying due to new diseases forming and since the unsanitary environments were so high the life expectancy was on the age of 17
- Some examples of diseases included typhoid and dysentery and the spread really quickly
- There was no clean water and only 1/4 of the house in the town got clean water
-The growth of this town was mainly because of the cotton industry
-most families that moved here had a rise in their incomes but a lot of the families just had a worse life because of the death rate and unsanitary
-Manchester was hit with the cholera epidemic which was a big hit and killed many people
Link:https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/manchester-in-the-19th-century

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Leather clogs and child labor: Sayee Deshpande 

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Leather clogs and child labor: Sayee Deshpande 

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-Leather clogs were shoes that all working women, children, and men would wear.

-children that wore these shoes never owned them.

-the Charter Street Ragged School lent the shoes to the children’s families that couldn’t afford them.

-the cotton turned Manchester into a city that spun and weaved cloth to sell. Though the city was facing both poverty and wealth, a new community of workers was created.

-Since some cotton mills would shut down, those workers would have to experience severe poverty. The Charter Street school provided food, clothing, and basic education to the people living in Manchester’s worst slum.

Second source: https://www.historycrunch.com/child-labor-in-the-industrial-revolution.html#/

-child labor was common in the 18th century. Workers earned low wages, which forced them to make their underage children work in unsafe facilities.

-hiring children had many benefits for the employers: they got to pay them less, children were more obedient, and could fit into tighter spaces due to their smaller size.

-children were abused in their workspaces. They would get beaten and punished, and had to work 12-16 hour shifts everyday.

-Children faced several injuries, and some even died. One girl’s apron had gotten caught in some machinery, causing her to get stuck, spun around, and die. Additionally, because children were forced to unclog machines, most developed severe hand and finger injuries.

https://www.historycrunch.com/child-labor-in-the-industrial-revolution.html#/

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 MANCHESTER’S SMOKE NUISANCE: AIR POLLUTION IN THE INDUSTRIAL CITY ~ Abhi Adapala 

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 MANCHESTER’S SMOKE NUISANCE: AIR POLLUTION IN THE INDUSTRIAL CITY ~ Abhi Adapala 

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1) Coal was the main source of energy and power in the 19th century
2) People were inhaling poisonous gases produced by the machines back then. 9 out of 10 deaths were caused by air pollution
3) Due to the advances in technology, and finding more and more use cases for coal the air got worse and worse. There were almost 500 smoke it industrial chimney.
4) The burning of cool id vary dangours and toxic to people. The gasses it produces when inhaled can lead to death.
5) The Manchester Association for the Prevention of Smoke was founded in 1842 in order to reduce air pollution in Manchester
6) People started to make much more efficient ways to use coal such as making better engines for trains. They soon adopted gas power engines witches was much more efficient and was better for the environment
7)  By 1956 the air was much cleaner and healthier to breathe. Now due to all these advancements there is no more smoke in Manchester

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This is a picture of the Water Frame, which was invented by Arkwright around 1775. It propelled  Britain into the Industrial Revolution.

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RICHARD ARKWRIGHT: FATHER OF THE FACTORY SYSTEM - Vivaan Bendapudi

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RICHARD ARKWRIGHT: FATHER OF THE FACTORY SYSTEM - Vivaan Bendapudi

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Richard Arkwright was born in 1732 into a poor family from Preston. before pursuing cotton spinning, he had a successful  wig-making and hair-cutting business in Bolton

In 1767, Richard Arkwright met John Kay, a clockmaker who could help him build his machine. Kay was able to help him build a prototype, which was driven by horsepower. the cotton fibers were pulled out by the machine's moving rollers, which resembled the motion of a hand spinner's fingers.

Arkwright would make important changes to his machine. He would find the perfect spacing for the rollers that pulled out the cotton fibers. He added some extra weight to the top set of rollers to make sure the bottom rollers can grip to them tightly. These changes would be very important, as he was the first one to do it, which led his apart from the competition

In 1769, Arkwright’s machine would become a patented product. He opened a factory in Cromford, Derbyshire to make more machines and make a bunch of money.

The spinning machine, now called the Water Frame was finally developed by Arkwright around 1775. The machine could only be driven by water wheels, powered using water from Arkwright’s mill in Cromford

The Water Frame allowed for higher quality and stronger yarn. This would lead to Arkwright becoming extremely rich, and solidifying Britain as a leader in the Industrial Revolution, and as a superpower on Earth.

