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hɪər ɪz ˈaʊə njuː Padlet's lɪŋk. aɪl siː juː ðeə

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Activity 5 - Watch the video. Then answer the questions below.

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Activity 5 - Watch the video. Then answer the questions below.

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What surprised you the most about the history of chocolate?

How did European explorers and settlers encounter and perceive both corn and chocolate? What were their initial reactions and eventual acceptance of these new foods?

Both corn and chocolate have undergone transformations in their forms and uses. How did technological advancements, such as the cocoa press for chocolate and the development of corn hybrids, change the way they were consumed and produced?

In what ways can individuals contribute to promoting ethical and sustainable practices in the chocolate industry?

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Starting off - Brainstorm! Read the questions below before we start.

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Starting off - Brainstorm! Read the questions below before we start.

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1. Do you consume any of these items (chocolate, cheese, or corn)?

2. Which one among them do you eat the most?

3. How often do you consume them in your daily life?

4. Can you think of any specific dishes or products that include chocolate, cheese, or corn as key ingredients?

5. Have you ever wondered about the origins and history of chocolate, cheese, or corn?

6. Are you aware of any cultural or traditional significance associated with these foods in your region or country?

7. How do you think the production and consumption of these foods have evolved over time?

8. Have you noticed any environmental or health concerns related to the production or consumption of them?

9. What role do you think chocolate, cheese, or corn play in the global food industry and trade networks?

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Conocotion  -  a mixture of various ingredients or elements.

A staple crop - by definition, dominates the major part of our diet and supplies a major proportion of our energy and nutrient needs

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Activity 4  -  Sentence Structure: Rearrange the jumbled elements to reconstruct grammatically correct sentences.

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Activity 4  -  Sentence Structure: Rearrange the jumbled elements to reconstruct grammatically correct sentences.

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If you can't imagine life without chocolate, you're lucky you weren't born before the 16th century. Until then, chocolate only existed in Mesoamerica in a form quite different from what we know. As far back as 1900 BCE, the people of that region had learned to prepare the beans of the native cacao tree. The earliest records tell us the beans were ground and mixed with cornmeal and chili peppers to create a drink -- not a relaxing cup of hot cocoa, but a bitter invigorating concoction frothing with foam. And if you thought we make a big deal about chocolate today, the Mesoamericans had us beat. They believed that cacao was a heavenly food gifted to humans by a feathered serpent god known to the Maya as Kukulkan and the Aztecs as Quetzalcoatl. Aztecs used cocoa beans as currency and drank chocolate at royal feasts, gave it to soldiers as a reward for success in battle, and used it in rituals.

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https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-history-of-chocolate-deanna-pucciarelli

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Cocoa grows only 20° north and south of the equator. Click here to see the major growing regions. There are many chocolate timelines, here is a brief sequencing of innovations and discoveries listed on a commercial chocolate of the month club.

Etymologists trace the origin of the word "chocolate" to the Aztec word "xocoatl," which referred to a bitter drink brewed from cacao beans. The late Sophie Coe and her husband Michael Coe posit in their book the True History of Chocolate that the earliest linguistic evidence of chocolate consumption stretches back three thousand years, to pre-Columbian cultures of Mesoamerica such as the Olmec. Why would a very bitter substance, cacao beans, encased in a shell be chosen as the consumable while the white, sweet pulp surrounding the cocoa beans not be eaten as a fruit nectar, or fermented into an alcoholic beverage? Perhaps both occurred at the same time, but we do not have evidence to suggest that the pulp was desired above the cacao beans; whereas, pottery remains, codices and other writings record the long use of cacao bean consumption.

Today farmers and scientists understand how crucial the pulp's role is to fermenting cacao beans. In fact, without the contact of the cacao beans to the pulp mixture while held at a steady temperature you end up with an inferior tasting chocolate product. There are at least 12 steps in the processing of cacao beans: (1) harvest the pods; (2) ferment the beans; (3) dry the beans in the sun and rake so that they do not get sunburn; (4) sort according to size; (5) Roast; (6) Winnow (crack outer shell covering and discard); (7) Grind nibs into a paste; (8) Press cocoa mass to separate butter from chocolate liquor; (9) Add ingredients (sugar, milk- for milk chocolate); (10) Conch (refine the particle size to 10-15 microns); Temper (changes sugar crystals' chemical structure); (11) Mold; and (12) package for distribution. Chocolate is a highly processed food. Learn more at this link: The Science of Chocolate.

Chocolate production comes with environmental and societal concerns. Most of the world's cacao pre-manufacturing production (steps 1-4 above) takes place in West Africa. Within the top producing countries, Ivory Coast and Ghana, there are high rates of poverty and low levels of education. Many families living in poverty resort to hiring out their children to the cacao plantations at harvest times. Some children are enlisted to work the plantations without consent. There are two harvests per year, and both take place during the school year. Leaders from cacao producing regions acknowledge this problem and are working to eliminate the worst abuses. This Smithsonian Magazine article, The Economics of Chocolate, has more information.

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The history of chocolate - Deanna Pucciarelli

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If you can't imagine life without chocolate, you're lucky you weren't born before the 16th century. Until then, chocolate only existed as a bitter, foamy drink in Mesoamerica. So how did we get from a bitter beverage to the chocolate bars of today? Deanna Pucciarelli traces the fascinating and often cruel history of chocolate.

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Activity 1 - Before watching the video. Fill in the gaps with the highlighted words below.

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Activity 1 - Before watching the video. Fill in the gaps with the highlighted words below.

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While | technological| between | however | partly | domesticated  | varieties | quickly

The History of Corn

Corn currently accounts for more than one-tenth of our global crop production.
The United States alone has enough cornfields to cover Germany. But while other crops we grow come in a range of varieties, over 99% of cultivated corn is the exact same type: Yellow Dent number 2.
This means that humans grow more Yellow Dent number 2 than any other plant on the planet.
So how did this single variety of this single plant become the biggest success story in agricultural history?
Nearly 9,000 years ago, corn, also called maize, was first domesticated from teosinte, a grass native to Mesoamerica.
Teosinte's rock-hard seeds were barely edible, but its fibrous husk could be turned into a versatile material.
Over the next 4,700 years, farmers bred the plant into a staple crop, with larger cobs and edible kernels.
As maize spread throughout the Americas, it took on an important role, with multiple indigenous societies revering a "Corn Mother" as the goddess who created agriculture.
When Europeans first arrived in America, they shunned the strange plant.
Many even believed it was the source of physical and cultural differences between them and the Mesoamericans. However, their attempts to cultivate European crops in American soil quickly failed, and the settlers were forced to expand their diet.
Finding the crop to their taste, maize soon crossed the Atlantic, where its ability to grow in diverse climates made it a popular grain in many European countries.
But the newly established United States was still the corn capital of the world.
In the early 1800s, different regions across the country produced strains of varying size and taste.
In the 1850s, however, these unique varieties proved difficult for train operators to package, and for traders to sell.
Trade boards in rail hubs like Chicago encouraged corn farmers to breed one standardized crop. This dream would finally be realized at 1893s World's Fair, where James Reid's yellow dent corn won the Blue Ribbon.
Over the next 50 years, yellow dent corn swept the nation. Following the technological developments of World War II, mechanized harvesters became widely available.
This meant a batch of corn that previously took a full day to harvest by hand could now be collected in just 5 minutes.
Another wartime technology, the chemical explosive ammonium nitrate, also found new life on the farm.
With this new synthetic fertilizer, farmers could plant dense fields of corn year after year, without the need to rotate their crops and restore nitrogen to the soil.
While these advances made corn an attractive crop to American farmers, US agricultural policy limited the amount farmers could grow to ensure high sale prices.
But in 1972, President Richard Nixon removed these limitations while negotiating massive grain sales to the Soviet Union.
With this new trade deal and WWII technology, corn production exploded into a global phenomenon.
These mountains of maize inspired numerous corn concoctions. Cornstarch could be used as a thickening agent for everything from gasoline to glue or processed into a low-cost sweetener known as High-Fructose Corn Syrup.
Maize quickly became one of the cheapest animal feeds worldwide,
This allowed for inexpensive meat production, which in turn increased the demand for meat and corn feed.
Today, humans eat only 40% of all cultivated corn, while the remaining 60% supports consumer good industries worldwide.
Yet the spread of this wonder crop has come at a price. Global water sources are polluted by excess ammonium nitrate from cornfields.
Corn accounts for a large portion of agriculture-related carbon emissions, partly due to the increased meat production it enables.
The use of high fructose corn syrup may be a contributor to diabetes and obesity. And the rise of monoculture farming has left our food supply dangerously vulnerable to pests and pathogens -- a single virus could infect the world's supply of this ubiquitous crop.
Corn has gone from a bushy grass to an essential element of the world's industries. But only time will tell if it has led us into a maze of unsustainability.

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1 - Think about the various uses for corn as mentioned in the video. What are some of the ways you have likely been a consumer of corn during the day today?

2 - What are some of the reasons people are concerned about corn monoculture? (Monoculture is the growing of a single crop, in the same area, season after season.)

3 - There are many positives and negatives regarding our reliance on corn. Do you think humans rely on corn too heavily, or is corn an ideal crop that has helped advance human societies?

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Activity 2 - Choose the correct question.

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Activity 2 - Choose the correct question.

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1 - Most corn today is which variety?

A - Dent corn <---
B - Flint corn
C - Sweet corn
D - Popcorn

2 - Corn is an important cultural fixture among peoples of which region?

A - Asia
B - Europe
C - Africa
D - The Americas <---

3 - Which of the following WWII-era technologies was essential to corn’s spread during the post-war era?

A - Atomic Technology
B - Jet Engines
C - Ammonium Nitrate Explosives <---
D - Frequency Hopping

4 - Humans eat roughly what percentage of modern cultivated corn?

A - 20%
B - 40% <---
C - 60%

D - 80%

5 - Which of the following is NOT a concern regarding corn’s abundance?

A - Water Pollution
B - CO2 Emissions
C - Diabetes and Obesity

D - High Food Prices <--- (could be)

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6teBcfKpik

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The history of the world according to corn - Chris A. Kniesly

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The first transatlantic chocolate encounter occurred in 1519  when Hernán Cortés visited the court of Moctezuma at Tenochtitlan.
As recorded by Cortés's lieutenant, the king had 50 jugs of the drink brought out and poured into golden cups.
When the colonists returned with shipments of the strange new bean. missionaries' salacious accounts of native customs gave a reputation as an aphrodisiac.
At first, it's bitter taste made it suitable as a medicine for ailments, like upset stomachs, but sweetening it with honey, sugar or vanilla quickly made chocolate a popular delicacy in the Spanish court.
And soon, no aristocratic home was complete without dedicated chocolate ware.
The fashionable drink was difficult and time-consuming to produce on a large scale.
That involved using plantations and imported slave labor in the Caribbean and on islands off the coast of Africa.
The world of chocolate would change forever in 1828 with the introduction of the cocoa press by Coenraad van Houten of Amsterdam.
Van Houten's invention could separate the cocoa's natural fat, or cocoa butter. This left a powder that could be mixed into the drinkable solution or recombined with the cocoa butter to create the solid chocolate we know today.
Not long after, a Swiss chocolatier named Daniel Peter added powdered milk to the mix, thus inventing milk chocolate.
By the 20th century, chocolate was no longer an elite luxury but had become a treat for the public. Meeting the massive demand required more cultivation of cocoa, which can only grow near the equator.
Now, instead of African slaves being shipped to South American cocoa plantations, cocoa production itself would shift to Western Africa, with Cote d'Ivoire providing two-fifths of the world's cocoa as of 2015.
Yet along with the growth of the industry, there have been horrific abuses of human rights. Many of the plantations throughout West Africa, which supply Western companies, use slave and child labor, with an estimation of more than 2 million children affected.
This is a complex problem that persists despite efforts from major chocolate companies to partner with African nations to reduce child and indentured labor practices.
Today, chocolate has established itself in the rituals of our modern culture.
Due to its colonial association with native cultures, combined with the power of advertising, chocolate retains an aura of something sensual, decadent, and forbidden.
Yet knowing more about its fascinating and often cruel history as well as it's production today, tells us where these associations originate and what they hide.
So as you unwrap your next bar of chocolate, take a moment to consider that not everything about chocolate is sweet.

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By the end of this lesson, you will learn:

The fascinating origins and historical significance of corn and chocolate as two of the most consumed foods in the world.

The impact of European exploration and colonization on the spread and popularity of corn and chocolate worldwide.

The environmental impacts associated with corn and chocolate production, including deforestation, habitat loss, and pollution.

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"Dreams can be magical experiences unfolding in the land of Naption that transforms us into a world of imagination and manifestation. They take us on a ride of abundance, and they cannot be barred by the limitations of the world of weakness. They are compelling, thrilling, and mysterious at the same time, and they inspire the moving desert inside the sleeper's eyes."