After Arkwright’s death in 1792, people started seeing the value of having factories. Arkwright would influence the industrialize of other industries in Britain, like the steel industry, which would become very powerful. Overall, the works of Arkwright helped propel Britain into the Industrial Revolution, and as a superpower.

Link: https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/richard-arkwright-and-his-wonderful-machine-the-water-frame

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Clogs and Child Poverty During the Industrial Revolution : Allyson Escudero

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Clogs and Child Poverty During the Industrial Revolution : Allyson Escudero

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https://www.historycrunch.com/child-labor-in-the-industrial-revolution.html#/

Clogs were work shoes for Manchester women, children, and men

Children who wore clogs didn’t own them, they were borrowed by Charter Street Ragged School in Angel Meadow

Charter Ragged School gave clogs to families that couldn’t afford them for their children

“CSRS loaned, not to be pawned” were imprinted on the clogs to prevent poor children and their families to pawn them for money

Workers were able to gain good wages in Manchester’s textile mills, but work was never guaranteed

Textile mills could’ve been shut down by cotton shortages and low demand for cloth, which left workers without wages

This caused people to have problems with food, clothes, and a place to live at.

Schools like Charter Street helped with providing food, clothing, and education to Manchester’s poor people in the middle of the 19th century

Children were hired to work because owners could get away with not paying them enough

Children who worked could fit in tight spaces in mines which the owner benefitted from

Children experienced abuse in their work environment and were punished often compared to adults

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HISTORY CRUNCH - History Articles, Biographies, Infographics, Resources and More

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The Industrial Revolution was a major event in world history and had a profound effect on societies around the world. In particular, the Industrial Revolution impacted the lives of working class people and the children of industrial societies. Child labor was a common feature in industrial societies as children as young as four years old were often employed in the factories and mines that developed during the time. This was particularly true in Britain, where the Industrial Revolution first began in the 1700s.

Child labor was especially common in the late 18th century, during the early years of the Industrial Revolution. At the time, industrial cities and towns grew dramatically due to the migration of farmers and their families who were looking for work in the newly developed factories and mines. The living conditions in the cities and towns were miserable and characterized by: overcrowding, poor sanitation, spread of diseases, and pollution. As well, workers were paid low wages that barely allowed them to afford the cost of living associated with their rent and food. As a result, many of these working-class families needed the extra income that their children earned while working.

The factories and mines of the late 18th century and early 19th century were dangerous and unforgiving places to work in. The working conditions that working-class people faced were known to include: long hours of work (12-16 hour shifts), low wages that barely covered the cost of living, and workplaces with little or no rights. These conditions were difficult for all workers but especially so for children. As such, children often faced incredible hardships and suffered abuse in the workplace. To better understand the situation, its first important to understand the political ideology of the time, which historians refer to as classical liberalism. Classical liberalism is an ideology characterized by laissez-faire capitalism, which means that the government played as little a role in the economy as possible. As a result, there were little to no rules in place for workers in the Industrial Revolution, and the wealthy owners could act in any manner that they wanted. For example, the factories and mines were incredibly dangerous places with very few safeguards.

Because children were small and could fit into tighter spaces, they were often tasked with unclogging machines that had stopped operating. As a result, children often suffered horrible injuries to their hands and fingers when the machines suddenly began working again. For example, a doctor from Manchester, England gave the following report in an 1819 interview. "When I was a surgeon in the infirmary, accidents were very often admitted to the infirmary, through the children's hands and arms having being caught in the machinery; in many instances the muscles, and the skin is stripped down to the bone, and in some instances a finger or two might be lost. Last summer I visited Lever Street School. The number of children at that time in the school, who were employed in factories, was 106. The number of children who had received injuries from the machinery amounted to very nearly one half. There were forty-seven injured in this way." As his report suggests, the injuries that the children suffered were painful and disfiguring and relatively common.

Another hardship that many workers faced in the factories was the grueling heat produced by the numerous machines. Factories in the Industrial Revolution were cramped and contained spaces. Often times, they were built without windows or proper ventilation and as a result the machines would quickly cause the inside temperature of the factory to increase dramatically. For example, in 1824, William Cobbett, a British parliamentarian commented on his visit to a factory. "What... must be the situation of the poor children who are doomed to toil fourteen hours a day, in an average of eighty-two degrees? Can any man, with a heart in his body, and a tongue in his head, refrain from cursing a system that produces such slavery and such cruelty?"