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"Drimz kan be mæjikəl eksperənsəz ʌnfoʊldɪŋ ɪn ðə lænd əv nɑːptəʊn ðæt trænsfɔːm ʌs ɪntə ə wɜːld əv ɪmeɪʒən ænd mənɪfɛsteɪʃən. ðeɪ təʊkənəraɪz əsaɪn əbʌndəns, ænd ðeɪ ˈkænət be bɑːred bɑɪ ðə lɪmɪteɪʃənz əv ðə wɜːld əv wɛɪkneɪs. ðɛri ər kəmˈpɛlɪŋ, ðrɪˈlɪŋ, ənd maɪstiːriəs ət ðə seɪm taɪm, ænd ðeɪ ɪnspɪə ðə muːviŋ dɛzərt ɪnsaɪd ðə sliːpəz aɪz."

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bpxtxYC3jqs

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CD551: Phonetic Transcription and Introduction to Acoustic Phonetics

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https://www.instagram.com/reel/Cn8OxPxDzXx/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA%3D%3D

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Diacritics are special marks or symbols that are added to letters in various languages to alter their pronunciation or provide additional linguistic information.

Lesson: Diacritics and their Usage

1. What are Diacritics?
Diacritics are small marks or symbols added to letters to change their pronunciation or provide linguistic information. They can be found in various languages, including but not limited to French, Spanish, German, and Portuguese. Diacritics can appear above, below, or through letters.

2. Common Diacritics:
a. Acute Accent (´): This diacritic appears above a vowel, such as é. It usually indicates a stressed or long vowel sound.
b. Grave Accent (`): This diacritic also appears above a vowel, such as è. It often indicates a different pronunciation or word meaning.
c. Circumflex (^): This diacritic appears above certain vowels, such as ê. It may indicate a different pronunciation or serve as a historical marker.
d. Tilde (~): This diacritic appears above certain letters, such as ñ. It can change the pronunciation of the letter or represent a different phoneme.
e. Diaeresis/umlaut (¨): This diacritic appears above certain vowels, such as ü. It usually indicates a separate vowel sound.
f. Cedilla (¸): This diacritic appears below the letter c, as in ç. It softens the pronunciation of c to sound like an "s."

3. Examples of Diacritics in Different Languages:
a. French: In French, diacritics are commonly used. Examples include café, où, and naïve.
b. Spanish: Spanish uses diacritics in words like jalapeño, año, and sí.
c. German: German includes diacritics such as über, Schütze, and Mädchen.
d. Portuguese: Diacritics are present in Portuguese words like mãe, coração, and pão.

4. Importance of Diacritics:
Diacritics play a crucial role in language by altering pronunciation, indicating stress patterns, distinguishing homophones, and conveying meaning. They can significantly impact understanding and accuracy in communication.

5. Practice Exercise:
Identify the diacritic in the following words:
a. Pokémon
b. façade
c. jalapeño
d. résumé
e. naïve

6. Conclusion:
Diving into the world of diacritics helps us appreciate the richness and diversity of languages. By understanding and using diacritics correctly, we enhance our communication skills and demonstrate respect for linguistic nuances.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDFjuEOYwIY

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Ancient Greece was a world of groundbreaking discoveries for humankind that existed between 900 BC and 600 AD. It was home to ancient civilizations with famous scientists and mathematicians such as Aristotle and Archimedes.
Ancient Greece's lands were independent while still sharing culture and language, being called city-states. Some were ruled by kings and queens, while others were a democracy.
Two of the most well-known and important city-states were Athens and Sparta. In the first, boys received education in a variety of subjects while girls did home activities. In the second, boys were required to train and serve in the military from age 7 to 60 while girls were taught to read, write, and do athletic sports.
Ancient Greece's religion was polytheistic, meaning they believed in multiple gods. They also played a crucial role in people's activities, such as the creation of the theater based on the god of entertainment.
The Olympic Games were created in Ancient Greece, hence the name's reference to Mount Olympus, the residence of the gods. Some of the sports were javelin throwing, foot racing, and even the pentathlon.
The end of Ancient Greece came with the conquest of Europe by the Roman Empire. However, the Greeks made significant contributions to many of the Roman cultures. Before the introduction of Christ, they based their religion on Ancient Greece, only changing each god's name.

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IPA - PART 2

Objective: Let's explore the basics of diacritics and their usage. We'll focus on a few commonly used diacritic marks.
Diacritics are an essential part of language and can greatly impact pronunciation and meaning. By paying attention to these marks, we become more proficient and sensitive language users.

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https://www.youtube.com/shorts/9pTD5bUKro0

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Archimedes discovered the formulas for the circle and sphere before calculus was invented.

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Beginning of Mathematics 22,000 years ago #maths

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Professor Neil Turok’s lecture on the simplicity of everything. In this clip he talks about the earliest evidence of mathematics used by humans.Full Lecture-…

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1 - Choose a specific period or mathematician mentioned in the text (e.g., ancient Mesopotamia, Pythagoras, Islamic Golden Age).

2 - Do a research and present a short summary of the period or mathematician chosen.

3 -  Incorporate collocations seen in this lesson.

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Activity 3 - Create 1 to 3 example sentences regarding the collocations seen in the previous activities.

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Activity 3 - Create 1 to 3 example sentences regarding the collocations seen in the previous activities.

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Ancient civilization

--> The Mayans were one of the most important ancient civilizations in the Americas.

Significant contributions

--> Einstein's theory of relativity made significant contributions to the understanding of physics.

Complex number system

--> The complex number system we use today comes from India.

Crucial role

--> Pythagoras played a crucial role in the history of mathematics.

Groundbreaking discoveries

--> Aristotle's hypotheses led to groundbreaking discoveries in the field of science.

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Activity 2 - These sentences demonstrate the usage of collocations and mention specific mathematicians and periods mentioned in the text you are about to read. 

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Activity 2 - These sentences demonstrate the usage of collocations and mention specific mathematicians and periods mentioned in the text you are about to read. 

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- Ancient civilizations across the world made significant contributions to the development of mathematics.

- The complex number system created by the ancient Mesopotamians paved the way for advanced mathematical calculations.

- The Greeks played a crucial role in shaping the foundations of mathematics through their geometric discoveries.

- Pythagoras is renowned for his groundbreaking theorem that relates the lengths of the sides in a right-angled triangle.

- The Islamic scholars during the Golden Age made significant contributions to algebra, introducing new concepts and techniques.

- Newton's discoveries in calculus marked a significant turning point in the history of mathematics.

- Archimedes' ingenious mathematical methods allowed him to make remarkable discoveries in geometry and mechanics.

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Activity 1 - What combinations are correctly matched?

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Activity 1 - What combinations are correctly matched?

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1 - Ancient
2- Significant
3 - Complex
4 - Crucial
5 - Groundbreaking

--> 1E, 2C, 3B, 4D, 5A
A - discoveries
B - number system
C - contribution
D - role
E - civilization

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Starting off - Answer the questions below.

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Starting off - Answer the questions below.

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1. How do you feel about studying mathematics?

2. Do you know any famous mathematicians from history?

3. What do you think is the importance of mathematics in our lives?

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Exploring Mathematics through Language

Objective: To enhance vocabulary and language skills by exploring collocations, phrasal verbs, verb tenses, and related topics while learning about the history of mathematics.

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Activity 4 - Listen to the audio. Then choose the appropriate collocation for each gap filling.

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Activity 4 - Listen to the audio. Then choose the appropriate collocation for each gap filling.

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"Mathematics Unveiled: Exploring Its Historical Pathways and Language Connections"

Since then| made significant contributions | number system | played a crucial role | basic understanding | dates back | with the advent of |  ancient civilizations | made groundbreaking discoveries

The development of mathematics is a long and complex process that spans thousands of years and multiple cultures. It is difficult to attribute the creation of mathematics to a single individual or civilization. Mathematics has evolved and been refined through contributions from various ancient civilizations and cultures around the world.

The earliest evidence of mathematical activities dates back to prehistoric times when humans began counting and keeping track of quantities. The use of tally marks and primitive number systems emerged in different cultures independently. For example, the Ishango bone, discovered in the Democratic Republic of Congo and dating back around 20,000 years, shows tally marks indicating a basic understanding of numbers.

One of the most influential civilizations in the development of mathematics was ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq). Around 3000 BCE, the Sumerians developed a complex number system based on the use of a base 60 system (sexagesimal). They made significant advances in arithmetic, geometry, and algebra, with some of their mathematical tablets dating back to around 2000 BCE.

Ancient Egypt also played a crucial role in early mathematical development. The Egyptians had a decimal number system and employed mathematics extensively in architecture, land measurement, and astronomy. They were particularly skilled in using practical mathematics and applied techniques for solving everyday problems.

Another important civilization in the history of mathematics is ancient Greece. Greek mathematicians, such as Pythagoras, Euclid, and Archimedes, made significant contributions to various branches of mathematics. Pythagoras developed the Pythagorean theorem, Euclid established the foundations of geometry in his work "Elements," and Archimedes made groundbreaking discoveries in calculus, geometry, and mechanics.

During the Islamic Golden Age (8th to 14th centuries), scholars in the Islamic world made significant contributions to mathematics. Mathematicians like Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi and Omar Khayyam played key roles in the development of algebra and introduced concepts such as the algorithm and quadratic equations.

In the 17th century, mathematics underwent a revolution with the advent of calculus. Mathematicians like Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz independently developed calculus, which provided powerful tools for dealing with problems involving change and motion. This period marked a turning point in mathematical thinking and paved the way for modern mathematical analysis.

Since then, mathematics has continued to evolve and expand into various branches, including algebra, geometry, calculus, number theory, statistics, and more. In the 19th and 20th centuries, mathematicians like Carl Friedrich Gauss, Leonhard Euler, David Hilbert, and many others made significant contributions to different fields of mathematics, laying the foundations for modern mathematical theories.

It's important to note that mathematics is a collective effort built upon the work of countless mathematicians throughout history. While individuals make groundbreaking discoveries and advancements, the development of mathematics is a collaborative and cumulative process, with each generation building upon the work of those who came before.

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Zero conditional:
- If a duck gets wet, its back feathers do not.
- Lobinho hides under the bed if he gets scared.

First conditional:
- Billy will live in my house if my grandma passes away.
- The atmosphere will be less polluted if we stop cutting too many trees down.

Second conditional:
- If my friends who moved to Argentina came to visit Brazil, I would invite them to sleep at my house.
- If the Earth was flat, we would be able to see mountains across the world from here.

Third conditional:
- If my friends had not moved to Argentina, I would have interacted more with them.
- I would have appreciated trick-or-treating more if São Paulo had not been turned into a big city.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIhVCrAKSoY

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9CEzFYCWMo

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Why is it so hard to cure ALS? - Fernando G. Vieira

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https://www.englishclub.com/efl/listen-learn/famous-people/stephen-hawking/

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Posted by: Jaksyn Peacock

Learn about the physicist who wrote A Brief History of Time.

Pre-listening vocabulary

physicist: a scientist who studies physics

diagnose: to identify an illness by studying a person's symptoms

condition: a medical issue

black hole: a region of space where gravity is so strong that nothing can escape

speech synthesizer: a machine used to produce human speech

Listening activity

Podcast: Play in new window | Download (Duration: 1:26 - 1.3MB)

Subscribe: Apple Podcasts | Google Podcasts | RSS | More

Gapfill exercise

Comprehension questions

1. After Stephen Hawking was diagnosed with ALS, his doctor told him that

he would have to use a wheelchair

he wouldn't be able to get his degree

he would only have two years to live

After Stephen Hawking was diagnosed with ALS, his doctor told him that he would only have two years to live.

2. Hawking was known for his research on

Hawking was known for his research on black holes.

3. Hawking lived until the age of

Hawking lived until the age of 76.

Discussion/essay questions

Stephen Hawking once had a party for time travellers. He didn't send the invitations out until the day after the party, so that only people from the future could show up. It was an experiment that was meant to show that time travel to the past was unlikely to be possible. Do you think that time travel could ever be possible? Why or why not?

Transcript

Stephen Hawking was an English physicist. He was born in 1942 in Oxford, England. Growing up, Hawking was always very interested in math and science, and at age 17, he decided to pursue a physics degree. However, at age 21, Hawking was diagnosed with ALS, a serious condition that weakens nerves and muscles. His doctor didn't expect him to live more than two years after his diagnosis, but Hawking was determined to get his degree. He achieved his goal, and he is now well-known for his research on black holes. Throughout his life, he also published several books about the universe. His most famous book, titled A Brief History of Time, was written to help ordinary people understand complex scientific concepts. Hawking lived much longer than expected, but his condition worsened as his life went on. Eventually, he had to use a wheelchair to move around, and a speech synthesizer to communicate. Hawking died at the age of 76, after living a full and accomplished life.