Not only were children forced to work in hot, dangerous and cramped conditions, but if they were injured on the job they had little to no rights to receive compensation. Because the government practised laissez-faire capitalism, this meant that they did not have initiatives in place to force factories to protect workers or to compensate them when they became injured and could no longer work. For example, a report from the British House of Commons in 1832 commented that "workers are often abandoned from the moment that an accident occurs; their wages are stopped, no medical attendance is provided, and whatever the extent of the injury, no compensation is afforded."

As well as working in factories, many children were also employed in coal mines. Coal was one of the key resources necessary for industrialization and one of the reasons that Britain was the first country to industrialize in the 1700s. As well, with the creation of the steam engine, coal became an even more important resource as it was used to power the factories and methods of transportation, such as: ships and trains. Children were used in coal mines to do all sorts of work. In general, their small bodies were ideal for going into deep channels in order to carry coal to the surface. This was a common job completed by children and involved them being connected to a coal cart by a strap so that they could pull the cart of coal behind them. As well, children were also used to sort coal and remove any impurities. Coal mining was difficult and dangerous work for children for several reasons, including: the mine shafts were constantly susceptible to collapse and the air quality was extremely poor and led to breathing problems.

In all, child labor was a common feature of the Industrial Revolution and involved children suffering under horrible and abusive conditions. Whether it was in factories, mines or other workplaces, children were expected to work in hot and dangerous conditions for low amounts of pay and long gruelling hours.

The first major legislation created to place limits on child labor were a series of Factory Acts passed by the British parliament throughout the 1800s. These acts limited the number of hours that children could work and placed regulations on workplaces in terms of safety and cleanliness. For example, by 1819, the Factory Acts limited the workday for British children at 12 hours. By 1833, child labor was further regulated when it became illegal for children under 9 years old to work, and children under 13 were not allowed to work more than 9 hours a day.

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child labor in the industrial revolution

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child labor in the industrial revolution

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child labor in the industrial revolution

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child labor in the industrial revolution

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Child Labor in the Industrial Revolution

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Child Labor in the Industrial Revolution - Child labor was especially common in the late 18th century, during the early years of the Industrial Revolution. At the time, industrial cities and towns grew dramatically due to the migration of farmers and the

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Manchester Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution in the Industrial City: By Aahan Inamdar

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Manchester Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution in the Industrial City: By Aahan Inamdar

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The Primary source of air pollution were the emissions from burning fossil fuels. Ex: Coal

People who visited Manchester were disgusted by the amount of smoke.

Dirt, fumes, smoke, and other chemicals came out of the many chimneys in Manchester

Workers and residents suffered dark smoke filled skies, disgusting homes, and dirty clothes.

There were many respiratory diseases that were mostly fatal.

At the time, this was known as ‘The Smoke Nuisance’.

Even though with all of these negatives, smoke was seen as a thriving industry, economic success, and technological progress

Workers saw the smoke as job opportunity’s

Many groups such as the Manchester and Sanford Noxious Vapors Abatement Association warned people about chemical pollutants in the air.

Before the 1900’s, respiratory diseases were barely heard of.

Methane gas would also be used to generate electricity in order to try to make the city more prosperous and healthy.

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Manchester Air Pollution: By Shaurya Kumar

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Manchester Air Pollution: By Shaurya Kumar

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- Manchester was one of the first places to get industrialized
- it grew from a small village to a large town extremely quickly
- Pollution from factories caused many health problems for people and animals that were living there and caused the environment to be almost unlivable in.
- In 1781 a the first generation of textile industries was created and was the cause of the increase of more factories
- Manchester was surrounded by a lot of coal close to the surface and was a major reason why Manchester became industrialized
- Manchester was so clouded by pollution and poisonous gasses that you could barely see the sky
- Living conditions were overcrowding, poor sanitation, pollution, and spread of disease
- Spurces: https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/manchester-in-the-19th-century
- Manchester goeth was due to their reliance on factories mainly the cotton industry
- The city’s workers were always employed due the need for workers in factories
- For the middle class and poor life was described as hell on earth because their were frequent fires, they lived with another family, bad hygiene, and disease