Written and recorded by Jaksyn Peacock for EnglishClub

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Learn about the physicist who wrote A Brief History of Time.

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HOMEWORK - Write a 190-230 word essay answering the question below.

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HOMEWORK - Write a 190-230 word essay answering the question below.

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How does Spider-Man relate to the multiverse? Do you believe the portrayal of the multiverse in the Spider-Man film would be similar? Why or why not?
Or write about your own reality. If you could create a universe, how would you unfold your reality? Why? (199 words)

- If I could create a universe, it would unfold like this: The human population has control over the entire Solar System, while exploration of other parts of the galaxy already exists. Supernatural powers also belong to the universe, however, only 4 humans are able to have them at once. I believe this would bring balance to the world since the people with powers are able to choose if they are good or not.
As for the laws of the universe, colors would have a more pastel shade and would be present everywhere depending on the surrounding people's feelings. The creation of new energy and matter would be possible only by destroying another, to bring balance as well.
People are born having soulmates, making it easier to find love for themselves and create a family. On top of that, they are guaranteed to meet these soulmates between 12 and 18 of age. I created this so people can have happier lives with their loved ones. There is a universal language, making it possible for humans to communicate with aliens which also do exist.
Finally, architecture in the universe would have a medieval aspect while still having those beautiful pastel colors.

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Activity 3 - After reading the text. (HOMEWORK) Identify:

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Activity 3 - After reading the text. (HOMEWORK) Identify:

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- Collocations; []
- Grammar structures; (I don't know what this is)
- Idioms. {}

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Activity 2 - Listen to the audio and fill in the gaps with the words below. 

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Activity 2 - Listen to the audio and fill in the gaps with the words below. 

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awe-inspiring | assumes | propelling | envision | multitude | recesses | trajectory | uncharted | branching  | countless | unveiling | delve

The Wonders of the Multiverse

The multiverse theory has captivated the imaginations of scientists and enthusiasts alike, unveiling a realm of [infinite possibilities]. According to this [fascinating concept], our universe is just one among [countless parallel universes]. These [alternate realities] exist alongside our own, each with its own [unique set] of physical laws and characteristics.

Within the multiverse, [quantum events] lead to [branching pathways], resulting in [various outcomes]. In one reality, you might make a [different decision], leading to a whole [new trajectory]. It's as if each choice creates a split in the fabric of the universe, propelling us onto a [distinct path]. The possibilities become endless, {opening doors to} [uncharted dimensions] and [unseen horizons].

If the multiverse hypothesis is valid, we could envision a world where time behaves differently, where gravity takes on [new forms], and where life as we know it assumes [alternate shapes]. Such a notion inspires scientists to explore the [hidden recesses] of reality, seeking to {unlock the secrets} that lie beyond our [familiar existence].

As we delve into this [mind-bending theory], we must remember that {"the grass is always greener on the [other side]."} While the multiverse theory invites us to consider a [multitude of realities], it reminds us to appreciate the wonders of our own universe, with its [intricate balance] and [awe-inspiring beauty].

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Look at the idiom below. Can you relate to this expression with humankind exploring possibilities or alternate realities?

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Look at the idiom below. Can you relate to this expression with humankind exploring possibilities or alternate realities?

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Vocabulaty related to the multiverse theory.

Parallel
Alternate
Dimensions
Quantum
Branches
Outcomes
Infinite

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Activity 1 - Read the examples in the chart. Then look at the sentences below and write 4 examples sentences using "zero", "first", "second" and "third" conditional. (HOMEWORK - 2 for each)

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Activity 1 - Read the examples in the chart. Then look at the sentences below and write 4 examples sentences using "zero", "first", "second" and "third" conditional. (HOMEWORK - 2 for each)

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"If the multiverse exists, there could be countless parallel universes."

"If we could travel to another dimension, we might encounter different versions of ourselves."

- If we make a yes or no choice, two branches in the universe are created.

- We would have gone to an alternate reality if you had studied more about quantum physics.

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What have you heard of the multiverse theory?

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Lesson Title: Exploring the Multiverse: A Journey into Parallel Realities

Objective: By the end of this lesson, you will be able to discuss and understand the concept of the multiverse using collocations, grammar, and idioms effectively.

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After reading the text. Answer the questions below. - HOMEWORK

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After reading the text. Answer the questions below. - HOMEWORK

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1. What is the role of language in human cultural progress and advancements? Language made it possible so cultural progress and advancements could happen through the communication of human beings.

2. How does language enable humans to engage in complex and abstract concepts? Humans can engage in complex and abstract concepts with the help of communication using language.

3. What are some examples of complex notions that language allows us to discuss? Some complex notions language allows us to discuss are time, consciousness, and love.

4. How does language contribute to the formation of interpersonal relationships? Language helps us communicate with the people we love, creating a greater bond between us. It also helps us raise children.

5. How does language impact the development of smarter societies and more effective organizations? Language, as stated before, helps humans communicate, making intellect shareable with companies or ordinary people.

6. What are the benefits of language in raising better children and enhancing our understanding of ourselves? Language gives us a way to express our feelings to others, including our children or even ourselves.

7. How does language shape human existence and the way we perceive reality? Language creates a whole new spectrum of interacting with other humans and getting unlimited knowledge from them. It isn't usually put on the list of the most important inventions, however I think we would still be cavemen (or less) if language didn't exist.

8. Can you explain the significance of language in the context of building sophisticated civilizations and technological advancements? Language makes it possible for sharing your opinions and knowledge with others. Civilization unity is made simple with language, while technological advancements would not be shared with other people without it.

9. In what ways does language help us convey emotions, thoughts, and opinions? Language helps us express our emotions to people by communicating with them by voice or writing.

10. How does language facilitate communication and the exchange of ideas between individuals? Language made it possible for us to communicate by using our hands or vocal cords, making it much easier for the listener to understand what we mean.

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Let's learn how to use The International Phonetic Alphabet IPA.
IPA is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet, nowadays it is devised as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfwVXfl0EnI

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ɪf ju kæn rid ðɪs ˈɑrtəkəl, jʊr ə ˈʤinjəs

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ɪf ju kæn rid ðɪs ˈɑrtəkəl, jʊr ə ˈʤinjəs

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| əz ju ər ˈriːdɪŋ ðɪs | ju ər parˈtɪsəˌpetɪŋ ɪn wʌn əv ˈneɪtʃərz ˈɡreɪtəst ˈwʌndərz | ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ | ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ ɪz ə ˈmɪrəkl̩ |ˈɪt ɪz ˈbaɪ ˈfɑːr ðə moʊst ˈpaʊərfəl ˈtuːl ðæt hjuː ˈmænəti hæz | ˈæftər ɔːl wɒt ˌdɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃəz əz frəm ˈænəml̩z ɪz ðɪs ˈswi:t ˈlɪtl̩ ˈθɪŋ wi kɔ:l ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ | ˈbaɪ dʒəst məˈnɪpjəˌletɪŋ ði ˈeər ðæt ˈkʌmz ˈoʊt əv ˈaʊər ˈmaʊðz wi kən ˈstɑːrt ə riˈleɪʃən ˌʃɪp | ə ˈmerɪdʒ | ɔːr ˌi:vn ə ˈwɔːr | ðə ˈθɪŋz wi kən du: wɪθ ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ ənd ðer̩ ˈɡrævəti ər trəˈmendəs | ðə kəˈmjuːnəkətɪv pəˈtenʃl̩ əv ðə ˈhjuːmən ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ ɪz ˌoʊpən ˈendɪd ənd ˈbreθ  ˈteɪkɪŋ | wi kən ˈtɔːk əˌbaʊt ˈlɪtərəli ˈeniˌθɪŋ | ˌi:vn əˌbaʊt ˌhaɪpəˈθetəkl̩ ˈθɪŋz ðæt hæv noʊ egˈzɪstəns ˈaʊtˈsaɪd ˈaʊər ˈhedz | laɪk ˈmæθ | fəˈlɑːsəfi | ɔːr ˈjuːnɪkɔːrnz | ˈɪts laɪk wɒt ˈpɪŋkər ˈwɪtɪŋli ˈsed | “ wi kən ˈʃeɪp ɪˈvents ɪn ˈiːtʃ ˈʌðr̩z ˈhedz wɪθ ɪkˈskwɪzɪt priˈsɪʒn̩ ” |

| ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ ˈpleɪd ðə roʊl əv ðə ˈseɪv ˈbʌtn̩ ɪn ˈhjuːmənz ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈprɑˌɡres | ədˈvænsmənts ɪn ˈhjuːmən ˈkʌltʃər ənd ˌɪnəˈveɪʃn̩ ər ˈpɑːsəbl̩ ˈoʊnli wɪθ ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ | soʊ ˈbeɪsɪkl̩i | ðə ˈpɪnəkl̩ əv ˈprɑːˌɡres wi ˈriːtʃt təˈdeɪ | frəm speɪs ˌɪnˈveɪʒn̩ | ˈsmɑːrt ˈfoʊnz | ədˈvænst ˌedʒəˈkeɪʃn̩əl ˈsɪstəmz | ˈkjʊrɪŋ ˌdɪˈziːzəz | ˈsɪləkən ˈbuːbz | ju neɪm ˈɪt | wəz ˈoʊnli ˈpɑːsəbl̩ bɪˈkɒz wi həd ənd ˈstɪl həv ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ |

| wi kən ˈtɔːk əˌbaʊt ˈveri ˈveri ˈkɑːmpleks ənd æbˈstrækt ˈnoʊʃn̩z | laɪk ðə riˈæləti ənd ˈpɜ:pəs əv ˈaʊər egˈzɪstəns | ðə ˈnoʊʃn̩ əv ˈtaɪm | ðə ˈneɪtʃər əv ˈkɑːnʃəsnəs | ˈlʌv | ˈgɒd ənd ˈweðər ɔːr nɑːt ðər z wʌn | wɒt ˈhæpənz hwen wi ˈdaɪ | ˌetˈ setərə | ˈjuːzɪŋ ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ | wi ˌɪnˈventəd riˈlɪdʒənz |
ˈmɪθs | ənd ˈkəlts ðæt riˈʃeɪpt ˈhjuːmən egˈzɪstəns | ðiːz ˈθɪŋz ər ˈoʊnli ˈpɑːsəbl̩ ˈɡɪvn̩ ə ˈsɪstəm əz səˈfɪstɪˌketəd əz ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ|

| wen wi ˈjuːz ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ | wi enˈɡeɪdʒ ɪn ˈprɑːbəbli ðə moʊst dəˈfaɪnɪŋ ˈmoʊmənt fər ˈhjuːmənz | bɪˈkɒz wen wi ˈtɔːk | wi ˈeksərˌsaɪz ði ˈoʊnli ˈθɪŋ ðæt ˈmeɪks əz ˈhjuːmən | ˈɪt ɪz ə ˈmɪrəkl̩ ðæt ˌtu: ɪˈvɑːlvd ˈmæml̩z ˈlʊk ˈiːtʃ ˈʌðr̩ ɪn ði eɪ ənd ˈtɔːk wɪθ ˈiːtʃ ˈʌðr̩ əbaʊt ðer̩ kənˈsɝːnz | wɒt ˈmeɪks ðəm ˈfiːl gʊd ɔːr ˈbæd | ɔːr ˌhaʊ ˈðeɪ ˈfiːl əˌbaʊt ˈiːtʃ ˈʌðr̩ | nɑːt ˈoʊnli ðæt |
wen wi ˈtɔːk | wi ˈreɡjəˌleit ənd ˈbɪld riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪps wɪθ ˈʌðr̩ ˈspiːkərz ət wɪl | ˈjuːzɪŋ ˈnʌθɪŋ bət ˈpəfs əv ˈer |

| ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ ˈhelpt hjuːˈmænəti ˈbɪld ˈsmɑːrt səˈsaɪətiz ɪn wɪtʃ ˌɪntərˈpɝːsənl̩ riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪps ər ˈpeɪnˌstekɪŋli ˈkræftəd | wɪθ ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ | wi kəd ˈreɪz ˈbetər ˈtʃɪldrən | ˈbɪld ˈmɔːr ɪˈfektɪv ˌɔːrɡənəˈzeɪʃn̩z | ənd ˈri:tʃ ə ˈbetər ˌʌndərˈstændɪŋ əv ˈhuː wi ər |

| ɪf ju həv ˈriːtʃt ðɪs ˈpɔɪnt | ju ər ə tru: ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ ˈnɝːd | ˈaɪ hoʊp wi ˈkept ju ˌentərˈteɪnd | ˈpliːz ˈʃeər ði ˈɑːrtəkl̩ wɪθ ˈʌðr̩ ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ ˈnɝːdz laɪk jərˈself | həv ə ˈbraɪt ˈdeɪ |