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Manchester’s smoke nuisance : Air pollution in the industrial city By Riya Ramgopal 

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Manchester’s smoke nuisance : Air pollution in the industrial city By Riya Ramgopal 

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-In 19th century Manchester coal was established as the dominant source of power for the industry

-Coal introduced a new source of air and water pollution

-At the time no one knew what the long-term effects of burning fossil fuels would be

-The smog and soot resulting from the coal lead to serious health impacts on the residents of urban centers

-Coughs, stringing eyes, as well as a perpetual gloom became synonymous with Manchester

-Coal powering steam engines powered Manchester’s towering cotton mills

-Residents and factory workers suffered from dirty clothes, respiratory diseases , and increased mortality

-The air pollution in Manchester was known as “The smoke nuisance”

-Acid rain soon became a problem that resulted from coal powered plants

-Smoke became a signifier of technological progress and economic success

Links:

https://www.history.com/topics/natural-disasters-and-environment/water-and-air-pollution#section_1

https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/air-pollution

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Carding Engine by Richard Arkwright used in around 1800:  Tanishhkaa Kumar                                                                       •	Richard Arkwright invented this carding engine.                                                                                    •	The machine’s teeth brushed through raw cotton into long smooth strands, readying for spinning.                                                                                •	This machine was used in Arkwright’s cotton mill in Derbyshire.                                                                          •	“Hand cards” were people who witch brushes hand brushed the raw cotton or wood, they were replaced by the carding engine.                                              •	After the industrial revolution and before World War II, these carders were all men.                       •	This machine is important because it helped speed up the production of cotton threads, it took away the dependence on physical labor from humans for factory owners.                                                  •	Before this machine replaced hand carders, they were payed the amount that they produced, to work a little work pressure on them. 

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Carding Engine by Richard Arkwright used in around 1800:  Tanishhkaa Kumar                                                                       •	Richard Arkwright invented this carding engine.                                                                                    •	The machine’s teeth brushed through raw cotton into long smooth strands, readying for spinning.                                                                                •	This machine was used in Arkwright’s cotton mill in Derbyshire.                                                                          •	“Hand cards” were people who witch brushes hand brushed the raw cotton or wood, they were replaced by the carding engine.                                              •	After the industrial revolution and before World War II, these carders were all men.                       •	This machine is important because it helped speed up the production of cotton threads, it took away the dependence on physical labor from humans for factory owners.                                                  •	Before this machine replaced hand carders, they were payed the amount that they produced, to work a little work pressure on them. 

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External Links: https://millmuseum.org/carding/

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Windham Textile and History Museum - The Mill Museum

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The large machine in front of you is an industrial carding machine. It was manufactured around 1890 by the Saco-Lowell Company, which had plants in Maine and Massachusetts. Carding machines replaced hand cards - hand-held steel brushes with wooden handles once used to comb raw cotton or wool to get all the fibers aligned, a prerequisite for spinning. At one end of the machine, a combination of rollers and gears known as a "licker-in" feeds in a sheet of raw, uncombed cotton or wool called "lap." At the other end, a steel roller called a "doffer" pulls out the finished product, a long strand of cotton or wool known as "sliver," about as big around as a person's finger. Carding machines were much faster than carding by hand, but they were also more dangerous. The center of the carding machine is a massive, rotating steel drum set with steel bristles, against which also rotated a belt of steel "flats," which also had bristles. Frequently, carders - the workers who operated carding machines - got fingers, hands, or arms crushed by the heavy drums, or severed by the powerful gears. Carders were paid by the amount of sliver that they produced, so they often felt pressured to "speed up," thereby increasing the chances of accidents. Here in Willimantic, until World War II, carders were all men, as the job was considered too dangerous for women. Beginning during World War II, though, women also became carders. Carding machines were powered by big leather belts, stretching up to heavy drive-and-pulley systems mounted on the ceiling, which in turn were powered either by central waterwheels (before the 1870s) or steam engines (after the 1870s). In the 20 th century, electric motors slowly replaced steam as the main source of power. Carding machines are massive. This one is so big and heavy, that the Museum had to reinforce the floor to keep it from sagging, and we had to temporarily enlarge the door just to get the machine into the building.

https://listen.crisradio.org/wire/willimantictextile/10262_TEXTILECARDING.mp3

This audible exhibit is made possible through the generosity of Connecticut Humanities, the Willimantic Lions Club, the Rose and Leo Pageau Trust, and and CRIS Access of CRIS Radio.