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https://makinadeideias.com.br/2020/02/13/%C9%AAf-ju-kaen-rid-d%C9%AAs-%CB%88art%C9%99k%C9%99l-j%CA%8Ar-%C9%99-%CB%88%CA%A4inj%C9%99s/

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ɪf ju kæn rid ðɪs ˈɑrtəkəl, jʊr ə ˈʤinjəs

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əz ju ər ˈriːdɪŋ ðɪs | ju ər parˈtɪsəˌpetɪŋ ɪn wʌn əv ˈneɪtʃərz ˈɡreɪtəst ˈwʌndərz | ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ | ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ ɪz ə ˈmɪrəkl̩ |ˈɪt ɪz ˈbaɪ ˈfɑːr ðə moʊst ˈpaʊərfəl ˈtuːl ðæt hjuː ˈmænəti hæz | ˈæftər ɔːl wɒt ˌdɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃəz əz frəm ˈænəml̩z ɪz ðɪs ˈswi:t ˈlɪtl̩ ˈθɪŋ wi kɔ:l ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ

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https://dailydictation.com/exercises/english-pronunciation/so-vs-show.725/listen-and-select

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Practice English listening with dictation exercises - dailydictation.com

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Online dictation exercises for learners to improve English listening skills quickly. All levels from basic, intermediate to advanced. 100% Free.

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https://ed.ted.com/best_of_web/q3Irvetd

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Can believe what you just heard and watched? How cool is that? Want to see another description of this process? Watch this PBS video about the tiny Rana sylvatica! Need another view? Watch this one!Now, read the science behind all of this amazing nature in this article, " Antifreeze-Like Blood Lets Frogs Freeze and Thaw With Winter's Whims."

What other animals can tolerate winter's extreme cold? Read these articles, Animal Cold Hardiness, and Supercooling and Freezing Tolerant Animals.

What other organisms can survive extremely cold temperatures? How about the octopus? Read," Blue Blood Helps Octopus Survive Brutally Cold Temperatures." Wondering, "How do marine mammals avoid freezing to death?" take a look and find out!

Ever think about what happens to insects in the winter? How about the woolly bear caterpillar in the Arctic? Butterflies, flies, ladybugs--Where do they go in the winter? Read, " Insects survive the winter through a trick right out of science fiction."
Need a good book on this topic? go to the library and check out, Winter World: the Ingenuity of Animal Survival, by University of Vermont professor, Bernd Heinrich.

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Can believe what you just heard and watched? How cool is that? Want to see another description of this process? Watch this PBS video about the tiny Rana sylvatica! Need another view? Watch this one!Now, read the science behind all of this amazing nature in this article, " Antifreeze-Like Blood Lets Frogs Freeze and Thaw With Winter's Whims." What other animals can tolerate winter's extreme cold?

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HOMEWORK - Give an overview about this topic

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HOMEWORK - Give an overview about this topic

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Use the tenses we saw in this class (Future Continuous, Perfect, and Future Perfect Continuous)
Identify the jargons in the text and use them

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In this class we have talked about space exploration and what it will become in the near future. We've also gone through different future verb forms.

In this text it is said that human beings have always had an insatiable curiosity for the universe. This led to the discovery of lands far away, and eventually space exploration. The first time a person orbited the Earth was in 1961, which was a big step for humanity. This was followed by the moon landing in 1969, truly a great milestone for our civilization.
In the present there are companies such as SpaceX that are developing a way for ordinary humans to explore the galaxy. It is said that by 2100, humans will have been traveling to space for some time.

Jargons in the text (and an example):
- Set the stage
The multiverse theory sets the stage for unlimited possibilities in modern films.
- Ignite a passion
The new Spider-Man movie ignited a passion within me for new adventures.
- Open up a new frontier
The multiverse theory has opened up a new frontier of endless creativity.

Future Simple is used to talk about an action that will happen in the future
- I am traveling to Peru next month.
- I am going to participate in the second round of the Math Olympiad.

Future Continuous is used to talk about an ongoing action in the future
- I will be flying to Peru at this hour.
- My friend will be studying for the math test tomorrow.

Future Perfect is used to talk about an action that will have finished at a specific time of the future (example already in this explanation!)
- When my friend finishes studying for the math test tomorrow the Valentine's event in my school will have ended.
- By next year I will have finished my first grade in highschool.

Future Perfect Continuous is used to talk about an action which has been ongoing until a specific time of the future.
- When my friend finishes studying for the math test tomorrow he will have been studying for three weeks!
- By the time I start working I will have been studying for several decades.

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Activity 3 - Listen to the audio, unscramble the extracts below. Then fill in the gaps with the vocabulary word box beside. 

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Activity 3 - Listen to the audio, unscramble the extracts below. Then fill in the gaps with the vocabulary word box beside. 

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Future Perfect | Future Continuous | Future Perfect Continuous

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Future Perfect | Future Continuous | Future Perfect Continuous

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Can you identify which verb tense these phrases belong?

- I'll be presenting on Friday so I can't make our usual Friday lunch date.

- By this time next week, our team will have completed the project.

- By the time I'm finished, I'll have been working for more than 12 hours so I don't think I'll want to go out tonight. I'd
rather stay at home.

Can you explain the rules of each verb tense above? In addition, write down more 3 example sentences using those tenses.
Future Continuous - In the future, the action will be occurring continuously.
-Next week I will be studying for my exams.
-An hour from now I will be eating my lunch.
-In the next decade, phones will be advancing at a rapid pace.

Future Perfect - In the future, the action will already be completed
- By this time tomorrow, I will have finished my geographic project.
- By next week, my friend will have gone to Paris.
- By the time I'm finished with the project, the teacher will have created a new assignment

Future Perfect Continuous - In the future, an ongoing action will have finished.
- By the time my friend has come back from Paris, I will have been waiting for him for about 5 days.
- By tomorrow, Marianne will have been giving English classes for the whole week.
- By the next month, my English teacher will have been mastering the Rubik's Cube for some time.

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As we reflect on the history of human exploration and look forward to the age of space tourism, one thing is certain: the desire to explore and discover is ingrained in our DNA. Whether it's sailing uncharted seas or venturing beyond the boundaries of Earth, our curiosity and ambition will continue to propel us toward the stars.

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By 2100, humans will have been exploring space for centuries, with numerous advancements and milestones along the way. As technology evolves, interstellar travel might become a reality, allowing us to visit distant star systems. While it may sound like science fiction, the relentless pursuit of knowledge and exploration suggests that this could become our future.