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Factory Floor Audible Exhibit 3: CardingThe large machine in front of you is an industrial carding machine. It was manufactured around 1890 by the Saco-Lowell Company, which had plants in Maine and Massachusetts. Carding machines replaced hand cards - hand-held steel brushes with wooden handles once used to comb raw cotton or wool to get...

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The Horrible Air Pollution at Manchester By Aryan Sikka 

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The Horrible Air Pollution at Manchester By Aryan Sikka 

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- This situation deteriorated because humans burnt coal more frequently as technology advanced, which increased air pollution.
-The industrial revolution as a whole, as well as the primary contributors to air pollution, were coal and cotton.
-There were several instances of coughing, stinging eyes, and constant darkness in Manchester due to the air pollution.
-Residents nearby had to deal with repercussions including gloomy, overcast skies, filthy houses and clothes, respiratory illnesses, and a rise in mortality.
-As more individuals moved to Manchester to begin new lives, they began working in industries. As a result, there will be a rise in both the amount of pollution and the number of individuals impacted by it.
- Some people became aware of this issue and sought to address it, but at the time it was very challenging to do so due to the world's continued industrialisation.
- Because Manchester was the core of the coal industry, the area around Manchester used a lot of coal.

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John Dalton and his Atomic Theories In Manchester.

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John Dalton and his Atomic Theories In Manchester.

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- Dalton was Born in Cumbria in 1766 and he became the principle at a Quaker school. He moved to Manchester to tutor in natural philosophy and science at the Manchester Academy.
- Dalton was interested in the elements that make up the atmosphere and, consequently, how those elements combine to generate gases. In 1801, he developed the Law of Partial Pressures, which states that the combined pressure of a gas is equal to the total of the individual pressures that each of its components would experience if they were in the same location. He also created the law governing gases' thermal expansion.
- Dalton laid out the first table of atomic weights quite casually at the conclusion of a paper he wrote in 1803 on the absorption of gases by liquids. He was inspired by the positive response this presentation got and continued to refine his theory in lectures given to the Royal Society in 1803–1804 and later in his New System of Chemical Philosophy
- The New System of Chemical Philosophy states: Every particle of water is like every other particle of water; every particle of hydrogen is like every other particle of hydrogen... Chemical analysis and synthesis go no farther than to the separation of particles one from another, and to their reunion. No new creation or destruction of matter is within the reach of chemical agency.
-  Dalton's theory was founded on the idea that every element has a distinct type of indivisible atom that makes up that element; atoms of the same element are all similar but differ from atoms of other elements.
- The atoms of the 20 elements Dalton was aware of at the time were given atomic weights, which is an important step. This was a ground-breaking idea at the time that helped shape the periodic table of the elements later in the 19th century.
- Dalton also had many other discoveries pertaining to color blindness, Daltonism and The aurora borealis.

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William Henry Perkin and the World’s First Synthetic Dye by Pratham Saxena

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William Henry Perkin and the World’s First Synthetic Dye by Pratham Saxena

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On August 26, 1856, the first synthetic dye was patented by William Henry Perkin.

Perkin was a research chemist that discovered the dye by accident.

Perkin was tasked with helping to develop a treatment for malaria.

Perkin conducted experiments using aniline which is a colorless oil made from tar.

Perkins oxidized the aniline with potassium dichromate that made a black precipitate.

When the color is removed from the black precipitate, it forms a purple dye.

Perkins named the dye Mauveine and his discovery would completely change the dyeing industry and formed the modern chemical industry.

Source: https://blog.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/worlds-first-synthetic-dye/

From another source: https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/william-henry-perkin

Perkins' discovery not only affected the chemical industry but also the pharmaceutical industry.

Perkins named the purple color of the dye mauve.

After his discovery, Perkins retired and spent the rest of his life doing research on various subjects of chemistry.

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Manchester’s Cotton Industry by Anish Rachakonda

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Manchester’s Cotton Industry by Anish Rachakonda

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https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/whats-on/textiles-gallery

1. Cotton was a major reason why Manchester looks like a urban metropolis
2.  This industry created many opportunities, and brought many people great wealth as there were many factories available for work. Many people seized the opportunity and became wealthy.
3. In the 1860’s, 80% of cotton was grown by enslaved African Americans and this occurred right before the Civil War. This is because white people still believed in slavery, and caused one big shift in history.
4. Manchester was nicknamed Cottonopolis as they really changed the world with this industry.
5. Human exploitation, slavery, was one of the main reasons why there was an excess amount of cotton. Since there was an excess amount of cotton, many of it had to be thrown away, and was a big waste.
6.  This Industry really kicked off the Industrial Revolution
7. At its highest, Manchester imported up to one billion cotton a year!

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Manchester’s Air Pollution by: Nitin Malli

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Manchester’s Air Pollution by: Nitin Malli

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https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/may/29/manchester-report-climate-change
- The air pollution in Manchester caused there to be many cases of coughs, stinging eyes, and perpetual gloom.
- This caused residents near the area to go through consequences such as dismal, dark skies, dirty homes and clothes, and respiratory disease and increased mortality.
- This situation became worse because as the machines started to advance, the more that the people burned coal, which caused even more pollution in the air.
-  Coal and cotton were the main causes of the air pollution as well as the industrial revolution as a whole.
-  As more people started to move to Manchester to start a new life, and they start to work in factories. This causes the amount of pollution to increase, and the number of people affected by this will also increase.
- Manchester was an epicenter for the production of coal, so the coal usage especially in the area of Manchester was very high.
- Some people noticed this problem, and wanted to fix it, but during this time it was really hard to solve this problem because the industrialization of the world keeps expanding.

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A depiction of the usage of a Jacquard loom. Punched paper is fed into the machine on the right, and thread is being fed into the machine. 

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The Jacquard Machine and its Influence on both Early Programming and the textile industry

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The Jacquard Machine and its Influence on both Early Programming and the textile industry

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Joseph-Marie Jacquard had created a machine based on an earlier design by Jacques Vaucanson.

The machine had allowed the creation of patterned cloth to become much easier to produce and therefore cheaper.

The way a typical piece of fabric is weaved into patterns is on a loom where threads are weaved around each other in specific ways, but those specific patterns before Jacquard’s innovation had to be manually created.

Punching cards, an early form of computing, were used in order to produce certain patterns automatically, and were able to be used for perfect replication.

Designs were made prior to their mass production and were painted on square paper, which was then specifically punched to make it so that for each blank square a hole is punched.

The holes in the paper are used to allow only specific weaving pins to move through, creating a pattern as threads move across the Jacquard mechanism.

Jacquard’s work in the textile industry was lucrative, due to how valuable and popular patterned textiles were.

His punched cards system was used by Charles Babbage for his Analytical Engine.

In order to use and input data to his machine, Herman Hollerith used the punched card system.

Punched cards were used for data in the 1900’s and were replaced by electronics.

Sources:
https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/jacquard-loom
https://www.britannica.com/technology/Jacquard-loom

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Tiny Clogs and Child Poverty (Steven Beck)

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Tiny Clogs and Child Poverty (Steven Beck)

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-Clogs were used by industrial working men, women, and children
-Some clogs would be lent by schools to children
-These would be stamped with “not to pawned” to prevent poor people from pawning them
-Even though those working in the mills made good wages, mills were constantly being shut down
-This lead to rampant poverty, with people struggling to afford food, places to live, and clothes.
-Because of the poverty, “ragged” schools would provide food clothing and education to poor people
-The clothing that would be provided would be considered to be “borrowed” as shown by the clogs stamped not to be pawned.

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One of the most poignant objects to be added in to the textiles gallery is a tiny pair of leather children's clogs dating from around 1870.

Practical and hardwearing, clogs were the work-a-day shoe of industrial Manchester's women, children and men. What is unusual about this pair is that the children who wore them never owned them. They were lent by Charter Street Ragged School in Angel Meadow to children whose families could not afford to buy shoes. They are stamped 'CSRS loaned, not to be pawned', to stop poor children or their families pawning them for money.

The clogs were selected for the gallery to show the precarious lives of industrial Manchester's workforce.

Workers could earn good wages in Manchester's textile mills, but work was never guaranteed. Cotton shortages or low demand for cloth could shut the mills. Workers then had to go without wages. Many struggled to afford food, clothes and a place to live. So called 'ragged' schools like Charter Street in Angel Meadow, by the middle of the 19 th century one of Manchester's worst slum districts, provided food, clothing and basic education to Manchester's poorest people.