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In parallel with government-led space missions, the emergence of private space companies has opened up a new frontier: space tourism. Companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin are pioneering the concept of commercial space travel, aiming to make it accessible to ordinary individuals.
We can envision  a scenario where people will be embarking on vacations to outer space. By 2050, tourists will be orbiting the Earth, enjoying breathtaking views, and experiencing weightlessness, thanks to the progress in space tourism.

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Human Exploration: From the Stars to Space Tourism

Throughout history, humans have always had an insatiable curiosity to explore the unknown. From ancient civilizations venturing into uncharted territories to modern-day space missions, the desire to push boundaries has driven us forward. Today, as we stand on the brink of a new era in space exploration, with the advent of space tourism, let us delve into the captivating history and exciting future that awaits us.

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In the 20th century, human exploration reached new heights as technological advancements led to the birth of space travel. With the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik in 1957, the Space Age began, sparking a space race between superpowers. Yuri Gagarin, the first human to journey into space, became a symbol of triumph as he orbited the Earth in 1961. The Apollo program, culminating in Neil Armstrong's historic first steps on the moon in 1969, marked a significant milestone in human achievement.

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For centuries, explorers have set sail on perilous voyages, braving treacherous seas to discover new lands. The spirit of exploration propelled intrepid adventurers like Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan to circumnavigate the globe, uncovering new cultures and territories. These early pioneers set the stage for future exploration, igniting a passion within humanity to go beyond what is familiar.

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Relentless

Milestone

Envision

Ingrained

Remarkable

Insatiable

Propelled

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Looking ahead, the future promises even greater opportunities for space exploration. Space agencies around the world are collaborating to send humans to Mars, our neighboring planet. The journey, which will require meticulous planning and advanced technology, is projected to take place within the next decade. With scientists working tirelessly to make this dream a reality, by 2030, humans will have traveled to Mars, marking a remarkable feat in our history.

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Wow! That's a super thrilling story! I love that!!!
I can't wait to see your drawing, in addition to your story. :D

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Human Exploration and Space Tourism

Objective:
To introduce and practice vocabulary, collocations, jargon, phrasal verbs, and future tenses related to the history of human exploration and recent space tourism.

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https://www.eslvideo.com/quiz.php?id=31087

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Neil Armstrong: First Man on the Moon | ESL Video

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A look back at the first man who walked on the Moon.

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Dimitri Mendeleev was a Russian chemist who made significant contributions to the creation and development of the periodic table. He was trying too much to find the order of the elements in the periodic table, so he fell asleep. In his dream, he found out how to organize it. There still were some gaps in his periodic table, however, Mendeleev could still accurately describe the elements that were yet to be discovered.
The arrangement he made was by columns and rows. The first is organized by elements with similar characteristics in a crescent order of atomic mass, while the second was arranged by elements with the same amount of layers in the electrosphere. Mendeleev's work is fundamental for the study of chemistry, making a framework for future scientists that could lead to other discoveries.
Another chemist named Newton Lewis proposed a remarkably important theory where every atom in a molecule achieves electronic stability when they have 8 electrons in the last layer. This proposition led to the explanation of the chemical composition of a substance. For example, a carbon atom will only achieve stability with hydrogen if there are four of the second. It is called the octet rule and is fundamental for the understanding of chemistry.
There are still many other scientists who have made significant contributions to the periodic table, such as Marie Curie who discovered radioactivity and more elements, and Glenn Seaborg who, with his coworkers, artificially created nine new elements (95-102 and 106)!
Therefore, Dimitri Mendeleev was a great chemist who enhanced our perception of our own world. He and many other scientists were the ones to describe everything we know today.

(I'm surprised I was able to make this text 276 words long!!)

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Imagine you have had a lucid dream and write a short story or description of your dream, incorporating elements of creativity and imagination. You can also draw* inspiration from the famous individuals discussed in class.

* You can use the Padlet features or scan your drawing and post it here.

-- In my lucid dream, I created a world where people have control over one of these elements: fire, water, lightning, and wind. I brought my friends over, and we started an adventure to the core of the planet.
On the first layer, my friends and I explored the enormous caverns filled with water and obsidian.
On the second layer, things started to become more challenging. Most of the surface of this place was covered in lava and there were giant beasts guarding the entrance to the last layer. Fortunately, we defeated them all and went in.
On the last layer, there were 4 dragons protecting the core of the planet who represented each of the four elements. We battled these creatures and remained victorious, completing our quest!

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It is a fascinating phenomenon where individuals become aware that they are dreaming while still in the midst of a dream. In this altered state of consciousness, dreamers gain the ability to control and manipulate their dreams, transforming them into vivid, interactive experiences limited only by their imagination.

Throughout history, numerous notable figures have explored and embraced the realm of lucid dreaming. Albert Einstein, renowned for his groundbreaking contributions to physics, reportedly used lucid dreaming as a source of inspiration, allowing his mind to roam freely and generate innovative ideas within the dream world. Leonardo da Vinci, the brilliant artist and inventor, also ventured into lucid dreaming, utilizing it to explore new artistic concepts and expand his creative boundaries.

Nikola Tesla, the visionary scientist and engineer, recognized the potential of lucid dreaming to unlock the secrets of the subconscious mind, seeking insights and solutions to complex scientific problems within his dreamscapes. Salvador Dalí, the surrealist artist, found inspiration in lucid dreaming, using it as a conduit to visualize and bring to life his fantastical and often bizarre artworks.

Marie Shelley, the author of the renowned novel "Frankenstein," had a significant interest in dreams and their influence on human psychology. Her exploration of lucid dreaming allowed her to delve into the depths of the human psyche, inspiring her literary works that continue to captivate readers to this day.

Helene Hadsell, a notable figure in the field of manifestation and visualization, employed lucid dreaming as a powerful tool for achieving her goals and desires. She harnessed the lucid dream state to vividly envision her desired outcomes, reinforcing her subconscious mind with a clear vision of success.

The phenomenon of lucid dreaming continues to intrigue and captivate both scientists and dream enthusiasts alike, offering a window into the untapped potential of the human mind. With its capacity for creativity, self-exploration, problem-solving, and personal growth, lucid dreaming serves as a gateway to a realm where the boundaries between reality and imagination blur, giving rise to endless possibilities.

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Starting off - Match these famous people's portraits with their corresponding work. 

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Starting off - Match these famous people's portraits with their corresponding work. 