Other new items added in to the gallery include a cotton gin that tells part of the devastating story of slavery and a host of colourful shipper's tickets featuring exotic and unusual designs.

The gallery will paint a vivid picture of how cotton transformed Manchester into a city like nothing the world had ever seen before, populated by ingenious makers and determined profit seekers, spinning and weaving cloth to sell around the globe. In this sprawling, swarming, rain-soaked city of extreme wealth and poverty, the cotton industry reshaped the lives of Manchester people, creating a new kind of urban community.

As well as the new items, much-loved objects from the gallery's current form, such as Richard Arkwright's incredible Water Frame that revolutionised cotton production, will be redisplayed in a way that will increase visitors' enjoyment, and the ever-popular Explainer shows among the working mill machinery have been updated to give an even deeper and more exciting insight into the birth of the industrial revolution.

The Textiles Gallery reopens on Saturday 21 July 2018. Admission is free.

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Tiny clogs and child poverty in the Industrial Revolution

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One of the most poignant objects to be added in to the textiles gallery is a tiny pair of leather children's clogs dating from around 1870. Practical and hardwearing, clogs were the work-a-day shoe of industrial Manchester's women, children and men. What is unusual about this pair is that the children who wore them never owned them.

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The Jacquard machine using the hole punched cards to create a sort of hexagonal pattern on a piece of cloth

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The Jacquard Machine by Saharsh Duddilla

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The Jacquard Machine by Saharsh Duddilla

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Joseph-Marie Jacquard is a French weaver that created the Jacquard Machine - a weaving machine

Joseph’s machine was patented in 1804 - his machine changed the way people created patterned clothing

The machine was very popular due to its efficiency - causing the price of patterned cloth to drop

The Jacquard machine was also available to many and was affordable to a wide amount of buyers

The Jacquard machine used hole-punched cards that would give directions to a machine on how a pattern should be made on a piece of cloth - this way patterns can easily be replicated

Pattern books were filled with hole punched cards that contained instructions for certain patterns

The invention of the jacquard machine inspired many people in the future to start making their own ultimately leading to the creation of computers

Jacquard machines were applied to creat flat fabrics, terry, carpeting, velvets, narrow fabrics, and fabrics using 3D weaving

The jacquard machine was able to be at its most productive point when using the jacquard harnesses - inventions custom built for optimal performance of the jacquard machine

External Source: https://www.staubli.com/hk/en/textile/products/jacquard-weaving.html

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Textile machines used for Cotton spinning, and cotton production in Manchester by Allen Joseph

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Textile machines used for Cotton spinning, and cotton production in Manchester by Allen Joseph

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Manchester was formally known as “cottonopolis” because of its well known international cotton industry

The city brought in up to a billion tones of cotton in a single year

In 1860 around 80 percent of cotton made in Manchester was grown by slaves on plantations

In cotton mills the air contains this incredibly damaging fiberous dust which can cause issues with breathing

McConnel and Kennedy were some of the largest textiles manufacturers, accumulating large amounts of wealth from cotton spinning

A spinning mule was a textile machine specifically used for spinning cotton

The worlds first intercity railway the Manchester terminus, was mainly created to increase the movement speed of their transportation of cotton.

research conducted on my own:

The first modern mill was Richard Arkwright’s Cromford Mill which was built in 1771

The United States supplied 61 percent of the worlds cotton by the 19th century

The process of cotton  collection generated around 200,000 pounds which roughly translates to around 23 million dollars annually.
http://revealinghistories.org.uk/why-was-cotton-so-important-in-north-west-england/articles/manchester-and-cotton-cloth.html

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Water and sanitation in the first industrial city 

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Water and sanitation in the first industrial city 

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Ashley Drobbin https://www.thoughtco.com/public-health-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221641

Water and sanitation in the the first industrial city:

in 1832 only 10% of Britain is healthy

In 1848 the public health act was created. This allowed inspectors to look at places where the death rate was over 23/1000.

In 1872, a food and drink act was published to improve diets.

Manchester had a reputation as one of the dirtiest cities in Great Britain

Privys were shared with about 30 families

Manchesters sewer system was inadequate, designed mostly to catch the rain.

Working people protested the need for environmental change in the 1850’s. This drove the need for change.